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Lingual thyroid is a rare embryological anomaly originated from the thyroid gland failure that descends from the foramen cecum to its normal eutopic pre-laryngeal site. The case in this study was a 39 year old female, presenting with the sensation of a foreign body, progressive dysphagia and dyspnea. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a large well-defined mass in the tongue base. Imaging studies confirmed the diagnosis of large ectopic lingual thyroid. The surgery was performed via an external cervical approach due to the mass size. The decision on the best treatment looks into the mass position, size, symptoms, airway emergency and medical facilities.

ubmucosal resection and submucosal diathermy are common procedures in the treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Nonetheless, there is still a debate on the safety and efficacy between these two surgical techniques. We aimed at comparing the effectiveness and safety of submucosal diathermy and submucosal resection in the treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Sixty patients with nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy were randomly divided into two groups; submucosal resection and submucosal diathermy groups. Gertner-Podoshin plate was used for measurement of nasal airflow before operation and 2 months postoperative. Significant resolution of the obstruction reported by the patients was similarly detected in diathermy (93.1%) and resection groups (96%, P>0.05). According to the Gertner-Podoshin measurements, both diathermy and resection techniques similarly resulted in good nasal airflow two month postoperative (86.2% vs. 89.2%, respectively; P>0.05). Postoperative bleeding was more common in the resection group compared with the diathermy group (P=0.002). Moreover, patients in the diathermy group suffered from pain more than the resection group (P=0.01). Both submucosal resection and submucosal diathermy techniques result in similar postoperative outcomes in treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy, although postoperative bleeding and pain was more in submucosal resection and submucosal diathermy techniques, respectively. Keywords : Inferior turbinate hypertrophy; nasal airflow; side effects; submucosal diathermy; submucosal resection

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the methods employed for classifying and quantifying the potential of squeezing in tunnels. Along with the empirical and semi‐empirical approaches presently available in order to anticipate the potential of squeezing tunnel problems, the squeezing potential of Karaj water transfer tunnel and North West Tunnel Convey (NWTC) tunnels (Lot 2), located in Iran, are evaluated and presented. Those two case studies have an interesting geology profile and parameters to identify and then evaluate the squeezing potential.Design/methodology/approachIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the tunnel construction. This paper describes the squeezing behavior of poor rock mass associated with deformability and strength properties. In Karaj water transfer tunnel, there are eight lithological rock types; and NWTC tunnel (Lot2) has 21 Lithological rock types. The parameters for rock classification, such as rock quality designation (RQD), rock mass rating (RMR), modified RMR, Q‐system, geological strength index (GSI), rock mass index (RMi), and rock structure rating (RSR) are evaluated and presented here. The parameters mentioned above are the input parameters for squeezing study in Karaj and NWTC tunnels. According to different methods of squeezing evaluation of tunnel presented in tables, the results of two case studies are presented in this paper.FindingsOne of the more significant findings to emerge from this study showed that about 3 km of the second part of NWTC tunnel, and 2 km of the Karaj tunnel have high squeezing potential. This research deals with not only an overview of the methods used for the identifying and quantifying of squeezing along with the empirical and semi‐empirical approaches presently available in order to anticipate the potential of squeezing tunnel problem, but also the case studies of NWTC and Karaj tunnels to evaluate and compare the potential of squeezing by different methods. These two tunnel case studies have high potential of squeezing therefore the lining of those two tunnels must be strong enough to overcome this issue.Originality/valueThis study is a precise and concise comparison of the evaluation of tunnels under squeezing rock condition. The present study confirms the previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests that there are many studies conducted using empirical and analytical methods to determine the squeezing phenomenon in tunnels. This paper responds to the various questions like, what is the squeezing phenomenon. How can we quantify the potential of squeezing in weak rock? What are the different approaches to the understanding of squeezing phenomenon?

Introduction Although bilateral facial nerve palsy is a rare condition, its etiology is more detectable than the unilateral type. A temporal bone fracture is one cause of bilateral facial nerve palsy, contributing in 3% of the cases. Case Presentation Here, we report the case of a 35-year-old man complaining of bilateral incomplete eye closure, two weeks after a closed head injury caused by a motor vehicle accident. Conclusions The high resolution computed tomography findings revealed a bilateral temporal bone fracture line, which extended to the fallopian canal. With regard to treatment, near complete recovery was obvious after two weeks of treatment with oral corticosteroids. Overall, bilateral facial palsy is hard to diagnose; therefore, clinical suspicion and the early detection of facial nerve injuries is necessary for good nerve recovery in temporal bone fractures.

To evaluate the efficacy of calvarial bone in the reconstruction of saddle nose deformity.The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Plastic Surgery Unit of Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from July 2004 to October 2009. It comprised 19 patients who underwent saddle nose deformity reconstruction with calvarial bone graft. All patients were operated upon under general anaesthesia. They were followed up periodically.The patients followed up for 25 to 61 months for an average period of 39.2 +/- 4.3 months. In 14 (74%) patients the result of the surgical intervention was excellent, while in 5 (26%) it was acceptable. All patients were satisfied and there was not displacement, absorption, distortion or infection of the graft.Calvarial bone graft is a viable option for the reconstruction of saddle nose deformity, especially in severe cases.

Objective: Vocal cord nodules are of the most common benign laryngeal pathologies that may cause dysphonia and hoarseness. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of surgical versus nonsurgica...

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the tunnel construction. This part describes the squeezing behavior of poor rock mass associated with deformability and strength properties. Squeezing phenomena happen in tunnels which are surrounded by weak and moderately strength of rock. Squeezing cause to deformed the tunnels cross section and wastes a lot of human and natural source in all of the word every year. The purpose of current study is to determine methods employed to classifying and quantifying of potential squeezing in tunnel. The results show that some part of case-study tunnel has potential of squeezing. Along with the empirical and semi-empirical approaches is available in order to evaluating of potential of squeezing in tunnel are presented moreover squeezing potential evaluation of Padang Renas tunnel which is located in tropical area (Malaysia) are presented. . The implications of the anticipated ground conditions and squeezing on machine and ground support selection as well as the field observation of the actual conditions are discussed in this paper.

To present the experience in the operative management of labyrinthine fistula caused by cholesteatoma.The clinical charts of 16 patients who underwent surgical procedures for cholesteatoma complicated by labyrinthine fistula between 2003 and 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. In this period, 108 ears were operated for cholesteatoma. In each patient, the site and size of the fistula were evaluated during surgery and the hearing thresholds were compared before and after surgery.The fistula involved the lateral semicircular canals in 15 patients. Multiple fistulae were observed in one patient. Postoperative hearing levels were unchanged or improved in 88% patients. Favourable outcomes were obtained in patients treated with surgical sealing of the interrupted labyrinth.The current study confirmed that careful manipulation of the labyrinthine fistula is mandatory to preserve hearing function in these patients. According to the author's experience, the canal wall down transmastoid approach with mastoid cavity obliteration is a favourite technique of labyrinthine fistula treatment.