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Genetic diversity assessment is pivotal to comprehend the evolutionary dynamics, and conservation implications of plant species. This study used R-ISSR markers to evaluate the genetic diversity of six Salvia species (S. verticillata, S. glutinosa, S. reuteriana, S. hypoleuca, S. leriifolia, and S. limbata) across multiple populations in Iran. We sampled 28 populations (92 specimens), and conducted DNA analysis using selected R-ISSR markers to assess genetic variation. After screening 10, R-ISSR primers, four primers that produced clear and reproducible fragments were selected for further analysis. The four primers generated 93 bands ranging in the size from 100 to 2000 bp, averaging 23.25 bands per primer. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.223 to 0.260, and marker index (MI) values ranged from 4.43 to 6.02 per primer. Moreover, P9 exhibited the highest PIC (0.260), and P1 displayed the highest MI (6.02). The mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.7014, signifying that 48% of genetic diversity was within populations. This research yields insights into genetic differentiation, population structure, limited gene flow, marker utility, and genetic affinities. Significant differentiation between and within Salvia populations is indicated by the observed polymorphism and genetic diversity, which are most likely the result of elements like geographic isolation, environmental variations, and reproductive obstacles. Clustering analysis shows distinct genetic clusters, and subpopulations within each Salvia species. Moreover, the results from the analysis of molecular variance highlight significant genetic variation among populations, thereby suggesting limited gene flow, which was potentially affected by geographical barriers and ecological factors. Particularly, highly polymorphic P1 and P9 primers offer valuable tools for future breeding research, and germplasm management in Salvia species. Furthermore, our findings show genetic affinities, and relatedness among specific populations, thus indicating closer relationships between certain Salvia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition has crucial effects and a significant role in disease prevention. Recently, nutraceuticals have attracted much attention in scientific research due to their pleiotropic effects and relatively non-toxic behavior. Among the biological effects displayed by plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase, sage is well known for its antioxidant properties and is a rich source of numerous compounds that are biologically active, amongst them polyphenols, with more than 160 types identified. In this review we summarized some of the significant studies published in the last decade reporting the most employed extraction methods and the different assays that are useful for establishing the antioxidant properties of some sage species. Even though the scientific literature contains plenty of data regarding the antioxidant properties of many sage species, further studies are needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action and the compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. Finally, it should be taken into account that the data on the antioxidant properties of sage extracts are often difficult to compare with each other, since a series of variables in the extraction procedures, the type of assay used, and standardization may affect the final result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition has crucial effects and a significant role in disease prevention. Recently, nutraceuticals have attracted much attention in scientific research due to their pleiotropic effects and relatively non-toxic behavior. Among the biological effects displayed by plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase, sage is well known for its antioxidant properties and is a rich source of numerous compounds that are biologically active, amongst them polyphenols, with more than 160 types identified. In this review we summarized some of the significant studies published in the last decade reporting the most employed extraction methods and the different assays that are useful for establishing the antioxidant properties of some sage species. Even though the scientific literature contains plenty of data regarding the antioxidant properties of many sage species, further studies are needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action and the compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. Finally, it should be taken into account that the data on the antioxidant properties of sage extracts are often difficult to compare with each other, since a series of variables in the extraction procedures, the type of assay used, and standardization may affect the final result.

• Pure and combined essential oils of Salvia subg. Perovskia species exhibited insecticidal and oviposition deterrent activities. • The fumigant toxicity is directly related to the principal constituent of essential oils. • The combination of EOs including 1,8 cineol and geranyl acetate as corresponding compounds, causes lethal and sub-lethal effects against Phthorimaea operculella. • Adults of P. operculella showed considerable sensitivity to mixing EOs in 25:75 proportional of S. yangii and S. abrotanoides. Volatile organic compounds especially terpenoid derivatives possess bioactivities including insecticidal effects, and they sometimes act synergistically when mixed. The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, is one of the most serious pests of potatoes in Iran. Since the potato is an important source of human food, safe and non-chemical control of its pest is indispensable. This study evaluated the fumigant toxicity of pure and two mixtures of essential oils (EOs) of three Salvia subg. Perovskia species against P. operculella. GC–MS phytochemical profiling of species showed 1,8-cineole (12.55%) and linalyl acetate (11.48%), as dominant in S. yangii -EO, geranyl acetate (55.64%), and 1,8-cineole (10.50%) as major constituents in S. abrotanoides -EO, and δ-3-carene (29.29%) and 1,8-cineol (18.08%), as major compounds of S. artemisioides -EO. The EOs, especially combined types were toxic against the pest and showed ovicidal and repellent efficacies. Adults showed considerable sensitivity to the 25:75 mixture ratio of S. yangii and S. abrotanoides EOs (LC 50 = 5.82 µL/L air) in comparison to eggs (LC 50 = 10.10 µL/L air). The combined EOs also reduced the ovipositional rate. In addition, pure S. abrotanoides EOs showed great fumigant toxicities (11.09 µL/L air) effects against one-old-day eggs. The combination of EOs including 1,8 cineol and geranyl acetate as corresponding compounds, may affect survival, energy resource transfer during oogenesis, and oviposition, which are likely mechanisms involved with essential oil toxicity. As a result, Salvia essential oils can be used for the development of eco-friendly, safe, and effective botanical pesticides in integrated PTM management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Structural elucidation of neo -clerodane diterpenoids from Salvia amarissima • NMR analyses of an epimeric mixture at C-16 containing a 5-hydroxy-furan-2(5H)-one • Absolute configuration determination by direct and indirect methods • Cytotoxic and MDR reversal effect of neo -clerodane diterpenoids from S. amarissima Amarissinin F (1) and its 16-epimer (2) are two neo -clerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves and flowers of Salvia amarissima that occur as an unresolved epimeric mixture by chromatographic methods. The molecular structures of these compounds were deduced by the extensive analyses of their HRESIMS and their 1D/2D NMR data. Both compounds co-exist in the solid state as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In solution, both isolates appeared as the major compounds, which was corroborated by derivatization with Mosher reagents. However, the 1H and 13C NMR spectra demonstrated evidence for epimerization at C-20 and the possible interconversion of the 16-hydroxy-15,16-furanone to a 15-hydroxy-16,15-furanone, which was supported by a variable temperature 1H NMR analysis. The absolute configuration of compounds 1 and 2 was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR. The cytotoxic effects of the isolated epimeric mixture (1 and 2) against a set of human cancer cells and the MDR modulatory activity in resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells were explored. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man is increasingly being faced with many health conditions, including viral infection, some of which increases the risk to cancer. These infectious agents contribute to the large number of persons with cancer and the worrisome number that die from the diseases. A good range of drugs are currently in place for treating patients infected with viruses, however, some of the drugs' effectiveness are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant strains of the viruses, as well as adverse effects of the drugs. Similarly, the inability of many anticancer drugs to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing hosts’ normal cells limit their use. This warrants more research for newer drugs, especially from chemicals naturally encrypted in plants with anticancer and antiviral activities. In response to infection with cancer-inducing viruses, plants such as Salvia species synthesize and store secondary metabolites to protect themselves and kill these viruses as well as inhibit their ability to induce carcinogenesis. Hence, this review presented a discussion on the potential application of Salvia species in the prevention and management of cancer and viral infection. The study also discusses the cellular mechanisms of action of these herbal products against cancer cells and viruses, where available and provided suggestions on future research directions. The study is believed to spur more research on how to exploit Salvia phytochemicals as candidates for the development of nutraceuticals and drugs for managing cancers and viral infection.

Background: Salvia dolomitica Codd. and Salvia namaensis Schinz. are indigenous to southern Africa and are used as medicinal plants in folk medicine. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effects of different levels of water deficit treatments on the growth, concentration of secondary metabolites, and anti-Fusarium oxysporum activity of S. dolomitica and S. namaensis. Setting: Experiments were carried out on the Bellville campus of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town. Methods: Four weeks old seedlings of the two species were subjected to 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-day water deficit regimes. Secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavanols were assessed using spectroscopic methods. The anti-fungal activities of crude extracts obtained from plants were evaluated in a micro-dilution bioassay. Results: In all treatments, the plant height, crown width, number of stems and leaves, and fresh and dry weights reduced with increased water deficits. Acetone extracts from all treatments showed anti-fungal activity. However, extracts from the treatment with moderate water deficit (6-day watering interval) recorded significantly (P 0.01) better inhibition of F. oxysporum at the 18 h post incubation than the commercial fungicide, Mancozeb. Conclusion: This research has revealed that mild to moderate water deficit level favours the accumulation of alkaloids in S. dolomitica. Meanwhile, mild to severe water deficit significantly lowered flavanol content in S. namaensis. There was a correlation between the increase in total alkaloid contents and the enhanced anti-fungal activity of extracts of S. dolomitica. The present findings pave the way for optimised cultivation of medicinal plants and development of bioactive natural products.

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Salvia species have a cosmopolitan distribution and comprise several well-known plants valuable for pharmaceutical and food industries due to their recognized medicinal, food flavouring, and preservative properties. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the biological activities of seven wild-growing Salvia species from the Mediterranean area (S. fruticosa, S. glutinosa, S. nemorosa, S. officinalis, S. pratensis, S. sclarea, S. verticillata). All studied ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited significant DPPH and NO radical scavenging ability, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and reducing power, as well as moderate iron-chelating properties. Together with S. officinalis and S. fruticosa, S. verticillata showed anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, while S. glutinosa was also found to possess the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Total flavonoid (0.37–0.90%), phenolic acid (3.55–12.44%), tannin (1.22–2.60%), and anthocyanin contents (0.03–0.08%) were determined in Salvia leaves. Rosmarinic acid was the predominant hydroxycinnamic acid in all studied sage plants, ranging from 9400 to 38,800 μg/g. The correlation study showed a strong relationship between biological activities and contents of total phenolic acids, total tannins, and rosmarinic acid, indicating their significant contribution to the efficiency of tested Salvia species. Our results highlighted Mediterranean sage plants as rich sources of potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hypoglycemic agents which are worthy of further research.

Objectives: Salvia L. is the largest genus of the family Lamiaceae, which includes approximately 1000 species. According to recent studies, 100 Salvia species in total grow in Turkey. At the same time, 53% of them are endemic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic relationships among 15 Salvia species that grow in wild conditions in Turkey's Eastern Anatolia region. Materials and Methods: The genetic relationships among 15 Salvia species were investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic-DNA (RAPD) profiles in the present study. Thirteen ISSR primers and 11 RAPD primers were utilized. The ISSR and RAPD data were combined to construct the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average cluster. Results: Based on the RAPD and ISSR data, the Salvia species were classified into six groups. As a result of the combined analysis, it was shown that similarities between the species varied between 0.54 (S. rosifolia-S. sclarea, S. rosifolia-S. limbata, and S. staminea-S. verticillata) and 0.93 (S. sclera-S. divaricata). Conclusion: The findings show that the two markers represent powerful instruments for assessing the genetic diversity and relationships among Salvia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia is a medicinal plant native to Iran with pharmaceutical and healthcare importance. We aimed to assess the compatibility of four Salvia species (officinalis, sclarea, nemorosa and limbata) in Semnan, Iran climatic conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plantlets were planted in the main field and evaluated in early, mid and late-growth seasons. The studied characteristics included plant height, leaf and flowering traits. The active ingredients of the plant were obtained in various phenological stages and measured by GC-MS. Results showed that the maximum and minimum plant height and number of leaves were observed in officinalis and limbata species, respectively. Maximum leaf length and diameter were observed in sclarea and nemorosa species, respectively. The leaf growth process was increased with the development of growth season, such that maximum leaf length and diameter were obtained in the post-flowering conditions. Depending on the species, Salvia flowers are formed in different growth years, such that in the four species studied in this research, sclarea and officinalis started flowering from the first and second years, respectively. According to the comparison of flowering traits measured in these two species, the number of florets, height of main flowering spikes, height of lateral flowering spikes, and height of the post-flowering plant were higher in sclarea than officinalis. However, the number of lateral flowering spikes was higher in officinalis. Moreover, the number of active ingredients was higher in officinalis than other species. Conclusively, sclarea was the best species in growth indices and officinalis species had highest active ingredients yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia L. is a large genus of the Lamiaceae family with high medicinal value. Pharmaceutical properties of Salvia species are mainly due to their secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. This study was focused on identification and determination of five bioactive phenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, caffeic acid, salvianolic acids A and B) in the 41 populations from 27 wild Salvia species of Iran using a simple and reliable HPLC-UV method. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to study differentiation among species according to their phenolic compound profiles. Significant intra- and interspecific variations were observed in the distribution patterns and contents of phenolic compounds in the studied Salvia species. As a result of this study, it was found that leaves had greater amounts of phenolic compounds as compared to the roots. The highest content of rosmarinic acid (41.53±0.88 mg/g DW) and salvianolic acid A (8.10±0.35 mg/g DW) were found in the leaves of S. verticillata. The leaves of S. syriaca and S. sharifii were rich in salvianolic acid B (54.47±2.00 mg/g DW) and carnosic acid (34.05±1.18 mg/g DW), respectively. The PCA results revealed chemical variations in the Salvia species collected from different regions and could fully distinguish between them based on the phenolic compounds concentrations. The present study demonstrated that apart from S. officinalis, some wild species such as S. verticillata, S. hypoleuca, S. leriifolia and S. virgata can be introduced as potent natural sources for medicinal and industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven hydrophilic phenolic acids and four lipophilic tanshinones in three Salvia species. In normal MEKC mode using SDS as surfactant, the investigated 11 compounds could not be well separated. Therefore, several buffer modifiers including β-cyclodextrins (β-CD), ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) and organic solvents have been added to the buffer solution to improve the separation selectivity. Under the optimized conditions (BGE, 15 mM sodium tetraborate with 10 mM SDS, 5 mM β-CD, 10 mM [bmim]BF4 and 15% ACN (v/v) as additives; buffer pH, 9.8; voltage, 20 kV; temperature, 25 °C), the 11 investigated analytes could achieve baseline separation in 34 min. The proposed MEKC was additionally validated by evaluating the linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9965), LODs (0.27–1.39 μg·mL–1), and recovery (94.26%–105.17%), demonstrating this method was reproducible, accurate and reliable. Moreover, the contents of the 11 compounds in three Salvia species, including S. miltiorrhiza, S. przewalskii and S. castanea were analyzed. The result showed that the established MEKC method was simple and practical for the simultaneous determination of the hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive components in Salvia species, which could be used to effectively evaluate the quality of these valued medicinal plants.

Salvia is one of the largest genera in the family of Labiatae, comprising about 900 species distributed widely throughout the world. Many species of Salvia are commonly used as herbal tea and for food flavoring, as well as in cosmetics, perfumery and in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study compares the antioxidant properties of four methanolic extracts, obtained by two extraction methods, from Salvia elegans, Salvia officinalis Purpurascens, Salvia officinalis Tricolor and Salvia lavandulifolia. The amount of total phenolics was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant activity of selected herbs was determined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. The total amount of phenolics was between 1122.50 and 3672.16 mg GAE/100g dry plant for the first methanolic extract, while for the second extract was between 767.66 and 2725.04mg GAE/100g dry plant. A positive linear correlation was observed between total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results suggested that the extracts of Salvia species, notably Salvia officinalis Tricolor with the highest antioxidant activity, can be used as natural antioxidants in the food industry.

Introduction Salvia, an important and widely available member of Lamiaceae family. Although comparative analysis on secondary metabolites in several Salvia species from Turkey has been reported, their hallucinogenic chemicals have not been screened thoroughly. Objective This study provides LC-MS/MS analysis of 40 Salvia species for screening their psychoactive constituents of salvinorin A and salvinorin B. 5S-rRNA gene non-coding region of Salvia plants was sequenced, aligned and compared with that sequence of Salvia divinorum plant. Methodology Targeted molecules of salvinorin A and salvinorin B were quantified, using LC-MS/MS, from all aerial parts of 40 Salvia species, collected from different parts of Turkey. Regions of 5S-rRNA gene from different species were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequences were aligned with Salvia divinorum DNA sequences. Results Very few of the Salvia species ( S. recognita, S. cryptantha and S. glutinosa) contained relatively high levels of salvinorin A (212.86 ± 20.46 μg/g, 51.50 ± 4.95 μg/g and 38.92 ± 3.74 μg/g, respectively). Salvinorin B was also found in Salvia species of S. potentillifolia, S. adenocaulon and S. cryptantha as 2351.99 ± 232.22 μg/g, 768.78 ± 75.90 μg/g and 402.24 ± 39.71 μg/g, respectively. The sequences of 5S-rRNA gene of 40 different Salvia species were presented and it was found that none of the Salvia species in Turkey had similar DNA sequence to Salvia divinorum plant. Conclusion This is the first report of screening 40 Salvia species in Turkey according to their psychoactive constituents, salvinorin A and salvinorin B and their genomic structures. It is possible that some of these Salvia species may exhibit some psycho activity. Thus, they need to be screened further. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two novel neoclerodane and a tiliifolane diterpenoids from Salvia pennellii. • Structures of compounds 1 / 2 were determined by HRMS and NMR. • Compound 3 was obtained as crystalline solid and determined by single crystal X-ray. • Compounds 1 / 2 were assayed as h PTP1B 1-400 inhibitors. Two undescribed neo -clerodanes (1 and 2) and a novel tiliifolane (3) diterpenoids, were isolated from the leaves and flowers of Salvia pennellii. Wirikutin (1) and 15- epi -wirikutin (2) were isolated as a C-15 epimeric mixture containing a 5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one moiety in the side chain of the neo -clerodane framework. Wixarikolide (3) was isolated as a Δ3(20) derivative of tiliifodiolide. The structures of compounds 1 / 2 were deduced through the analyses of their MS spectrometric, and the 1D/2D NMR data. The structure of 3 was determined directly by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The PTP1B inhibitory activity of compounds 1 / 2 was assayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of seven clerodanes from Mexican Salvia species was performed. We focused on clerodanes with tertiary hydroxyl group at C-4, C-8, and C-10, in which the establishment of absolute configuration around these chiral centers is nontrivial and the 13 C NMR signals can be misassigned. In addition, the analysis by 1 H NMR in aprotic solvent allowed us to establish a common pattern that correlates the chemical shift with the position of the hydroxyl groups, which constitute a good methodology for future structural elucidation of these kinds of compounds. The obtained data allowed us to establish the absolute configuration of five of these diterpenes and the structural revision of salvimicrophyllin D ( 7 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibitory effect ofSalviaspecies herbal preparations on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylcholinesterase (BuChE) activitiy may contribute to regulation of cognitive performance and impaired cholinergic functions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This functional role ofSalviaspecies and their components makes the investigations onSalviavaluable in medicine-related plant research. Within this work it was aimed to investigate thein vitroanti-cholinesterase effect of essential oils derived from tenSalviaspecies, which grow in Turkey. The chemical composition of essential oils were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Results showed that all of the essential oils exhibited AChE inhibitory activity.S. pseudeuphratica, S. hydrangea and S. divaricataessential oils demonstrated the most potent AChE inhibitory effect [50% inhibition concentration (IC50) = 26.00 ± 2.00 μg/mL, 40.0 ± 4.00, 64.68 ± 4.16, respectively]. The essential oil ofS. pseudeuphraticademonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against AChE and BuChE among the testedSalviaessential oils. Evidences from the our study augment the importance of essential oils obtained fromSalviaspecies and may support utilization ofSalviaspecies for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer disease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The antifungal effects of essential oils and plant extracts (water, ethanol and methanol) of Salvia cryptantha Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham, Salvia tomentosa Mill., Salvia officinalis L.(cultural form) grown in Tokat province was screened against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. The essential oils and plant extracts of S. officinalis, S. cryptantha and S. tomentosa were determined to find the most efficient against F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in vitro. Different volums of either essential oils and plant extracts were mixed with the sterile PDA to obtain various concentrations. The suplemented PDA were inoculated with agar disc (5 mm in diameter) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici pathogens (from 7 day-old PDA cultures) were inoculated on medium. They were incubated at 25±2 °C for 7 days. Then the bloking fungal development was calculated.The highest effects on the development of mycelium of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici has shown blocking rate of 62,71% with a S. officinalis essential oils, this was followed by S. tomentosa and S. cryptantha. Similar results were observed in plants extracts. The highest effects on the development of mycelium of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici showed S. cryptantha plant extracts and this S. officinalis and S. tomentosa has followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenoids from Salvia species have been identified to possess biological properties as antiprotozoal agents. Here, we evaluated the antiamoebic and antigiardial activities of 14 known clerodane and modified clerodane-type diterpenes isolated from five Mexican Salvia species against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, and analyzed the effects of the functionalities in decalin ring or in the whole clerodane framework to visualize the structural requirements necessary to produce an antiprotozoal activity. Among these, linearolactone was the most active clerodane diterpene against both protozoa with IC50 values of 22.9 μM for E. histolytica and of 28.2 μM in the case of G. lamblia. In this context it may be a lead compound for the development of novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. The remaining diterpenes assayed showed moderate to weak activity against both protozoa. These findings give support to the use of Salvia species in the traditional medicine from México for the treatment of diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of essential oils of 22 accessions belonging to nine Salvia species of Salvia nemorosa , Salvia sclarea , Salvia macrosiphon , Salvia verticillata , Salvia eremophilsamia , Salvia aethiopis , Salvia virgata , Salvia reuterana and Salvia limbata , from Iran were assessed. The concentration of essential oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation ranged from 0.07 to 0.71%. GC–MS analysis revealed 73 compounds in these plants. The main constituents were linalool (0.6–51.58%), linalool acetate (0–52.61%), e -caryophylene (3.08–60.58%), germacrene- d (0–25.16%) spathulenol (0–35.4%) and caryophyllen-oxide (0–37.89%). The accessions were separated into five chemotypes using cluster analysis in light of the six major compositions. Results showed a significant variation in compositions and yield of essential oils among and within Salvia species. The chemical variability could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. The analyses indicated that some of accessions collected from south had more amounts of essential oils yield than other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia species have a cosmopolitan distribution and comprise several well-known plants valuable for pharmaceutical and food industries due to their recognized medicinal, food flavouring, and preservative properties. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the biological activities of seven wild-growing Salvia species from the Mediterranean area (S. fruticosa, S. glutinosa, S. nemorosa, S. officinalis, S. pratensis, S. sclarea, S. verticillata). All studied ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited significant DPPH and NO radical scavenging ability, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and reducing power, as well as moderate iron-chelating properties. Together with S. officinalis and S. fruticosa, S. verticillata showed anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, while S. glutinosa was also found to possess the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Total flavonoid (0.37–0.90%), phenolic acid (3.55–12.44%), tannin (1.22–2.60%), and anthocyanin contents (0.03–0.08%) were determined in Salvia leaves. Rosmarinic acid was the predominant hydroxycinnamic acid in all studied sage plants, ranging from 9400 to 38,800 μg/g. The correlation study showed a strong relationship between biological activities and contents of total phenolic acids, total tannins, and rosmarinic acid, indicating their significant contribution to the efficiency of tested Salvia species. Our results highlighted Mediterranean sage plants as rich sources of potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hypoglycemic agents which are worthy of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antibiofilm activity tests on 16 bacteria and 2 fungi of Salvia marashica İlçim, Celep & Doğan and Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth species were performed by Agar Well Diffusion and Microdilution methods. Salvia species showed sensitivity with a zone diameter of 12–16 mm. Concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml to 16 mg/ml by the dilution method were used to determine the Minimum inhibited concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBK). The MIC values of the plants are mostly 0.5 mg/ml - 4 mg/ml and MBC values are between 0.5 mg/ml - 8 mg/ml. Antifungal activity findings are remarkable on the species and it has been observed to have very high effects especially on Candida parapsilosis. When the antioxidant research findings are examined; It was observed that Salvia marashica and Salvia caespitosa plants have approximately 75% antioxidant activity at 1 mg/ml, and findings mostly directly proportional between concentrations and antioxidant activity capacity were recorded. MCF-7 and HUVEC cell lines were used to investigate anticancer activity properties. In line with the findings, while the IC50 value of Salvia marashica on the MCF-7 Cell line was 0.125 mg/ml, it was 1.65 mg/ml in the HUVEC cell line, while the IC50 value of Salvia caespitosa on the MCF-7 Cell line was 0.115 mg/ml in the HUVEC Cell line. It was found to be 9.87 mg/ml. It has been proven that both Salvia species have a cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 Cell line. [Display omitted] • Antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of the plants. • They are highly effective on microorganisms. • They may be used in treatment of bacterial or fungal infections in the determined concentration ranges. • Their anticancer properties can be used for animal experiments and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Several Salvia species, known as sage are used in various culinary and folklore preparations. • Five Salvia species were analyzed using LC-QToF. • A total of 183 phenolic compounds and di/triterpenoids were tentatively identified • The developed method can be successfully applied to qualitatively assess sage-based ingredients in finished products. Several Salvia species, commonly known as sage plants, are an integral part of various culinary and folklore preparations for the perceived wide range of effects from organoleptic to psychological. As a result, many of these species are an integral part of botanical drug applications, highlighting the need for accurate identification and quality control for consumer's safety. Five closely related Salvia species (S. officinalis , S. miltiorrhiza, S. divinorum , S. mellifera , and S. apiana) within a same botanical family were analyzed and differentiated using LC-QToF. Accurate mass measurement (<5 ppm) of protonated and deprotonated molecules together with resulting fragments and product ions allowed unequivocal or tentative identification of more than 180 compounds either by comparison with reference standards or literature data. The leaf part were identified based on various phenolic acids, flavonoids as well as di- and tri-terpenoids. Polyphenolics, viz. , salvianolic A/B and rosmarinic acids in S. officinalis , lipophilic diterpenoids, viz., tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza, abietatriene diterpenes and triterpenoids (ursane-/olean-type) in S. mellifera , and S. apiana were identified as characteristic, significant components. In comparison, salvinorins and divinorins representing a class of neoclerodane diterpenoids were detected only in S. divinorum. The presented methodology can successfully be applied to qualitatively assess sage-based ingredients in various finished products and formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Salvia species constitute a source of natural antioxidants. [•] Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound in all analyzed methanolic extracts. [•] Salvia officinalis showed the strongest antioxidant activity. [•] The collection site showed a significant effect on phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC)-densitometric method was used for the parallel quantification of rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA) in crude extracts of Salvia species (Family Lamiaceae), obtained by ultrasonic extraction with 60% methanol. The densitometric measurement was performed in fluorescent mode as it has been published earlier. The applicability of the method has been investigated mainly from the viewpoint of the starting material. Questions are discussed like, what kind of factors should be taken into account, if the drugs are to be characterized, and how the RA and CA contents of samples vary in the plants are discussed. The drugs (plant material) show great differences due to the time of harvest, to the organ composition of drugs, and to the extraction and storage conditions of the stock-solutions prepared from them. The importance of these parameters is illustrated on Salvia species native to Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia (Salvia hispanica) is a functional food crop for humans. Although its seeds contain high omega-3 fatty acids, the seed yield of chia is still low. Genomic resources available for this plant are limited. We report the first high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of chia. The assembled genome size was 347.6 Mb and covered 98.1% of the estimated genome size. A total of 31 069 protein-coding genes were predicted. The absence of recent whole-genome duplication and the relatively low intensity of transposable element expansion in chia compared to its sister species contribute to its small genome size. Transcriptome sequencing and gene duplication analysis reveal that the expansion of the fab2 gene family is likely to be related to the high content of omega-3 in seeds. The white seed coat color is determined by a single locus on chromosome 4. This study provides novel insights into the evolution of Salvia species and high omega-3 content, as well as valuable genomic resources for genetic improvement of important commercial traits of chia and its related species., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The antiproliferative activity of Salvia species grown in Jordan has not been fully evaluated yet. The aim of this work was to study the antiproliferative activity of crude ethanol extracts from nine Salvia species grown in Jordan against a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Material and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was evaluated in human tumor models of breast cancer; MCF-7, T47D, ZR-75-1, and BT 474 by the sulforhodamine B assay. In addition, the extracts were evaluated using a non-transformed cell line (Vero) and normal fibroblast cells in order to demonstrate their selectivity and safety. Results: From the nice ethanol extracts under investigation, those of S. dominica and S. fruticosa showed an inhibitory concentration of 50% of cells (IC50) in concentrations less than 30μg/mL against the four cell lines under investigation. S. syriaca and S. hormium showed an IC50 below 30μg/ml for two out of the four cell lines. S. fruticosa, S. hormium and S. syriaca showed selectivity in their antiproliferative activity against estrogen receptor positive cell lines with minimal toxicity against normal human periodontal fibroblasts. Phytochemical screening using thin layer chromatography indicated the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins in all examined extracts. Conclusion: Three of the plant extracts under investigation exhibited antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells and were shown to be safe and selective. These could be considered as a potential source for novel anticancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was extracted from S. divinorum plant leaves using a 5-min extraction with dichloromethane. Four additional Salvia species ( Salvia officinalis, Salvia guaranitica, Salvia splendens, and Salvia nemorosa) were extracted using this procedure, and all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differentiation of S. divinorum from other Salvia species was successful based on visual assessment of the resulting chromatograms. To provide a more objective comparison, the total ion chromatograms (TICs) were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Prior to PCA, the TICs were subjected to a series of data pretreatment procedures to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. Successful discrimination of S. divinorum from the other four Salvia species was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot. To provide a numerical assessment of the discrimination, a series of statistical procedures such as Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student's t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores. The statistical procedures were then compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a method development for the determination of rosmarinic acid (RA) by using a gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and its application to certain plant materials. The analysis was performed by utilizing a two solvents system [ A: methanol/water/formic acid (10:88:2; v: v: v); B: methanol/water/formic acid (90:8:2; v: v: v)] on a reverse-phase column. The flow rate and injection volume were 1 ml min and 10 μl, respectively. Signals were detected at 280 nm. In addition, an internal standard (IS) technique was applied for the analysis of RA to increase precision, and propylparaben was employed for this purpose. The repeatability results as RSD% were 1.66, 1.17 and 1.26 for intra-day and 1.38 was for inter-day with the employment of (3.67 × 10 M) RA. A limit of linearity (LOL) was observed in a wide (1.13 × 10-5.65 × 10 M) concentration range. Linearity parameters were also examined in the range of 5.95 × 10-7.14 × 10 M RA, and very good correlation was observed. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) (for inter-day) were 1.60 × 10 M (signal/noise [S/N] = 3.3) and 4.80 × 10 M (S/N = 10), respectively. The method was applied to the extracts of certain Lamiaceae plants ( Salvia candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima, S. sclarea L., S. verticillata L. subsp. v erticillata and R. officinalis L.), and reasonable results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several Salvia species are indigenous to Jordan and are widely used as beverages and spices and for their medicinal properties. The objective of the study was to establish the antimicrobial activities, including the antiadhesive and antibiofilm effects of seven different Salvia species. Materials and Methods: Methods used for planktonic culture included agar diffusion, broth microdilution, and minimal biocidal concentration determination while viable count was used for the determination of the antibiofilm and antiadhesion activities. Overnight cultures of reference strains of Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were used as test microorganisms. Results: An antimicrobial activity toward planktonic cultures demonstrated a significant bacteriocidal activity (=4 log cycle reduction) for the S. triloba extract against S. aureus including MRSA. Its volatile oil exhibited an antimicrobial activity covering all tested microorganisms with the exception of P. aeruginosa. S. triloba extract and volatile oil were successful in preventing and controlling the biofilm, demonstrating antiadhesion and antibiofilm activities, respectively. Conclusion: These reported activities for S. triloba extract and volatile oil allows their listing as potential antibiofilm and anti-MRSA natural agents. This might suggest their use as an antiseptic in the prophylaxis and treatment of S. aureus-associated skin infections. The antimicrobial activity of the other tested Salvia species was negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An on-line ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with photodiode-array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) method has been optimized and established for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the important diterpenoids in the methanol extracts of 12 Salvia species. Specific marker components were identified for the classification of the Salvia samples by principal component analysis. The accurate mass measurement within 3ppm error for all the protonated molecules and subsequent fragment ions offers higher quality structural information for interpretation of fragmentation pathways of various groups of diterpenoids. Thus, a total of 21 diterpenoids from different Salvia species were separated within 10min, and were unequivocally or tentatively identified via comparisons with authentic standards and literature. This UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method was validated to be sensitive, precise and accurate with the limit of detections at 3.0–16ng/ml, and the overall intra-day and the inter-day variations less than 3%. The recovery of the method was in the range of 96.2–101.8%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 3.0%. The results demonstrated that the qualitative and quantitative differences in diterpenoids were not only useful for chemotaxonomy in some Salvia species but also for the standardization and differentiation of large numbers of similar samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Peroxidase was partially purified from Salvia species such as Salvia tomentosa Miller, Salvia virgata Jacq and Salvia viridis L. using solid (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and dialysis methods. We investigated the effect of some kinetic parameters such as buffer concentration, pH, temperature and substrate specificity on peroxidase activity. To clarify the role of peroxidase (POD) in enzymatic browning, oxidation of substrates such as 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), o-dianisidine, o-phenylenediamine, catechol and guaiacol catalyzed by partially purified peroxidase was followed spectrophotometrically. POD was observed to oxidize some phenolic compounds in the presence of H2O2, leading to enzymatic browning. From the experimental results, we found that (i) POD activities varied with the buffer concentration as depending on the substrate studied, (ii) optimum pH values were 4.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 6.0 for S. tomentosa Miller POD; 4.0, 2.5, 6.0, 6.0 and 7.0 for S. virgata Jacq POD; and 3.5, 2.5, 6.0, 7.0 and 7.0 for S. viridis L. POD using ABTS, o-phenylenediamine, o-dianisidine, catechol and guaiacol as substrates, respectively, (iii) optimum temperatures were 40, 30, 50, 50 and 50°C for S. tomentosa Miller; those for S. virgata Jacq 60, 50, 60, 80 and 60°C; and those for S. viridis L. 50, 50, 60, 20 and 50°C using ABTS, o-phenylenediamine, o-dianisidine, catechol and guaiacol as substrates, respectively, and (iv) the substrate specificity of Salvia species was different from specie to specie and the best substrate for Salvia PODs was ABTS. Again, S. tomentosa Miller was the species with the highest POD activity, followed by S. virgata Jacq and S. viridis L. S. tomentosa Miller can be the most suitable Salvia species for dark-tea preparations because of the highest V max/K m values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fatty acid composition of nine species of Salvia, naturally growing in Turkey was determined: Salvia syriaca, Salvia potentillifolia, Salvia candidissima ssp. occidentalis, Salvia macrochlamys, Salvia poculata, Salvia tomentosa, Salvia recognita, Salvia virgata and Salvia ceratophylla. The main compounds were found to be linoleic acid (18:2; 24.3–69.2%), linolenic acid (18:3; 0.6–40.8%), oleic acid (18:1; 8.3–31.0%), palmitic acid (16:0; 3.8–21.0%) and stearic acid (18:0; 1.8–5.2%). Fatty acid composition of Salvia seed oils could be used as a chemotaxonomical marker. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aerial parts of Salvia hedgeana Dönmez, Salvia huberi Hedge, Salvia pisidica Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham. were subjected to hydrodistillation. The obtained essential oils were analyzed both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analyses showed that S. hedgeana essential oil consisted of β-pinene (30.0%) as a major component, in addition to 65 identified components, representing 89.9% of the total essential oil. The major component of S. huberi was identified as 1,8-cineole (20.4%), and 76 further components were characterized representing 87.6%. S. pisidica essential oil revealed the occurrence of camphor (21.7%) as the main constituent among another 59 identified components of 76.8% of the total. Furthermore, the biological properties of the analyzed essential oils were tested using the in vivo method on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in order to examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity as well as possible irritant or toxic side effects. All essential oils tested at a concentration of 100 µg/pellet showed no pronounced anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, or membrane-toxic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man is increasingly being faced with many health conditions, including viral infection, some of which increases the risk to cancer. These infectious agents contribute to the large number of persons with cancer and the worrisome number that die from the diseases. A good range of drugs are currently in place for treating patients infected with viruses, however, some of the drugs' effectiveness are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant strains of the viruses, as well as adverse effects of the drugs. Similarly, the inability of many anticancer drugs to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing hosts' normal cells limit their use. This warrants more research for newer drugs, especially from chemicals naturally encrypted in plants with anticancer and antiviral activities. In response to infection with cancer-inducing viruses, plants such as Salvia species synthesize and store secondary metabolites to protect themselves and kill these viruses as well as inhibit their ability to induce carcinogenesis. Hence, this review presented a discussion on the potential application of Salvia species in the prevention and management of cancer and viral infection. The study also discusses the cellular mechanisms of action of these herbal products against cancer cells and viruses, where available and provided suggestions on future research directions. The study is believed to spur more research on how to exploit Salvia phytochemicals as candidates for the development of nutraceuticals and drugs for managing cancers and viral infection., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

In this study, total phenolic, flavonoid and protein contents, antiradical capacities, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of five different Salvia species ( Salvia macrochlamys Boiss., Salvia kronenburgii Rech.f., Salvia euphratica Montbret. ex Aucher var. euphratica , Salvia huberi Hedge and Salvia kurdica Benth) were investigated. The total phenolic content of the species was in the range of 59.6 ± 20 to 150.1 ± 1.1 mg/g, total flavonoid content in the range of 20.4 ± 2.2 to 38.9 ± 4.1 mg/g, and total protein content in the range of 14.0 ± 0.5 to 22.0 ± 1.1 mg/g. Radical scavenging capacities of the Salvia species were determined in the range of 84.1 ± 4.5 to 96.8 ± 0.1%. Moreover, Salvia extracts showed powerful antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cytotoxic effects of the samples on human lymphocytes were determined by MTS assay and S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica decreased the harmful effects of 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane (tert-butyl hydroper-oxide, t-BOOH) at all time points tested. The highest amounts of rutin hydrate belong to S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica , and the highest amounts of luteolin-7-glucoside belong to S. huberi and S. kronenburgii . Vanillic acid was present only in S. huberi and S. kurdica ., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)