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The present study describes synthesis of Salvia species (S. plebeia and S. moorcroftiana) mediated gold nanoparticles using deionized water and ethanol as extracting solvents. The study further quantify total phenolic and flavonoids content, assessment of antioxidative and microbial inhibitory potential, and catalytic and sensing abilities of the synthesized gold nanoparticles in dyes degradation and heavy metals sensing. Quantifying the phenolic content, ethyl acetate extract of S. moorcroftiana exhibited the high content (327.2 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram) followed by ethanol and methanol extracts. However, S. plebeia was comparatively low in total phenolic content. In total flavonoid content quantification, methanol and ethanol extracts of S. moorcroftiana exhibited statistically same content (406.9 mg quercetin equivalent per gram and 400.8 mg quercetin equivalent per gram, respectively) followed by ethyl acetate extract. In synthesis of Salvia aqueous mediated gold nanoparticles, ratio/concentration (extract/salt solution) of 1:20 resulted in the most intense and sharp peak at 520–530 nm, whereas ethanolic extract produced reasonable and prominent nanoparticles under sunlight with 1:5 to 1:10 concentration. Assessing the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, Salvia extracts and the nanoparticles were potent antiradical and antibacterial agents. Furthermore, the subject nanoparticles have shown reasonable degradation of Congo red, methylene blue, and methyl orange, and sensing property to detect lead(II) in river water. Hence, Salvia species and the nanoparticles could be used in curing diseases involving free radicals, infections, and remediation of environmental contamination with dyes and lead(II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of areal parts of Salvia plebeia, led to identification of 32 compounds constituting 93.8 % of the essential oil (EO). EO of this plant was dominated by sesquiterpenoids (49.4%) with major presence of β-caryophyllene, furanogermenone, germacrone and 14- hydroxy-α-humulene. Antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and super oxide radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power assay, though the EO showed lower activity than the standard antioxidants but possessed significant reducing power. The in vitro antifungal activity of EO against phytopathogens was determined by poisoned food method. EO showed strong inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth against all phytopathogens with an IC50 values ranging from 180.5 to 372.9 µg/mL and MIC ranging from 1500 to 3000 µg/mL. Among the test fungi, three fungi, viz., Helminthosporium maydis, Curvularia lunata and Albugo candida were highly susceptible for the oil in spore germination assay with their IC50 value 246.9, 263.8 and 316.8 µg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant containing diverse bioactive constituents that have biological properties. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions (media and auxin) for the hairy root culture of S. plebeia for the growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds and evaluated its antioxidant activities. Rosmarinic acid and five phenylpropanoids were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. The hairy roots grown in 1/2 SH medium with 1 mg/L NAA had a high level of rosmarinic acid content. Hairy roots cultured in 1 mg/L NAA had the highest total content of five phenylpropanoids. Compared to wild-type roots grown in the field, hairy roots (NAA 1) expressed similar levels of rosmarinic acid but significantly enhanced phenylpropanoid accumulation. Furthermore, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of hairy roots (NAA 1) were 2.22 and 1.73 times higher than those of wild-type roots. In the results of DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays, the hairy roots (NAA 1) showed higher free radical scavenging effects and reduction potential than the wild-type roots. These results suggest that S. plebeia hairy roots cultured under optimal conditions, which exhibit enhanced phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity, can potentially be used as sources of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant widely distributed across Asia and Oceania. However, the composition and accumulation patterns of its active ingredients in different organs during the growth and their biosynthetic mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, we conducted metabolite profiling, transcriptomic analysis, and biological functional verification to explore the distribution, accumulation, and biosynthesis mechanisms of flavonoids in S. plebeia. We identified 70 metabolites including 46 flavonoids, 16 phenolic acids, seven terpenoids, and one organic acid, of which 21 were previously unreported in S. plebeia. Combining metabolomic-transcriptomic analysis and biological functional verification, we identified the key genes involved in biosynthesis of its main active ingredients, hispidulin and homoplantaginin, including SpPAL, SpC4H, Sp4CL2, Sp4CL5, SpCHS1, SpCHI, SpFNS, SpF6H1, SpF6OMT1, SpF6OMT2, SpUGT1, SpUGT2, and SpUGT3. Using the identified genes, we reconstructed the hispidulin and homoplantaginin biosynthesis pathways in Escherichia coli, and obtained a yield of 5.33 and 3.86 mg/L for hispidulin and homoplantaginin, respectively. Our findings provide valuable insights into the changes in chemical components in different organs of S. plebeia during different growth and harvest stages and establishes a foundation for identifying and synthesizing its active components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant containing diverse bioactive constituents that have biological properties. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions (media and auxin) for the hairy root culture of S. plebeia for the growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds and evaluated its antioxidant activities. Rosmarinic acid and five phenylpropanoids were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. The hairy roots grown in 1/2 SH medium with 1 mg/L NAA had a high level of rosmarinic acid content. Hairy roots cultured in 1 mg/L NAA had the highest total content of five phenylpropanoids. Compared to wild-type roots grown in the field, hairy roots (NAA 1) expressed similar levels of rosmarinic acid but significantly enhanced phenylpropanoid accumulation. Furthermore, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of hairy roots (NAA 1) were 2.22 and 1.73 times higher than those of wild-type roots. In the results of DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays, the hairy roots (NAA 1) showed higher free radical scavenging effects and reduction potential than the wild-type roots. These results suggest that S. plebeia hairy roots cultured under optimal conditions, which exhibit enhanced phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity, can potentially be used as sources of antioxidants.

We isolated and purified phenolic acids and flavonoids from the ethanolic extract of Salvia plebeia using silica gel and a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Spectroscopy revealed the isolated compounds were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, hispidulin, luteolin, jaceosidin, nepitrin, homoplantaginin, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside, 6-methoxynaringenin 7-O-glucoside, naasanone, and cosmosiin. Quantitative analyses, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV (HPLC-UV), revealed that the major flavonoid from S. plebeia was 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside (100.63 mg/g) and the most abundant phenolic acid was rosmarinic acid (47.73 mg/g). Furthermore, among four other Salvia species, S. officinalis contained the highest overall phenolic acid and flavonoid level but these were still lower than S. plebeia. These results can help assess the potential of phenolic acids and flavonoids as potent sources of pharmacological ingredients from different Salvia species extracts.

A new eudesmane sesquiterpenoid (1), named sapleudesone, together with four known analogs (2-5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia plebeia. The structure of compound 1 was established by NMR and HRESIMS data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparing the experimental ECD spectrum with the calculated ECD spectra. The known compounds were identified to be salplebeone A (2), linderolide I (3), chlorantene D (4), and chlomultin B (5), respectively, by comparing the NMR data and specific rotations with reported data. All five compounds were tested for the inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As a result, compound 2 exhibited weak inhibitory effects with an IC50 value of 42.3 ± 1.4 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate layer of 95% ethanol extract of the whole plants of Salvia plebeia by various chromatographic methods, including macroporous resin D101, MCI, silica gel, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as 8-ethoxy-eudebeiolide B (1), salplebeone D (2), and salplebeone A (3) by using HR-ESI-MS and NMR data, in which Compound 1 is a new compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) involves series of inflammatory pathologies and cause high morbidity. Salviplenoid A (SA) was a new sesquiterpenoid from the traditional inflammatory herb Salvia plebeia. In our previous study, SA exhibited antiinflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells. However, the extensive effects of SA in human cells and in vivo and the active mechanisms are unclear. Thus, in this study, we sought to access its effects in vitro and in vivo and to investigate its mechanisms. SA was proved to inhibit the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human cell types, including pulmonary epithelial cells and endothetial cells. It also depressed monocyte adhesion. Moreover, SA potently attenuated the acute lung inflammation in the LPS‐induced mouse model shown by down‐regulation of proinflammatory mediators, inhibition of polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, and alleviation of related symptoms like alveolar congestion and mucus secretion. Further evaluation confirmed that SA regulated NF‐κB pathway by inhibiting the IκB‐α phosphorylation. And it markedly mediated Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway by activating the Nrf2/HO‐1 expression and promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Therefore, SA could attenuate acute lung inflammation via suppressing NF‐κB and activating Nrf2, which provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of SA in clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new flavones, namely 5-hydroxy-2-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-6,12,13-trimethoxypyrano-xanthene-4,9-dione (1) and 5-hydroxy-2-(3′-methoxy-4′-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-11-isopropyl-pyranochromene-4,9-dione (2), were isolated from Salvia plebeia. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their anti-angiogenic activities by the MTT assay with axitinib as positive control, and they displayed moderate anti-angiogenic activities with IC50 values of 14.07 and 11.25 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia R. Br. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been widely used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism about the hepatoprotective effects of S. plebeia remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of S. plebeia (SPEE) in the zebrafish model. Firstly, we determined the chemical compositions of SPEE and identified three major constituents by using GC-MS analysis. After that, SPEE exhibited significantly antioxidant properties in the LPS-induced zebrafish embryos, and the enzyme activities of ROS, CAT and SOD were obviously inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Secondly, SPEE greatly reduced fat vacuoles (HE staining), lipid accumulation (Oil O staining) and hepatocyte fibrosis (Gemori staining) in the thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatocyte injury of adult zebrafish. Meanwhile, the NO contents and lipid metabolism-related genes were substantially down-regulated after SPEE exposure. Thirdly, we used RNA-Seq analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after SPEE exposure in adult zebrafish liver. The results showed that 1289 DEGs including 558 up-regulated and 731 down-regulated were identified between the TAA + SPEE and TAA groups. KEGG pathway and GO functional analysis revealed that steroid biosynthesis, oxidation-reduction and innate immunity were significantly enriched. Mechanistically, SPEE can considerably reduce the cell apoptosis of hepatocytes and promote the translocation of Nrf2 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in TAA-induced zebrafish. Moreover, SPEE can modulate various inflammatory cytokines and immune genes both in the control and H 2 O 2 -stimulated conditions. The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α was markedly up-regulated but the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β was greatly down-regulated after SPEE treatment. In addition, some key genes in the TLR signaling were also activated in the H 2 O 2 -stimulated conditions. In summary, our results suggested that SPEE had an important role in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in zebrafish in the near future. Some of the components identified in this study may be served as potential sources of new hepatoprotective compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. • Three major components were identified in the ethanol extracts of S. plebeia (SPEE). • SPEE presented significantly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in zebrafish. • RNA-Seq analysis revealed that lipid metabolism and redox process were obviously enriched in the SPEE treatment. • The inflammatory cytokines and immune genes were differentially regulated under H 2 O 2 -induced conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia has been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases, as well as colds and bronchitis. Macrophages have antioxidant defense mechanisms to cope with the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced as part of the immune response. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathway in inflamed macrophages is an appealing target due to its protective effect against ROS-induced cell damage. In this study, nepetoidin B (NeB) was first isolated from S. plebeia and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NeB reduced pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the NeB-treated group, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly higher, and ROS expression decreased. By activating Nrf2 signaling, NeB enhanced HO-1 expression. Furthermore, when the cells were pretreated with tin protoporphyrin (an HO-1 inhibitor), the anti-inflammatory effects of NeB were reduced. Therefore, NeB may activate the Nrf2/ HO-1 pathway. These results reveal the NeB isolated from S. plebeia exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating NF-κB signaling and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

A new skeleton of diterpenoid, 1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-octahydro-(4α-hydroxyymethyl) -1,1-dimethyl-9-(1-methylethyl)-(2S,3S,4αR,9R,10αS)-2,3,5,7-phenanthrenetertrol, named plebeianiol A (1), along with four known diterpenoids (2–5), were isolated from Salvia plebeia R. Br. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis. In the bioactivity tests, compounds 1, 2 and 5 showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 20.0–29.6 µM. In addition, these three compounds had significant inhibitory effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. Compounds 1–3 inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced macrophages with IC50 values of 18.0–23.6 µM. These results showed that compounds 1, 2 had significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and might provide basis for the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative lesions and inflammation.

Background and Aims Salvia is the largest genus within Lamiaceae, with about 980 species currently recognized. East Asia, with approx. 100 species, is one of the three major biodiversity centres of Salvia. However, relationships within this lineage remain unclear, and the staminal lever mechanism, which may represent a key innovation within the genus, has been understudied. By using six genetic markers and nearly comprehensive taxon sampling, this study attempts to elucidate relationships and examine evolutionary trends of staminal development within the East Asia (EA) Salvia clade. Methods Ninety-one taxa of EA Salvia were sampled and 34 taxa representing all other major lineages of Salvia were included for analysis. Two nuclear [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS)] and four chloroplast (psbA–trnH, ycf1–rps15, trnL–trnF and rbcL) DNA markers were used for phylogenetic analysis employing maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and BEAST, with the latter also used to estimate divergence times. Key Results All Salvia species native to East Asia form a clade, and eight major subclades (A–G) were recognized. Subclade A, comprising two limestone endemics (S. sonchifolia and S. petrophila), is sister to the remainder of EA Salvia. Six distinct stamen types were observed within the EA clade. Stamen type A, with two fully fertile posterior thecae, only occurs in S. sonchifolia and may represent the ancestral stamen type within EA Salvia. Divergence time estimates showed that the crown of EA Salvia began to diversify approx. 17.4 million years ago. Conclusions This study supports the adoption of a broadly defined Salvia and treats EA Salvia as a subgenus, Glutinaria, recognizing eight sections within this subgenus. Stamen type A is ostensibly plesiomorphic within EA Salvia, and the other five types may have been derived from it. Staminal morphology has evolved in parallel within the EA Salvia, and staminal structure alone is inadequate to delimit infrageneric categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Salvia plebeia R. Brown, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as cough, hepatitis, and diarrhea for a long history. Aim of the study The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify potential anti-inflammatory agents from the herb of S. plebeia , which may have contributed to its folk pharmacological use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Material and methods The aerial parts of S. plebeia were extracted with 95% ethanol and separated by silica gel, RP-C 18 , Sephadex LH-20, and HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (MS, NMR, and X-ray). Anti-inflammatory activities of all compounds were evaluated by the model of LPS-induced up-regulated of NO in Raw264.7 macrophages. The expression levels of cytokine (TNF-α) and proteins (iNOS and COX-2) were assessed by ELISA kit and Western blotting analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the influences of salviplenoid A ( 1 ) on NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were determined by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence assay. Results Six new ( 1 − 6 , salviplenoids A–F) and ten known ( 7 – 16 ) sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the herb of S. plebeia . The absolute configurations of compounds 1 , 2 , and 7 were determined by X-ray diffraction. The new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid, salviplenoid A ( 1 ), significantly decreased the release of NO and TNF-α and the expression of proteins iNOS and COX-2. In addition, the biochemical mechanistic study indicated that 1 regulated the NF-κB dependent transcriptional activity through inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p50/p65 dimer and decreasing the phosphorylation of IκB and Erk1/2. Conclusions Among all sesquiterpenoids isolated from S. plebeian , the new salviplenoid A ( 1 ) exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells via inhibition of NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteen compounds including one new flavanone were isolated from the juice of aged common sage exudate with sugar (ACSE). The isolated compounds were identified by NMR and MS analyses as levodopa methyl ester ( 1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid ( 2), ( S)-8-hydroxy-4-hydroxy-phenylpropanoic acid ( 3), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester ( 4), cis-caffeic acid ( 5), trans-caffeic acid ( 6), esculetin ( 7), ( S)-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylpropanoic acid ethyl ester ( 8), cis-rosmarinic acid ( 9), trans-rosmarinic acid ( 10), trans-rosmarinic acid methyl ester ( 11), 6-methoxy-7,8,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone ( 12), nepetin ( 13), trans-caffeic acid ethyl ester ( 14), luteolin ( 15), cis-caffeic acid ethyl ester ( 16), 6-methoxynaringenin ( 17), 1α-acetoxy-2-oxo-eudesman-3,7(11)-dien-8β,12-olide ( 18), and hispidulin ( 19). Compound 12 was isolated for the first time from nature and seven compounds ( 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, and 18) were newly identified from common sage. Of them, 15 isolated phenolic compounds ( 1- 3, 5- 8, 10- 15, 17, and 19) were detected in ACSE juice, while only 10 was detected in the fresh common sage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the chemical composition changes of Salvia plebeia R.Br. cultivated under different light sources, including florescent light and sunlight. The plants were exposed to fluorescent light for four months and sunlight and then examined for the next 5-7 months. Plants were harvested monthly during the seven months, and we examined whether the difference in light source affected the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. A simple and reliable HPLC method using a PAH C18 column was applied for the quantitative analysis of two triterpenoids from the S. plebeia groups. Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) showed good linearity (R² > 0.9999) within the test ranges (0.005-0.05 mg/mL), and the average percentage recoveries of the OA and UA were 95.1-104.8% and 97.2-107.1%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 2.0%. After exposure to sunlight, the phenolic contents, including rosmarinic acid, showed a reduced tendency, whereas the flavonoid contents, including homoplantaginin and luteolin 7-glucoside, were increased. The content of the triterpenoids also showed an increased tendency under sunlight irradiation, but the variance was not larger than those of the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Among experimental groups, the group harvested at six months, having been exposed to sunlight for two months, showed the most potent antioxidant activity. Therefore, these results showed that the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of S. plebeia R.Br. was affected from environmental culture conditions, such as light source. Our studies will be useful for the development of functional materials using S. plebeia R.Br. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional Korean/Asian medicine, Salvia plebeia R.Br. (S. plebeia) leaves are used to treat inflammatory diseases, including dermatitis, cough, asthma and toothache. Recently, S. plebeia leaves have been applied in skin care, as they promote skin lightening and elasticity. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti‑aging effects of S. plebeia leaf methanolic extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethylacetate and n‑butanol). The results of a whole‑cell patch clamp analysis indicated that the methanolic extract mediated ultraviolet (UV)‑induced photoaging‑associated ion channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and calcium release‑activated calcium channel protein 1 (ORAI1) channel activity in HEK293T cells overexpressing TRPV1 or ORAI1 and STIM1. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that the butanol fraction inhibited capsaicin‑induced TRPV1 (84±8% at ‑60 mV/86±1% at 100 mV at 100 μg/ml) and ORAI1 (87±2% at ‑120 mV at 100 μg/ml) currents. Furthermore, the dichloromethane and hexane fractions inhibited tyrosinase activity by 32.4±0.69 and 22.6±0.96% at 330 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the ethylacetate and butanol fractions inhibited elastase activity by 65.2±1.30 and 31.7±1.23% at 330 μg/ml, respectively. Tyrosinase and elastase, which are UV‑induced photoaging‑associated enzymes, regulate skin pigmentation and wrinkle formation, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that S. plebeia leaves may be a novel treatment for UV‑induced photoaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant widely distributed across Asia and Oceania. However, the composition and accumulation patterns of its active ingredients in different organs during the growth and their biosynthetic mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, we conducted metabolite profiling, transcriptomic analysis, and biological functional verification to explore the distribution, accumulation, and biosynthesis mechanisms of flavonoids in S. plebeia. We identified 70 metabolites including 46 flavonoids, 16 phenolic acids, seven terpenoids, and one organic acid, of which 21 were previously unreported in S. plebeia . Combining metabolomic-transcriptomic analysis and biological functional verification, we identified the key genes involved in biosynthesis of its main active ingredients, hispidulin and homoplantaginin, including SpPAL , SpC4H , Sp4CL2 , Sp4CL5 , SpCHS1 , SpCHI , SpFNS , SpF6H1 , SpF6OMT1 , SpF6OMT2 , SpUGT1 , SpUGT2 , and SpUGT3 . Using the identified genes, we reconstructed the hispidulin and homoplantaginin biosynthesis pathways in Escherichia coli , and obtained a yield of 5.33 and 3.86 mg/L for hispidulin and homoplantaginin, respectively. Our findings provide valuable insights into the changes in chemical components in different organs of S. plebeia during different growth and harvest stages and establishes a foundation for identifying and synthesizing its active components., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer XY declared a shared affiliation with the authors YD, ZY, RZ, LS, SL, GX, YaZ, YuZ, MQ to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2023 Dai, Ye, Liu, Zhu, Sun, Li, Xie, Zhu, Zhao and Qin.)

Seven eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid lactones and the known plebeiolide C were isolated from an ethanol-soluble extract of the aerial parts of Salvia plebeia R. Br. Their structures were determined via NMR and MS, and their absolute configurations were elucidated using ECD, and X-ray crystallographic analysis, as well as the modified Mosher ester method. All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on IL6-induced STAT3 promoter activation in stably transfected Hep3B cells. Of these isolates, eudebeiolide D exhibited an inhibitory effect with the IC 50 value of 1.1 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salpleflavone, a new flavone glucoside bearing a sinapinoyl moiety, was isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia plebeia R. Br., together with three known compounds, salplebeone A, salplebeone D and 6-O-methyl-scutellarein. The structure of the new compound was established by detailed analyses of the spectroscopic data, especially 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia R. Br. has been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases and as an antioxidant in many countries, including Korea and China. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. plebeia extract (SPE) on inflammatory arthritis and the underlying mechanisms of action. We used a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. TNF-α-stimulated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Oral administration of SPE improved the clinical arthritis score, footpad thickness, and histologic changes, as well as serum IgG1 and IgG2a levels. SPE administration inhibited Th1/Th2/Th17 phenotype CD4 + T lymphocyte expansion in inguinal lymph node and expression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, MMP-1, and MMP-3 in the ankle joint tissue. SPE significantly suppressed the expression of cytokines and MMP-1 by down-regulating NF-κB, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in RA synovial fibroblasts. Taken together, these results indicate that SPE is therapeutically efficacious against chronic inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that SPE is a candidate for treating RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia plebeia R. Br. (Lamiaceae) has been used for folk medicines in Asian countries, including Korea and China, to treat skin inflammatory diseases and asthma. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. plebeia extract (SPE) on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions and defined underlying mechanisms of action. We established an AD model in BALB/c mice by repeated local exposure of house dust mite extract (Dermatophagoides farinae extract, DFE) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to the ears. Repeated alternative treatment of DFE/DNCB caused AD-like skin lesions. The oral administration of SPE decreased AD symptoms based on ear thickness and histopathological analysis, in addition to serum IgE and IgG2a levels. SPE suppressed mast cell infiltration into the ear and serum histamine level. SPE inhibited Th1/Th2/Th 17 phenotype CD4+ T lymphocytes expansion in the lymph node and the expression of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in the ear tissue. To define the underlying mechanisms of action, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ activated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) model was used. SPE significantly suppressed the expression of cytokines and chemokines through the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-κB, and STAT1 in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our results suggest that SPE might be a candidate for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, named plebeiolide A–C (1–3) and plebeiafuran (4), together with a known eudesmanolide (5), were isolated from the basal leaves of Salvia plebeia R. Br. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectra. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis and CD spectra. The inhibitory activity of isolated compounds toward NO production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells was evaluated and compounds 3 and 4 showed moderate inhibitory activity. In addition, the sesquiterpene lactones in Lamiaceae plants may possess some chemosystematic implications at intergeneric and intrageneric levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new eudesmanolide, 1α-acetoxy-8α,9β-dihydroxy-2-oxo-eudesman-3,7(11)-dien-8,12-olide (2), together with a known eudesmanolide, 1α-acetoxy-8α-hydroxy-2-oxo-eudesman-3,7(11)-dien-8,12-olide (1), and a known flavone, 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (3), was isolated from the plant ofSalvia plebeia. Three compounds were structurally elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]