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The Theory of Change approach aims to clarify the underlying logic of an intervention by first identifying the problem addressed and the desired outcome, and then backwards mapping the actions taken and the expected results and outcomes. In so doing, it aims to simplify the expression of intermediate goals and indicators and provide a common reference for the participants and stakeholders of the intervention itself. As such, it is similar to corporate ‘mission statements’ in that it aims to provide a single, unifying description of the what, why and how of an intervention. By framing the approach in terms of the ‘change’ required as a means of addressing a problem, Theory of Change is essentially a tool to frame innovation processes. Indeed, one of the goals of Theory of Change is to identify the mechanisms linking actions to results and outcomes, which in turn can be linked to different dimensions of innovation processes, from the technological to the social and behavioural. In this regard, Theory of Change serves as a tool to support the governance of innovation processes, aiding stakeholders in finding a common ground for consensus. This however opens up a possible issue in applying Theory of Change: does the simplified model accurately reflect the various standpoints of stakeholders and the multiple dimensions of the innovation involved? Indeed, since Theory of Change is often defined and developed by ‘external’ stakeholders – often in the context of process evaluation – there is the risk that participants may not fully understand the concept despite the apparent simplicity of the approach. This may lead to relatively passive participation in the initial definition of the Theory of Change, with the hidden presence of ‘alternative’ theories that struggle to gain legitimacy. This chapter explores an attempt to embrace that risk as an opportunity, in an effort to support the emergence of different Theories of Change so that stakeholders can transparently confront their different hypotheses and worldviews. The resolution of these differences was a question of the broader governance dynamic within different stakeholder communities rather than an exercise of ‘cleaning up’ the Theory of Change itself. The occasion to test this approach was provided by an EU-funded project – MUV: Mobility Urban Values – that involved experimenting with a game-based approach towards changing mobility behaviours in six European pilot contexts.

In the last few years, the debate among designers and sustainability experts has brought attention to many different behavioural change approaches and techniques and particularly on “gamification” processes able to better motivate and engage students or even nudge people (consumers) to more environmentally and socially responsible habits (Mousumi, 2021).But since 2011, most of the contradictions about “gamifying” boring or unpleasant experiences have been loudly shared by game designers and thinkers worldwide (Bogost, 2014). It seems that the goal of changing people’s unsustainable behaviours can be achieved by designing brand new sustainable experiences instead of gamifying the unsustainable ones (Yusoff and Kamsin, 2015).This change of perspective represents the foundation of applied games, and it has been deeply studied during the applied research MUV2020 (723521 – muv2020.eu), led by the PUSH design laboratory within the Horizon2020 framework in the field of sustainable urban mobility (Di Dio et al., 2020).From June 2017 to August 2018, the research consortium has run extensive user research across Europe and developed a mobile app game based on the main gain mechanic of recording personal urban travels and a game narrative of sport.From September 2018 to February 2020, the consortium had run several tests in more than 20 cities to study the value of different interactions in terms of engagement and sustainability impact.After the COVID-19 outbreak, further experiments have been carried out by the research project spin-off’s MUV Benefit Corporation (muvgame.com). Thanks to more than 16.000 downloads, 500.000 kilometres recorded, and the CO2 reduction algorithm (validated in April 2020 according to ISO 14064-2), this contribution shows how various game dynamics nudged, with a different rate of efficacy, MUV’s players commuting behaviours.This contribution will extensively deepen applied and persuasive games, MUV App user research and game design, actual field data analysis on engagement rate and sustainable impacts.

Il contributo "Dare Fiducia" fa parte della selezione di trenta “pillole di fiducia” in risposta alla call “Fabbricare fiducia” lanciata dal visionario Andrea Bartoli, co-fondatore di Farm Cultural Park. Ad una breve introduzione circa le condizioni necessarie per aprirsi con genuina curiosità, generosità e rispetto agli altri, seguono alcuni riferimenti con link ipertestuali.

Usually, mobility policies assessed by local institutions tend to intervene on the side of the urban transport networks, by designing new and expensive infrastructures, whereas only a few attention is paid to the possible positive effects induced by proper mobility behaviors of people. On purpose, Smartphone technologies and platforms are rapidly becoming effective tools for involving citizens in environmental conscious mobility habits. By means of an empirical application to a group of university students, that daily commute for reaching their departments, the effectiveness of a mobile app game in pursuing commuters to modify their mobility behaviors is here checked. The game rewards with tangible prizes the most environmentally sustainable mobility habits, connecting commuters with sponsors and companies operating in the urban context. The field application of the app in the city of Palermo challenges the involved commuters against two benchmarks of mobility behaviors characterized by the use of higher sweet mobility means. The first scenario (apart its applicability as alone) can be seen as a first less challenging step towards the second one. The interesting outcomes of this experimental application encourage paying further attention to such behavioral tools for achieving the smartness of cities.

Social science and new communication technologies are deeply influencing the transportation domain and new models of urban sustainable development are constantly emerging as new possible solutions. One of the principal reasons is the capability to reach the motivations that foster us to choose one or another urban transportation systems. It is already feasible to develop solutions to implement and root more efficient and sustainable habits in urban transportation. The present exploratory chapter presents the activities conducted by innovation lab PUSH, with the Italian Ministry of Innovation and Research, for the development and the application of the social innovation project “TrafficO2” in the city of Palermo, Italy. The project is a technology driven (mobile app) serious game for sustainable urban mobility that tries to foster citizens, through information and tailor-made incentives, to choose low emission means instead of using cars. The aim of the game is to build up a strong and values-driven self-organized community, able to change the actual urban condition without any command and control policies or any structural change. The system has already been tested with the community of students of Palermo University. This chapter shows the results in terms of CO2 reduction and testers engagement.

We believe in the use of urban games to define new enjoyable experiences, change citizens’ unsustainable habits and educate them to new environment-and social-friendly ones. This paper presents MUV, an innovative action that has the power to engage citizens and foster sustainable mobility behaviors. MUV complements engaging HMIs with a participatory method within an iterative innovation process called the virtuous cycle (understand, involve, co-create, implement, experiment). The innovation process has led to a new game dynamic: Mobility as a Sport. It results in a rewarding personal mobility experience; the same rewarding sensations the athletes feel when they improve their results.

Urban areas can be considered the ground for the challenges related to the UN&rsquo, s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The objective of shaping cities as human settlement that will see a more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable future is often argued in literature as an issue dependent on behavioral change of inhabitants in urban areas. In this paper, the authors question if experimental applications based on gamification can co-produce more sustainable neighborhoods through an impact evaluation method that departs from individual choices within the complex of urban mobility. This investigation is carried out within MUV (Mobility Urban Values), an EU research and innovation project, which aims to trigger more sustainable urban mobility in six pilot cities. This article describes the critical method of validation, an impact assessment of the MUV experimental gamification in the pilot cities, in order to represent a proof for future urban strategies. This methodological approach is based on an evaluation structured on indicators of both impact and process suitable for urban contexts. As based on six pilot cities, with possibilities for transferability to other contexts and scalability to other cities, the method represents a reference work for the evaluation of similar experimental applications.

This paper aims to contribute to current research on learning through designing for urban innovation. It provides a framework methodology for a multidisciplinary ecosystem as a participatory method developed in the context of Mobility Urban Values (MUV), an EU Horizon 2020 project (2017–2020), that addresses the issue of behavioral change towards (more) sustainable mobility lifestyle in EU cities. The paper frames the MUV method through the combination of theories on collaborative urban planning and participatory design with a background rooted on governance of public participation, as the interplay between co-creation (thick participation) and co-design (thin participation). MUV participatory method is envisioned as a learning infrastructure that engages at different levels communities, citizens, and stakeholders. This paper addresses the question on how enabling urban innovation through sensitive phases of sociological and technical components to produce learning. The conceptual background of the MUV method and the first application phase of co-creation/co-design for the old city center neighborhood in Palermo, Italy, provide lessons on the results of this approach for a future research agenda and the loop learning. While the method is adopted specifically in relation to mobility urban values, MUV method can inspire a variety of other cases questioning urban innovation through socio-technical learning.

This working paper investigates the question of changing people mobility towards more sustainable habits involving them in an engaging gameplay. The work is performed within MUV H2020 research and innovation action. The game design, definition and features have been co-created through the involvement of different citizens and stakeholders in six European neighbourhoods. The paper discusses the game design as resulting from co-creation and co-design experiences with each neighbourhood communities involved in initial phases. The paper argues that the local co-design activities have influenced the game definition, together with the community engagement approach. The MUV gameplay approach results thus a demand-side measure able to encouraging people to sustainable mobility modes in the awareness of their potential role as agents of urban livability. The data collected by the players will be used to support a citizen-centric approach to facilitate equity and mobility justice in urban policies.

ADI Design Index è la selezione annuale del miglior design italiano ed è parte integrante del sistema di selezione del Premio Compasso d’Oro ADI: ogni anno, grazie all’Osservatorio Permanente del Design ADI – un gruppo di lavoro costituito da oltre cento esperti, anche esterni all’associazione – prende in esame su tutto il territorio italiano il design dei nuovi prodotti messi in produzione. Dopo una strutturata selezione (commissioni territoriali, tematiche e comitato di selezione finale), i migliori prodotti di design vengono presentati, con un commento critico che evidenzia i motivi della scelta, su ADI Design Index. I volumi diventano la base su cui lavora la giuria internazionale del Compasso d’Oro: solo i prodotti pubblicati su ADI Design Index partecipano alla selezione finale del Premio.

This chapter examines Decision support systems (DSS) are instrumental in the sustainable development of urban mobility, as they are useful to each decision maker to better predict, evaluate, and measure the impact of alternative solutions and to take informed and evidence-based decisions. It presents a number of DSSs explaining how sustainable mobility targets could be reached through these systems. The chapter highlights the transition toward a more sustainable mobility model not only comprises innovation at vehicle or infrastructure level, but also requires interdisciplinary and cross-sectorial expertise together with effective decision making support. When a DSS for sustainable urban mobility is properly integrated with different modeling and simulation techniques, it becomes an effective tool for so-called scientific urban management, which means managing urban complexity with a strong scientific approach. The DSS could also help local administrators in defining and optimizing urban mobility policies and traffic regulations based on the analysis of electric vehicle impacts on air quality and noise levels.

Transport and mobility are crucial factors in the process of adaptation of contemporary urban areas to the challenge of sustainable development. In this perspective, however, cities need to perform a more effective integration between a wide range of different policies and planning practices. Together with a more effective integration between transport policy and land-use planning, for instance, cities could take growing advantage by organisational factors, as well as the spreading of new technologies and the related processes of social innovation. Through the description of several project and planning initiatives taking place in Palermo, the fifth Italian city, this paper attempts to explore the potential sinergies between the “hard factors” of mobility—in this case given by the huge programme of infrastructure redevelopment under realisation in the city—with some other dimensions, such as urban regeneration processes, governance and community-led processes of innovation.

This chapter presents the social innovation project “TrafficO2”, a support system for decision-making in the field of transportation that tries to push commuters towards more sustainable mobility by providing concrete incentives for each responsible choice. After focusing on Palermo, Italy, the context of this case study, this chapter provides a detailed description of the TrafficO2 model. Specifically, the chapter deals with the analysis of a selected sample of users among Palermo University students who commute daily to their respective University departments on campus. Starting from the modal split of the actual situation (Status Quo scenario), another behavior scenario (Do your right mix) is designed and promoted to encourage users to create a better mix of existing mobility means and reduce the use of private vehicles powered by combustibles. The first test that was performed confirmed the reliability of the initiative.

Cities are currently engaged through their urban policies in pushing people towards less environmentally impacting mobility modalities: therefore, cycling and walking are strongly promoted, especially by means of new and wider limited traffic and no-cars zones. In this paper, the effectiveness of the new smartphones and apps-based technologies in modifying the mobility behaviors of citizens towards more sustainable choices has been investigated. Specifically, the potential of a smartphone app, directly involving citizens by means of a game rewarding the most sustainable trips, has been tested on a university commuters' group. These latter, starting from their current mobility situation, were challenged by an enhanced scenario characterized by more restrictive and sustainable targets. Promising results have been obtained suggesting that game–based tools could be effectively used as urban policy interventions intended to obtain a more sustainable mobility., Sweet mobility; Commuters; Smartphone; Game-based app; Air quality; Climate change; Climate policy; Environmental analysis; Environmental pollution; Urban energy consumption; Environmental science; Information science