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Thick gypsum-carbonate sequences were deposited in different periods and basins of Europe during the westward opening of the Tethys Ocean. Although they seem to represent widespread perimarine sulphate-dominated lagoons in shallow epeiric platforms, the sedimentary characteristics and interpretation of these deposits are still poorly constrained. To advance in the knowledge of these deposits, a detailed study is presented of two distinctive sulphate dominated sequences of Late Triassic age located in NE Iberia (Western Europe), which correspond to the Canelles and Espinagosa units, found in the southern Pyrenees and the Catalan Coastal Ranges respectively. These sequences present a diverse suite of carbonate and sulphate lithofacies, which are stacked in several recurring sedimentary cycles. These cycles consistently present a carbonate base that transitions to a sulphate top, and can be correlated along several tens of kilometres. Each of the observed cycles depicts an initial sudden flooding of a tidal-lagoon system by marine water, which led to carbonate-dominated sedimentation. Progressive evaporation under dominant arid climate conditions triggered the shallowing of the lagoon and salinisation of its water. Then, a transition from carbonate to gypsum/anhydrite precipitation and the early dolomitisation of the underlying carbonate sediments by brine reflux occurred. Gypsum precipitated in the water column as cumulate crystals and deposited at the bottom of the lagoon, forming laminations or being incorporated into microbial mats. Anhydrite precipitated as early diagenetic crystals in the different subaqueous and subaerial environments of the tidal-lagoon system, leading to a variated set of lithofacies until now largely undocumented. It mainly formed as displacive lath-shaped crystals randomly oriented within carbonate muds at the bottom of the lagoon, which were mostly reworked at the lagoon margins by wave and tidal currents resulting in aligned fabrics in cro, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

A grans trets, el Pliocè del subsol del Pla de Barcelona, com també els afloraments del Baix Llobregat, és format per tres unitats litològiques principals: una unitat detrítica basal, unes margues grises inferiors riques en fòssils marins (fàcies del Plasencià) i uns llims i sorres ocres superiors (fàcies de l'Astià). Aquestes unitats estan molt desigualment representades a les diferents parts de la ciutat, amb importants variacions de potència i canvis laterals de fàcies, i amb una estratigrafia de detall que encara no es coneix bé. Són materials, a més, difícils de diferenciar dels del Miocè, doncs presenten característiques litològiques similars., Postprint (published version)

A total of 208 boreholes with continuous core sampling, drilled for the construction of the high-speed train line through the city of Barcelona and other nearby infrastructures, were studied. The correlation of the lithologic logs of these boreholes allows identifying five main depositional sequences bounded by sharp erosional surfaces: i) lower Miocene, of alluvial origin; ii) middle Miocene, of deltaic-lacustrine origin; iii) lower Pliocene, of beach-shelf origin; iv) Pleistocene, of alluvial origin and v) Holocene, of deltaic origin. The erosive surfaces that separate these sequences represent important erosive hiatus linked to prolonged sea level falls at regional scale, which eliminated the upper part of each one. Sedimentation took place during decreasing intensity of extensional tectonic activity that mainly affected the Miocene deposits. The Plio-Quaternary units show their original structure apparently without tectonic alterations. Some new biostratigraphic data based on foraminifer assemblages allowed making accurate estimate of the age of the deposits., This study was supported by the research project 2017-SGR824 (Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca) of the Catalan Government. The authors would like to thank Gestor de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (GIF, Gobierno de España), Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (Adif, Gobierno de España) and Gestió d’Infraestructures SA (GISA, Generalitat de Catalunya) for their help in providing all technical documents and data used for this study. The authors would also like to thanks Alberto Ledesma and Marcos Arroyo, of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), as well as Ingrid Pujol of the Oficina Técnina UTE Estructura Sagrera AVE, and the LOSAN, CECAM, Geotec-262 and Applus+ drilling companies, their help to study the cores., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

A total of 208 boreholes with continuous core sampling, drilled for the construction of the high-speed train line through the city of Barcelona and other nearby infrastructures, were studied. The correlation of the lithologic logs of these boreholes allows identifying five main depositional sequences bounded by sharp erosional surfaces: i) lower Miocene, of alluvial origin; ii) middle Miocene, of deltaic-lacustrine origin; iii) lower Pliocene, of beach-shelf origin; iv) Pleistocene, of alluvial origin and v) Holocene, of deltaic origin. The erosive surfaces that separate thesesequences represent important erosive hiatus linked to prolonged sea level falls at regional scale, which eliminated the upper part of each one. Sedimentation took place during decreasing intensity of extensional tectonic activity that mainly affected the Miocene deposits. The Plio-Quaternary units show their original structure apparently without tectonic alterations. Some new biostratigraphic data based on foraminifer assemblages allowed making accurate estimate of the age of the deposits.

Descripció del recurs: 23 juliol 2020, El llibre presenta un total de 33 exercicis de mapes geològics, de nivell bàsic, per a estudiants dels diferents graus de la UPC que cursin assignatures de geologia bàsica i aplicada. Cada capítol fa una introducció breu dels principals conceptes geològics per tal de poder abordar els exercicis amb els coneixements suficients. Són exercicis que, més enllà de resoldre l’estructura geològica del mapa, plantegen resoldre també alguns problemes de projecte d’obres públiques simples. Als primers capítols, s’exposa la base teòrica per poder representar les unitats geològiques en un mapa topogràfic i fer-ne talls. Tot seguit, es presenten mapes amb els principals tipus d’estructures geològiques per separat: monoclinals, dics, discordances, falles i plecs. Al darrer capítol, es recullen exercicis de mapes multiestructurals, més propers a la realitat, que comporten més dificultat i que introdueixen el concepte d’història geològica., 1

The Pliocene is a key period in Earth's climate evolution, as it records the transition from warm and stable conditions to the colder and more variable glaciated climate of the Pleistocene. Simultaneously, climate became more seasonal in the Mediterranean area, and Mediterranean-type seasonal precipitation rhythm with summer drought established. These climatic changes presumably had significant impacts on terrestrial environments. However, the response of terrestrial environments to such climate changes is still not fully understood due to the lack of detailed studies dealing with this period of time. In this study, multiproxy analyses of continuous core sampling from La Matilla (SW Spain) shows detailed and continuous record of pollen, sand content and abundance of benthic foraminifer Bolivina spathulata to describe paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate trends during the early Pliocene. This record shows warmest, most humid climate conditions and highest riverine nutrient supply at ~ 4.35 Ma, coinciding with the Pliocene climatic optimum and high global sea level. A climate cooling and aridity trend occurred subsequently and a significant glaciation occurred at ~ 4.1–4.0 Ma, during a period known by very little terrestrial evidence of glaciation. Our multiproxy data thus indicate that terrestrial and marine environments were significantly variable during the early Pliocene and that major glaciation-like cooling occurred before the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation at the beginning of the Pleistocene (~2.7 Ma). This major climate cooling and aridity maxima between 4.1 and 4.0 Ma is independently validated by a coeval sea-level drop (third order Za2 sequence boundary). This sea level drawdown is supported by enhanced coarse sedimentation and minima in riverine nutrient supply, showing paired vegetation and sea-level changes and thus a strong land-ocean relationship. This study also shows that long-term climatic trends were interrupted by orbital-scale c, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

This chapter deals with the two Alpine Foreland Basins of the Iberian Peninsula. The first part of the chapter refers to the South Pyrenean Foreland Basin and its westward prolongation, the Basque–Cantabrian Paleogene Basin. It includes: (1) the introductory concepts about the basin extend, margins, sedimentary systems, basin evolution and segmentation, and terminology; (2) the impact of PETM; (3) the stratigraphy and geometry of foreland carbonate margin with special emphasis on the recent advances in its chronology and evolution, (4) the stratigraphy and geometry of the siliciclastic basin fill reflecting the recent advances in chronology and provenance; (5) and finally, discusses on the sedimentary imprints of the orogenic evolution. The second part of this chapter is focused on the Guadalquivir Basin, which developed in the southern Iberian margin at the foreland of the Betic orogenic front during the last stages of foreland basin development. An introduction to the overall geology of the basin is given before an updated view on the chronostratigraphy of its sedimentary infill is outlined. Such an updated framework provides the basis for disentangling the geodynamic processes that are encoded in the sedimentary record of the basin., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The Gibraltar Arc is a complex tectonic region, and several competing models have been proposed to explain its evolution. We studied the sedimentary fill of the Guadalquivir Basin to identify tectonic processes that were occurring when the reopening of the Strait of Gibraltar led to the reestablishment of Mediterranean outflow. We present a chronostratigraphic framework for the Lower Pliocene sediments from the lower Guadalquivir Basin (SW Spain). The updated chronology is based on magnetobiostratigraphic data from several boreholes. Our results show that the studied interval in the La Matilla core is in the early Pliocene section, providing better constraints on the sedimentary evolution of the basin during that period. Migrating depositional facies led to a younger onset of sandy deposition basinward. At the northwestern passive margin, a 0.7 m.y. period of sedimentary bypass related to a sharp decrease in sedimentation rates and lower sea levels resulted from the tectonic uplift of the forebulge. In contrast, high sedimentation rates with continuous deep-marine sedimentation are recorded at the basin center due to continuous tectonic subsidence and west-southwestward progradation of axial depositional systems. The marginal forebulge uplift, continuous tectonic basinal subsidence, and southward progradation of clinoforms in the early Pliocene can be explained by the pull of a lithospheric slab beneath the Gibraltar Arc as the Strait of Gibraltar opened. These findings are, to our knowledge, the first reported sedimentary expression of slab pull beneath the Betics related to the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar after the Messinian salinity crisis., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The eastern sector of the epicontinental Iberian platform underwent restriction after the sedimentation of the lower Muschelkalk carbonates (Middle Triassic) under extensional regime. This resulted in the accumulation of the marine evaporites and the alluvial siliciclastics of the middle Muschelkalk facies in the Triassic Catalan basin, which varied between 100 and 120 m in thickness. This facies consists of three lithostratigraphic units sedimented at basin scale (Lower, Middle and Upper), each of which includes a distinct evaporite unit. In the Lower Unit, the evaporitic sedimentation started as a transgressive sulfate lagoon (Paüls Gypsum unit). During the Middle Unit time, a regressive evaporitic mudflat, made up of a mosaic of shallow gypsum salinas surrounded by anhydrite sabkhas (Arbolí Gypsum unit) developed; in the northeastern half of the basin, an alluvial plain was formed by siliciclastics (Guanta Sandstone unit) of a west and northwest provenance (Lleida High). During the Upper Unit time, a new transgressive sulfate lagoon occupied the southern half of the basin (Camposines Gypsum), whereas an evaporitic mudflat of red-to-variegated mudstones, marls, and lacustrine carbonates developed in the northern half. Cyclic sedimentation was mainly recorded in the evaporitic mudflat-alluvial plain complex of the Middle Unit. The sulfur isotopic values of gypsum in the three evaporite units show a decrease in d34S with time and also a clear distinction from the values of the Keuper facies in the basin. A division of the lithostratigraphic succession into two third-order depositional sequences is proposed. The middle Muschelkalk succession in the Catalan basin is compared with the equivalent one in the subsurface of the adjacent Triassic Maestrat basin, which was filled with >600 m of marine evaporites., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

En el presente estudio se describen las características litoestratigráficas de las formaciones yesíferas de Canelles (Keuper inferior) y de Lécera (Jurásico Inferior) aflorantes en la zona de Camarasa, en el frente Surpirenaico Catalán. La serie de la Fm. Lécera constituye una alternancia cíclica de capas de yesos y carbonatos de cerca de 300 m de espesor. El yeso es de litofacies laminada gris, laminada blanca y masiva blanca. Los carbonatos son brechas dolomíticas y dolomicritas finamente estratificadas. Por el contrario, la Fm. Canelles forma una serie yesífera masiva de 100 m de espesor, con capas menores de carbonato restringidas a la base de la formación y a su parte media. En la base el carbonato es de litofacies dolomicrita laminada, mientras que en la parte media es de litofacies margodolomía laminada, dolomicrita laminada y oolítica, formando cuatro ciclos de pocos metros de espesor. Ambas formaciones se originaron en sistemas evaporíticos de tipo lagoon sulfatado, muy estables, alimentados por aguas marinas y alejados de la influencia de aportes detríticos. En estos lagoons la sedimentación fue principalmente yesífera, en facies laminada, y con niveles subordinados de carbonatados, representando respectivamente estadios de mayor y menor concentración relativa del agua, y sin registro de sales más solubles (halita)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This paper deals with the Middle Triassic-to-earliest Jurassic evaporite sedimentation in the epicontinental, eastern Iberian platform. This deposition occurred under extensional regime during the westwards migration of the Neotethys Ocean at the start of the Pangea break-up. Although attention is focused on the evaporitic episodes recorded in the Epicontinental (Germanic) Triassic of the platform, the evaporite units in the carbonatic Alpine Triassic are also considered. In the Epicontinental Triassic, up to six evaporitic episodes, which alternated with three carbonatic episodes and a siliciclastic one, occurred between the Anisian and the Lower Hettangian. The evaporitic episodes may be divided into two groups. The stratigraphic units of the older group have similar characteristics in salinity and facies, and were formed in chloride-rich, evaporitic mudflats. In the younger group, the salinity and depositional features display considerable differences and the environments evolved from evaporitic mudflats to extensive salterns. The different evolutive trends in the evaporites of the two groups suggest major re-structuration of the platform after the sedimentation of the siliciclastic units of the middle Keuper (Carnian Humide Episode). Progressive marine influence in the assemblage of the six evaporitic episodes is deduced from the changing nature of the evaporites and their host sediment. All the evaporite units accumulated as transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The close relationship between evaporite units and thick accumulation suggests that the structural control played a major role in the sedimentation. In the Alpine Triassic, the presence of evaporites interbedded in the allochthonous carbonate units is documented. Lateral correlation of the evaporite units of the Epicontinental and the Alpine types of Triassic allows us to reconstruct the facies continuum across the original Iberian platform. Such a west-to-east transect illustrates the palaeogeogr, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Almera-1 borehole was drilled to provide a borehole geophysical logging and downhole monitoring research and training facility. Also a main objective was the exploration of the urban subsurface geology adjacent to the Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (CSIC) in Barcelona the University of Barcelona Pedralbes. Wireline drilling continuous coring was successfully applied to recover cores from the entire section (214m). Since 2011 Almera-1 hole has been extensively used for slim hole logging, coring and monitoring. Total depth was reached after drilling a Quaternary to Paleozoic section. The upper section of Almera-1 hole is cased with PVC and the lowermost is an open hole section within the Paleozoic section. A complete set of geophysical logging measurements and oriented borehole images was acquired with CSIC own slim hole logging equipment both in open hole mode and through the PVC casing. Logging measurements were acquired over the entire section. Open hole measurements included acoustic and optical imaging, spectral natural gamma ray, full wave acoustic logging, magnetic susceptibility, hydrochemical-temperature logs and fluid sampling. Through casing (PVC casing) measurements included spectral gamma ray logging, full wave sonic and acoustic televiewer., Postprint (published version)

The Marismas Formation is the upper part of the sedimentary infill of the SW sector of the Guadalquivir basin. Previous chronological data of the Lebrija core sediments, indicated that the age at the top of this formation was 9.6 kyr BP and the bottom, 60 m, is near or beyond the range of radiocarbon, but post Matuyama - Brunhes reversal. In this work we present 17 new ages coming from the analysis of racemization of amino acid on valves of ostracods, in order to complete the chronology and the age-depth model of the Marismas Formation. The results indicates that the section located below the meter 56, throws ages ranging between 164685±14110 and 202830±30255, which correlates with the marine isotope stage MIS6-7 Middle Pleistocene, significantly lower in age than described in other parts of the lower Guadalquivir basin., Postprint (published version)

The existence of a layer of hard boulders up to 1 m in size within the soft sediments of the Holocene Llobregat delta in the SW of Barcelona city caused the damage and stoppage of the EPB-type tunnel boring machine that excavated the subway L10 line. This layer constitutes a detrital deposit of exceptionally large grain size developed in the base of the delta. It originated as an alluvial fan in the northern margin of the delta during the last fall of the Mediterranean Sea level, at the end of the Pleistocene period. The subsequent sea level rise (Holocene transgression) caused the flooding of this alluvial fan and the reworking of its materials by sea waves. Thereby a retrogradant boulder beach developed, in which the largest rock fragments of the former alluvial fan remained densely packed. The tunnel boring machine precisely collided with the main boulder concentration area of this ancient beach. The cutter tools and the structure of the cutterhead were seriously affected. The repair tasks required the excavation of a mine in the tunnel face under atmospheric pressure and a sealing and stable environment. To get these conditions a jet grouting block from the surface was performed to consolidate the deltaic sediments around the tunnel face. Additional TAM injections were carried out to improve some deficiencies in the sealing of the block. Subsequently the shield of the tunnel boring machine was embedded into the block and the water table was depressed by pumping wells. After 13 months of complicated works, the tunnel boring machine resumed the excavation encountering further problems. Although the layer of boulders was early identified by the geological and geotechnical studies of the L10 constructive project, its precise geological characteristics and potential adverse influence on tunnelling was then not valued in depth. A better knowledge of the geology of this layer would have been helpful in order to foresee the incident and propose alternatives., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Glauberite (Na2Ca[SO4]2) is an evaporitic mineral which is used in the industries of detergents, paper, glass, pharmacy, etc. Glauberite rocks are seldom found cropping out because they are very sensitive to weathering processes; for this reason their prospection is conducted by means of boreholes. Nowadays, geophysical techniques are not used to support the characterization of glauberite deposits due to the lack of knowledge of their physical properties. In this study geoelectrical methods are proposed as alternative techniques in the early stages of glauberite prospecting. Several glauberite units have been studied in different parts of the Ebro basin (Spain) by means of electrical resistivity tomography sections. The electrical resistivity range showed by glauberite deposits has been found to be low (10–100 O·m) when the matrix component (clay and microcrystalline carbonates) is above 45% of the bulk composition of the rock. This type of rocks has been studied in Montes de Torrero (Zaragoza) and is the most common glauberite deposit case. Besides matrix-rich glauberite rocks, an exceptional case of a pure glauberite layer has been studied in Alcanadre (La Rioja). From this site, it has been estimated that deposits with glauberite crystal fraction close to 100% show a resistivity range of at least 3 × 103 O·m. Using this extreme value as reference, the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds have been calculated for glauberite rocks considering that they are constituted of four phases (glauberite, gypsum, anhydrite and matrix). When the matrix fraction represents 45% or more of the bulk rock, the resistivity range will be that of the lower Hashin–Shtrikman bound, which is similar for any combination of sulfate (glauberite, gypsum and/or anhydrite) composition; hence, it can be considered as a two-phase system (matrix and sulfate). For rocks with less than 30% of matrix fraction, the upper Hashin–Shtrikman bound trend must be considered; however, the resistivity values overlap, ma, Postprint (published version)

Cores from 190 mechanic boreholes that cut through the Miocene deposits of Montjuïc mountain (Barcelona) were studied. Part of these deposits are well lithified (sandstone, conglomerate) while other parts are not (marl, sand and gravel). There is a significant lateral and vertical gradation between the lithified and non-lithified parts. In the eastern sector of Montjuïc, these deposits form a 100 m thick sequence made up of 7 coarsening-upward cycles of progradant deltaic origin. Below these cycles there is a massive alluvial unit that extends downward until it reaches a Paleozoic basement made up of metamorphic rocks identified in the subsoil of the Barcelona harbour. In the western sector of Montjuïc, the boreholes cut through a 80 m thick sequence made up of 4 fining-upward cycles of retrogradant alluvial origin with minor marine deposits at the top. This sequence is developed over the continental deposits of the Early Miocene (Burdigalian) found in the subsoil of the western edge of Montjuïc. The deltaic sequence of the eastern sector corresponds to a higher stratigraphic position than the alluvial sequence of the western sector. Both sectors are bounded by a listric fault of NE-SO strike, which may have caused the sinking of the eastern sector and its tilting toward the NW. This fault would be related to the extensional fault system that formed the coastal Catalan margin during the Neogene period. The entire Miocene unit of Montjuïc was also folded and form a gentle anticline of NO-SE strike. This fold would have originated before the faulting and can be interpreted as a syn-sedimentary structure originated by a differential compaction between the early cemented alluvial and deltaic sediments that form the fold core and the unconsolidated sediments that form its limbs. Both the anticline and the fault were subsequently unconformably covered by the Quaternary deposits that cover the mountain of Montjuïc., Postprint (published version)

El estudio de nuevos y antiguos sondeos en El Abalario (Bajo Guadalquivir) permite identificar por encima de las margas miocenas, cuatro principales formaciones Plio-Cuaternarias, denominadas: Fm. Arenas de Huelva, Fm. Arenas de Bonares, Fm. Arenas y Gravas de Almonte, y Fm. Arenas de El Abalario, respectivamente interpretadas como sedimentos marinos someros, deltaicos, aluviales y eólicos. En conjunto forman una potente sucesión de más de 250 metros de espesor, de estructura ligeramente inclinada y de espesor creciente hacia el sureste. Sólo algunos sondeos de la parte occidental de El Abalario alcanzan las margas miocenas. En el resto del área de El Abalario, las margas están a una profundidad desconocida, por debajo de los sondeos más profundos. Sobre ellas se disponen gradualmente los depósitos arenosos de la Fm. Huelva, sin ninguna apreciable ruptura sedimentaria. Hacia el norte, la parte superior de la Fm. Huelva grada lateralmente a los depósitos arenosos de la Fm. Bonares, principalmente desarrollada fuera del área de estudio. Ambas formaciones quedan cubiertas por los sedimentos clásticos más gruesos de la Fm. Almonte. Por encima se desarrollan las arenas de la Fm. El Abalario, que configuran el relieve actual. El estudio mejora el modelo geológico existente y la conexión de unidades con los sectores vecinos. The study of new and ancient boreholes in El Abalario area (Lower Guadalquivir basin) permitted to identify four main plio-quaternary formations above the Miocene marls, namely: Huelva Sands, Bonares Sands, Almonte Sands and Gravels, and El Abalario Sands. Respectively, they are interpreted as shallow marine, deltaic, alluvial and eolian sediments, together forming a marine to continental sequence that reaches a thickness of more than 250 metres. All sediments are arranged as a gentle dipping and thickening structure to the southeast. Only a few boreholes of the western border of El Abalario reach the top of the Miocene marls. In the rest of the Abalar, Postprint (published version)

La glauberita es un sulfato sódico que se explota con fines industriales. En el año 2002 en los depósitos evaporíticos miocenos de la formación Yesos y Anhidritas de Zaragoza se encontró glauberita en profundidad en una campaña de sondeos. Mediante la técnica geofísica de la tomografía eléctrica se han llevado a cabo una serie de perfiles de resistividad eléctrica del terreno. Los datos obtenidos en el estudio se han comparado con la información previa de los sondeos y se ha podido constatar que partiendo de estos, es posible obtener información de los depósitos y observar como evolucionan lateralmente. Debido a la importante presencia de encajante no se ha podido definir el rango de valores geoeléctricos de resistividad propios de la glauberita pura pero si se han reconocido estructuras kársticas y deposicionales., Postprint (published version)

The evaporite unit (the Lécera Formation), which was formed at the Triassic¿Liassic boundary in the Aragonian Branch of the Iberian Chain, was studied at the 01 Alacón borehole (Alacón village, Teruel province), where it is mainly constituted by a thick (>300 m) succession of predominant sulphates (anhydrite, secondary gypsum and carbonate) overlain by brecciated carbonates. In the evaporite succession, a number of lithofacies were recognized, which can be grouped into an ¿ideal cycle¿, from base to top: (C1) massive to banded carbonate mudstone, (C2) alternation of carbonate and anhydrite laminae, (A1) alternation of anhydrite and carbonate bands, (A2) clastic intercalations in the alternation of anhydrite and carbonate bands, (A3) laminated to banded anhydrite, (A4) bedded pseudomorphs, (A5) interstitial pseudomorphs, and (A6) massive to nodular anhydrite. Fine-grained gypsum (anhydrite laminae and bands), bedded selenitic gypsum (bedded pseudomorphs), interstitial selenitic gypsum (interstitial pseudomorphs), and graded-nodular anhydrite (a particular fabric of nodular anhydrite) were the most outstanding depositional lithofacies. The evaporite succession exhibits a marked cyclicity: in the lower part the individual cycles are more similar to the ideal cycle and reflect deeper water settings, whereas in the upper part they correspond to shallower water settings. The evaporite sedimentation mainly occurred in a subsiding coastal basin of the salina or lagoon type. In this setting, the subaqueous precipitation of the carbonate and gypsum lithofacies was followed, in each cycle, by the interstitial growth of anhydrite in exposed conditions. As a whole, the evaporite succession reflects an infilling process. The conversion into anhydrite of the selenitic gypsum -probably also of the rest of depositional gypsum lithofaciesstarted under synsedimentary conditions and followed during shallow to moderate burial diagenesis.