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[Objectives] This study was conducted to enhance the salt tolerance of current rice varieties at the seedling stage and fulfill the urgent requirement for salt-tolerant rice varieties in coastal tidal flats. [Methods] Four high-generation stable rice lines with diverse salt tolerance were employed as test materials, and four NaCl concentration gradients were established for seed soaking treatment. [Results] The seedling survival rate of line 151465 underwent significant alterations after soaking with four different salt concentrations, and the survival rate was the highest after treatment with 1.8% NaCl for 1 d, reaching 65. 2%. The average survival rate of other three lines with different salt tolerance reached 62% after soaking with 1.8% NaCl for 1 d, which was significantly higher than those of the 2% NaCl and 0% NaCl treatments. [Conclusions] This study provides a basis for reducing the effect of abiotic stress on rice growth and development and improving the utilization rate of saline--alkali land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Magnesium fuel cells deliver higher electrical power output than lithium-ion batteries and have the potential to become an economically attractive alternative power source for domestic purposes. In place of noble metals in the air cathode of Mg fuel cells, we investigate the use of an integrated structure of a catalyst and current collector composed of a Cu/CuO hetero-structure. For a single cell, comprising of electrodes of dimension 3 cm × 1.5 cm with aqueous NaCl as the electrolyte, the Mg- Cu/CuO-based fuel cell shows an open-circuit voltage of 0.7 V and discharge current drain rate of 0.45 mA/s. A power density of 8.75 µWcm−2 is obtained with a CuO-based cathode when 1 M NaCl electrolyte is used. Relative to the magnesium-carbon-based fuel cell, the Mg-Cu/CuO fuel cell shows improved stability of the anode and cathode materials and extended operational time.

The research aims to determine the response of the Maize crop to irrigation with salt water during the growth stages, and to study the accumulation of salts in the soil, the degree of their interaction, and the efficiency of water use. Three types of irrigation water with salt concentrations (1.5, 4.5, 6.5) dSm-1 with three replicates for every kind water. The Randomized Complete Blocks Design was used in the experiment, and it was statistically analyzed using SPSS. Statistically significant differences were found at the 5% level according to Duncan's method. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences attributed to the salinity of irrigation water at the level of 4.5 dsm-1 (T2), which caused about 50% damage in plant height, root growth, leaf area per cob length, weight of 500 seeds, grain yield, and soil. Compared to salinity if irrigated with 1.5 dsm-1 (T1) salinity of river water. Using water with a salinity of 6.5 dsm-1 (T3) as wastewater resulted in a reduction of all apparent plant characteristics by 75%. An increase in soil salinity was also observed at the end of the experiment compared to its salinity at the beginning of the experiment, and this damage increases with an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigation operations. It has been observed that soil PH decreases with increasing soil salinity.

Introduction: Blepharitis is a disease that is often countered. This condition could occur in all ages, sexes, and ethnic groups. Several factors can be the cause of blepharitis. However, blepharitis cases caused by saltwater have never been reported. Case Presentation: There was a case of a 62-year-old woman who came to the hospital complaining of a foreign body sensation in both eyes. Through examination, it was found that the eyelashes looked dirty with brownish-yellow deposits. Management by doing eyelid hygiene, giving ofloxacin eye drops, NaCl/KCl eye drops, and hygiene education had been done. Conclusions: Blepharitis is a frequently encountered case. However, blepharitis caused by salt water has not been reported. Through this case, it could be learned that the patient's lifestyle and geographical location of the patient's residence must be of particular concern to the clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although nano SiO2 exhibits excellent application potential in the field of oil and gas exploration and development, such as drilling fluid, enhanced oil/gas recovery, etc., it is prone to agglomeration and loses its effectiveness due to the action of cations in saline environments of oil and gas reservoirs. Therefore, it is crucial to study the mechanism of the change in energy between nano SiO2 and cations for its industrial application. In this paper, the effect of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) on the surface energy of nano SiO2 particles is investigated from the perspective of molecular motion and electronic change by density functional theory. The results are as follows: Due to the electrostatic interactions, cations can migrate towards the surface of nano SiO2 particles. During the migration process, monovalent cations are almost unaffected by water molecules, and they can be directly adsorbed on the surface by nano SiO2 particles. However, when divalent cations migrate from a distance to the surface of nano SiO2 particles, they can combine with water molecules to create an energy barrier, which can prevent them from moving forward. When divalent cations break through the energy barrier, the electronic kinetic energy between them and nano SiO2 particles changes more strongly, and the electrons carried by them are more likely to break through the edge of the atomic nucleus and undergo charge exchange with nano SiO2 particles. The change in interaction energy is more intense, which can further disrupt the configuration stability of nano SiO2. The interaction energy between cations and nano SiO2 particles mainly comes from electrostatic energy, followed by Van der Waals energy. From the degree of influence of four cations on nano SiO2 particles, the order from small to large is as follows: K+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+. The research results can provide a theoretical understanding of the interaction between nano SiO2 particles and cations during the application of nano SiO2 in the field of oil and gas exploration and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: This study investigated serum, vitreous, and anterior chamber fluid electrolyte changes, corneal thickness (CT), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) as an auxiliary diagnostic method in the identification of drowning in fresh or salt water. Materials and methods: The study used 35 healthy, adult, male, white New Zealand rabbits, seperated into five groups (control, saltwater drowning (SWD), saltwater immersion (SWI), freshwater drowning (FWD), freshwater immersion (FWI)). CT, CV, ACV, and ACD measurements were made with Pentacam topography at 0, 2, and 4 h in all groups. Magnesium (mg), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) were measured in the blood at 0 and 2 h, and in blood, vitreous fluid, and humor aqueous at 4 h. Results: It was determined that CT, CV, ACV, and ACD are not of great value in drowning diagnosis and are affected by the fresh or salt water rather than drowning. Vitreous Na, Cl, and Mg levels are ineffective in determining drowning after one h. Anterior chamber fluid may provide valuable information in the differentiation freshwater - saltwater drownings at the 4th h in corpses retrieved from water. Conclusion: Anterior chamber fluid Na and Cl levels, especially in corpses removed from salt water, can be an easily used test that can help diagnose drowning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A protocol study was designed to examine cutaneous behavior after continuous application of a peloid in the dry mineral residue of Lanjarón-Capuchina natural mineral water. This study aims to analyze the biomechanical behavior of normal skin using various non-invasive bioengineering techniques after the application of this peloid. We determine the effects of its application for 3 months on 38 healthy volunteers (41.4 ± 5.9 years, range 32–58) without a previous history of skin diseases by courtmetry, sebumetry, pH-metry, reviscometry, and tewametry. It was shown that the production of cutaneous sebum is significantly reduced by 6%, trans epidermal skin loss (TEWL) by 21%, skin fatigue by 30%, elasticity increased by 19%, firmness by 5%, and a skin redensification by 6% was obtained under these experimental conditions. Disparate and non-significant results were obtained concerning pH and viscoelasticity. Continuous skin care with the Lanjarón-Capuchina natural peloid modifies skin behavior, normalizing sebaceous secretion, favoring the biomechanical properties of the skin and the skin barrier function without modifying skin homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a piece of copper scrap was placed in the 1m × 1m base of a single-slope solar still. An automated system steadily dripped salt water into the basin of the solar still. The experiment utilized dripping salt water and energy storage materials such as copper and brass scrap. Research has shown that the presence of copper scrap in the basin, combined with a shallow layer of salt water, has a significant impact on the distillate output. However, the high thermal capacity of the salt water in the basin can lead to reduced production. As more salt water is added to the basin, the temperature difference between the water inside and the glass cover increases. Based on the experimental results, the calculated yield is satisfactory, and the overall thermal efficiency remains at 71.3%. The production rate is also influenced by the diffusion process on the south-facing condensing cover. The temperatures of water, glass, and air, as well as their combined effects, are measured and analyzed.

This essay examines the recent group exhibition SALTWATER / Interconnectivity co-curated by Katharine Losi Atafu-Mayo and Giles Peterson at the Tautai Gallery in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand (October 16, 2020 to January 30, 2021), including its public exhibition talks, forums, and performance activations. The exhibition was intended to embody the Moana worldview and explore questions of justice, equity, identity, and ecology through newly commissioned work by six multimedia Indigenous artists and designers from the Moana-Solwara (Oceania region): Katharine Losi Atafu-Mayo, Peter Elavera, Te Ara Minhinnick, Shawnee Tekki, Telly Tuita, and Gutiŋjarra Yunipiŋju.

This research aimed to enrich Artemia nauplii with Easy DHA and Espresso to improve the growth and survival of vannamei shrimp post larvae and transfer them to brackish water (Caspian Sea). 2100 vannamei shrimp post-larval with an approximate average weight of 49.54 ± 2.60 mg and an average length of 1.09 ± 0.07 cm (PL8) were selected. For each replication, 50 vannamei shrimp post-larval were randomly placed in fortytwo 20-liter glass tanks (containing 15 liters of water) and were distributed indoors. Post-larvae were fed, including freshly hatched Artemia, Artemia enriched with Easy DHA and espresso, and commercial diet for ten days (in salt water and desalination water). The highest growth rate (weight and length) in the saltwater group was observed in treatment seven (P<0.05). Also, the highest survival rate in this group was observed in group three, with 71% (P<0.05). Among the treatments of the brackish water group, the highest growth rate (weight and length) was observed in group fourteen (P<0.05). The highest survival rate was observed in treatments of nine, ten, and thirteen (P<0.05). Post larvae of the sea and brackish water showed the highest amount of fatty acid C20-5n3 in treatment three and fatty acid C22-6n3 in treatment two (P<0.05). Based on the present study's findings, enrichment of Artemia with Easy DHA and Espresso and feeding post larvae with it for nine days can increase survival and resistance to stress (transition to lower salinities) in vannamei shrimp post larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective use of natural materials and industrial by products has a direct impact on economy, sustainable environment, and waste management. Poorly graded desert sand (SP) is widely observed in sand dunes and sand seas. Studies were performed to get beneficial use of cement kiln dust (CKD) in soil improvement. But there is a lack of information concerning using of CKD as an improving material for poorly graded sand with the aid of salt water. Salt water is widely available in Egypt from seas and some deep wells, using it will help in saving drink water which suffers from shortage in many countries. The aim of this research is to study the possibility of improving SP using CKD and salt water to be used in backfilling work and subbase layers of roads and pavements. Mixtures of poorly graded sand and various CKD ratios (10%, 20% and 30%) were classified and tested using grain size distribution, compaction, shear strength and California bearing tests. The results were compared with potable water. The results show that adding CKD improves the characteristic properties of SP even with salt water. The study enhances the using of 20% CKD with optimum water content of 9.12% of salt water to have noticeable improvement for SP and to be used efficiently in backfilling and subbase layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a piece of copper scrap was placed in the 1m × 1m base of a single-slope solar still. An automated system steadily dripped salt water into the basin of the solar still. The experiment utilized dripping salt water and energy storage materials such as copper and brass scrap. Research has shown that the presence of copper scrap in the basin, combined with a shallow layer of salt water, has a significant impact on the distillate output. However, the high thermal capacity of the salt water in the basin can lead to reduced production. As more salt water is added to the basin, the temperature difference between the water inside and the glass cover increases. Based on the experimental results, the calculated yield is satisfactory, and the overall thermal efficiency remains at 71.3%. The production rate is also influenced by the diffusion process on the south-facing condensing cover. The temperatures of water, glass, and air, as well as their combined effects, are measured and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Saline groundwater is a complementary water resource for irrigation in Xinjiang, but its application needs calculated management. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of saline water irrigation on soil salt content and physiology of greenhouse tomatoes. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in southern Xinjiang, and the crop was drip-irrigated using water with salinity at 2 g/L (T1), 4 g/L (T2), 6 g/L(T3) and 8 g/L (T4), respectively. Fresh water irrigation was taken as the control (CK). The irrigation amount and irrigation frequency in all the treatments were the same. In each treatment, we measured soil salt content and physiological indexes of the crop. 【Result】 Vertically, soil salt content decreased along the depth, regardless of the treatments; horizontally, soil salt accumulated in soil 20~40 cm away from the emitter. At the end of the growth period, salt accumulated predominantly in 20~60 cm soil layer. Salt accumulation area increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. Irrigating with water salinity in 2~4 g/L promoted tomato growth and thickened its stems, despite of its insignificant effects on dry biomass. Increasing water salinity to 6~8 g/L inhibited crop growth. When water salinity was 2 g/L, the total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the crop maximized. When water salinity was greater than 4 g/L, a large amount of active oxygen accumulated in organs exceeded the scavenging capacity of the protective enzymes. Irrigation when water salinity was in 2~4 g/L improved both fruit yield and quality. 【Conclusion】 Considering salt distribution and plant growth, groundwater with salinity in the range of 2 to 4 g/L can be used as a complementary water resource to irrigate greenhouse tomatoes in southern Xinjiang.

The main purpose of this laboratory study is to indicate the variation in some characteristics of the sandy, sandy calcareous, and clay soil under the effect of the magnetically treated tab and/or salt water. Salt water (SW, 2000-ppm) was prepared by dissolving the sodium chloride (NaCl) salt in tap water TW (2 g L-1). Tab water and/or SW were magnetically treated by passage through a permanent electromagnetic field of 14٫000 G (1.4 Tesla) strength for 10 min, and then allowed to percolate through a soil column continuously for 2 h. Some characteristics of the studied soil samples were estimated after the infiltrate of the magnetically (M) and non-magnetically (NM) treated TW and/or SW. The MSW has decreased the hydraulic conductivity (HC, m day-1) by 41.1, 12.8, and 51.4% compared to NMSW for sandy, sandy calcareous, and clay soil, respectively. Magnetic induction may affect the coagulation of the fine particles to form larger aggregates. For clay soil, MTW decreased the sum of fine particles by 40.5%, while the MSW decreased it by 28.75%, which may be a dispersing effect of NaCl soluble salt. The Zeta potential ζ values were slightly shifted by SW and MSW. The calculated electrophoretic mobility (U) of the colloidal particles has increased under the effect of the SW by 15.6%, 28.6%, and 58.1% for the sandy, sandy calcareous, and clay soil, respectively. Magnetized water may affect the soil properties positively and/or negatively depending on the soil class and the application conditions.

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the authors present the results of a set of measurements carried out to analyze the transmission capabilities of the LoRaWAN technology for underwater to above water transmission in saline water. A theoretical analysis was used to model the link budget of the radio channel in the considered operative conditions and to estimate the electrical permittivity of salt water. Preliminary measurements were performed in the laboratory at different salinity levels to confirm the application boundaries of the technology, then field tests were conducted in the Venice lagoon. While these test are not focused on demonstrating the usability of LoRaWAN to collect data underwater, the achieved results demonstrate that LoRaWAN transmitters can be used in all those conditions when they are expected to be partially or totally submerged below a thin layer of marine water, in accordance with the prediction of the proposed theoretical model. This achievement paves the way for the deployment of superficial marine sensor networks in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) context, as for the monitoring of bridges, harbor structures, water parameters and water sport athletes and for the realization of high-water or fill-level alarm systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although nano SiO2 exhibits excellent application potential in the field of oil and gas exploration and development, such as drilling fluid, enhanced oil/gas recovery, etc., it is prone to agglomeration and loses its effectiveness due to the action of cations in saline environments of oil and gas reservoirs. Therefore, it is crucial to study the mechanism of the change in energy between nano SiO2 and cations for its industrial application. In this paper, the effect of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) on the surface energy of nano SiO2 particles is investigated from the perspective of molecular motion and electronic change by density functional theory. The results are as follows: Due to the electrostatic interactions, cations can migrate towards the surface of nano SiO2 particles. During the migration process, monovalent cations are almost unaffected by water molecules, and they can be directly adsorbed on the surface by nano SiO2 particles. However, when divalent cations migrate from a distance to the surface of nano SiO2 particles, they can combine with water molecules to create an energy barrier, which can prevent them from moving forward. When divalent cations break through the energy barrier, the electronic kinetic energy between them and nano SiO2 particles changes more strongly, and the electrons carried by them are more likely to break through the edge of the atomic nucleus and undergo charge exchange with nano SiO2 particles. The change in interaction energy is more intense, which can further disrupt the configuration stability of nano SiO2. The interaction energy between cations and nano SiO2 particles mainly comes from electrostatic energy, followed by Van der Waals energy. From the degree of influence of four cations on nano SiO2 particles, the order from small to large is as follows: K+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+. The research results can provide a theoretical understanding of the interaction between nano SiO2 particles and cations during the application of nano SiO2 in the field of oil and gas exploration and development.

A field experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the effect of bacterial inoculation (non-inoculation, inoculation with Bacillus spp., Inoculation with A. chroococcum, inoculation with P. fluorescens, and co-inoculation) on the amount of major nutrients in maize. Two levels of salinity of irrigation water were 3 and 6 dSm-1 and four levels of phosphate fertilizer were 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg P. ha-1 in the form of superphosphate fertilizer (21% P) to investigate the weight of 100 grain of maize plants and its leaves content of N, P and K nutrients. The results indicated that the co-inoculation with Bacillus spp., A. chroococcum and P. fluorescens was superior to increase the weight of 100 grains and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the vegetative of maize plant by 44.99% and 12.98%, 156.5% and 39.5%, respectively, compared to the un-inoculated control irrigated with 6 dS m-1 saline water and not fertilized with phosphorus, and reduced the phosphate fertilizer recommend by 33%. The inoculation with Bacillus spp. treatment was not differ significantly from P. fluorescens inoculation in most of these traits.

A UF/IFAS numbered publication.

The present article aims to investigate the effect of electrostatic field and temperature on the distribution of chloride and sodium ions during the saltwater flow in a horizontal channel. The change in the intensity of the uniform electric field has been controlled by applying DC high-voltage between the horizontal walls of the channel, where this field creates an electric force that deviate the positive and negative ions towards the walls in opposite directions, which results a large space in the middle of fluid almost free of dissolved salt. The proposed study is formulated with a system of coupled partial differential equations in the Navier-Stokes equation and energy. In addition, the Buongiorno equation was used to study the distribution of ion concentration in seawater. Important results were obtained in this numerical study, including that the increase in the intensity of the electric field and temperature significantly reduced the concentration of cations and anions in a wide area of seawater, thus obtaining a large amount of diluted water. The distribution of sodium and chloride ion concentration, the flow, the horizontal velocity, and the isotherms were modeled under the electrostatic field intensity variation factor and Reynolds number for an accurate, detailed, and clear interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research using supported metal‑carbon membranes in a membrane percrystallisation application, we investigated the influence of metal ions on the formation of carbon during carbon membrane synthesis by combining polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with various metal compounds, including zinc, potassium, barium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium, through calcination at 700 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere for the first time. These carbon membranes were then subjected to continuous percrystallisation experiments to produce dry salt crystals from salt solutions. The feed solution (3.5, 10, 20 wt% of salt) were used at 30, 50, and 70 °C for the performance evaluation. Intriguingly, the addition of metal elements to the PVP solution resulted in an enhancement in the total pore volume and surface area of the resulting carbon membranes. The PVP-Zn precursor exhibited the highest increase with a maximum improvement of 99 fold. Moreover, when compared to the PVP membranes alone, the composite membranes also exhibited higher fluxes. Among the tested composite carbon membranes, PVP-Ca, PVP-Zn, and PVP-Mg demonstrated the highest flux values, reaching an impressive 55 kg.m−2.h−1. Additionally, these membranes exhibited self-elimination, where salt was effectively removed from the membrane surface during percrystallisation testing. Thus, these membranes have the potential to be employed in desalination applications. [Display omitted] • Carbon membranes were successfully derived by combining metal-PVP. • Metal ions exerted an influence on the formation structure of the carbon membranes. • The utilisation of composite metal-PVP membranes led to an enhancement in solution flux, reaching a maximum flux of 55 kg m−2 h−1. • The particle size of salt crystals was found to be dependent on the solution flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 In order to explore the management mode of water, fertilizer and salt under mulched saline water drip irrigation in southern Xinjiang. 【Method】 Freshwater and saline water were mixed at volumetric ratio of 1∶0, 4∶1 and 2∶3, respectively, for irrigation. For each irrigation treatment, there were three nitrogen applications: 400 kg/hm2 (over applied), 300 kg/hm2 (used by local farmers) and 200 kg/hm2. Freshwater irrigation combined with 300 kg/hm2 of N fertilization was taken as the control. During the experiment, we measured the uptake of ions and nutrients by the crop, as well as dry matter distribution and accumulation 【Result】 With the increase in irrigation water salinity, the amounts of ions (Na+, Cl- and Ca2+) taken up by the cotton increased, especially Na+ and Cl- . Most of these ions were found in leaves, followed by stems. Increasing irrigation water salinity reduced the uptake of N, P and K, while increasing nitrogen fertilization promoted dry matter accumulation in the roots and uptake of nutrients and ions, thereby boosting plant growth. It was found that increasing nitrogen fertilization enhanced absorption of Na+ and Cl- by the cotton. A moderate accumulation of Na+ and Cl- in stems and leaves associated with 4∶1 of freshwater and saline water suppressed vegetative growth and distributed more nutrients to the buds and bolls, thereby leading to a yield increase. However, over-adsorption of Na+ and Cl- by the crop due to the increase in portion of the saline water could inhibit nutrient uptake and its translocation to the reproductive organs, leading to a yield reduction. Compared with CK, mixing freshwater and saline water at 4∶1 ratio combined with high nitrogen fertilization increased dry matter accumulation by 1.5% without compromising yield (6 829.80 kg/hm2). 【Conclusion】 Mixing freshwater and saline water at 4∶1 combined with an increase in nitrogen fertilization can promote uptake of ions and nutrients by the crop, as well as translation of dry matter to reproductive organs, without compromising cotton yield. It can thus be used as a guidance for cotton production in southern Xinjiang, China.

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pulp tissue collected from deciduous teeth for the determination of gender using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: 140 extracted deciduous teeth were selected. The control group comprised 20 teeth that were subjected to DNA analysis immediately. Whereas Group I and Group II consisted of 60 teeth which were stored in the open environment and salt water, respectively, for a period of 3, 9, and 15 months. DNA was isolated and quantified followed by the amplification of X and Y chromosomes by PCR and compared with the actual gender of the child. The data were analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the independent sample t-test, paired t-test, and the Chi-square test. Result: The PCR analysis results of Group I showed a more correct interpretation of gender as compared to Group II on storage for a period of 15 months. The PCR analysis results of the Control group showed a 100% accuracy rate as compared to the samples in Groups I and II. Conclusions: Gender could be effectively determined from the samples evaluated immediately after extraction. But the period of storage and the method of storage conditions affected the quality of isolated DNA and thus decreased the ability of gender determination.

Brackish water irrigation effectively alleviates the shortage of freshwater resources in arid areas. This study aims to explore the salt accumulation of cotton mulched drip irrigation with different salinity, together with their impact on crop growth. Taking the cotton (Nongfeng NO.133) planted in the test pit as a research object, a field test was conducted in the Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation Corps (85°59ʹ47ʺE, and 44°19ʹ26ʺN). The size of the test pit was 2 m×2 m×2 m, where the bottom was set with a 30 cm sand and gravel filtration layer, and a cutoff wall was separated from the surrounding area. The cotton planting pattern was “one film, two pipes, and four rows” with a planting distance of 10 cm. The drip irrigation belt was laid between two narrow rows using the polyethene resin inlaid thin-walled maze (Xinjiang Tianye Water-Saving Irrigation Co. LTD). The drip head flow rate was 2 L/h. Two-year test pits of mulched drip irrigation were carried out with different gradient salinity. The irrigation water source was manually configured, according to the groundwater composition in the study area. The chemical mass ratio was NaHCO3:Na2SO4:NaCl:CaCl2:MgCl2=1:7:8:1:1. The selected fertilization level was 300-105-45 kg/hm² (N-P2O5-K2O), the irrigation quota was 4800 m3/hm², and the emerging water was fresh water. A total of six treatments were set with the salinity of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 g/L. Some parameters were measured, including the soil electrical conductivity, cotton plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, aboveground biomass, and yield. An analysis was made on the salt accumulation characteristics of different soil layers during the cotton growth period. The AquaCrop model was constructed for the drip irrigation of the cotton under the water source film with different salinity using the data of local meteorology, soil, crop, management, and irrigation system. The results show that: 1) Soil electrical conductivity was positively correlated with the irrigation water salinity. The salt accumulation reached the peak in the 40-60 cm soil layer, whereas, there was less salt accumulation in the 80-100 cm soil layer. At the end of two years, the electrical conductivity was 3.03 and 3.15 dS/m, respectively, and the salt accumulation rate were 43.03% and 40.94%. 2) The maximum growth indexes and the cotton yield reached the mineralization degree of 3 g/L. There was no influence on the growth indexes and yield of 4 g/L, compared with the 1 g/L. An optimal irrigation water source was achieved between 3 and 4 g/L for the cotton. 3) A systematic evaluation was made on the simulated and measured values of canopy coverage and aboveground dry matter mass. Specifically, the R² was greater than 0.812, while the root mean square error, standard root mean square error, and the consistent index value were less than 57.1, 24.1, and 0.998, respectively. The relative error was no more than 9.28% between the simulated value and the measured value of cotton yield, indicating excellent simulation. The AquaCrop model can be expected to better simulate the dynamic changes of canopy coverage, biomass, and yield during the growth and development of cotton mulched drip irrigation with different salinity, particularly for yield prediction and optimal management. The finding can provide a fundamental basis for the sustainable utilization of mulched drip irrigation with the saltwater resources in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-lying paddy fields in estuaries can be affected by salt water intrusion; however, it remains unclear how salt water intrusion influences the availability of heavy metals in paddy soil. In this study, batch adsorption and incubation experiments of soil were conducted with different salt water sampled along the estuary to investigate the effects of salt water intrusion on cadmium (Cd) availability. The surface complexation model (SCM) was established to assess the effects of pH on Cd adsorption behavior, which presented typical pH-dependent characteristics. The results of SCM also showed that Cd-chloro complexes became the dominant species when the ionic strength increased. The results of Cd fractions in the incubation experiments revealed a significant increase in dissolved Cd with increasing ionic strength. This may be attributed to the increased point of zero charge (pHpzc) in the presence of salt water with higher salinity, which likely formed more positive charges on soil surfaces, causing an inhibition of Cd adsorption via electrostatic repulsion. Moreover, higher concentrations of Cl– in salt water favored the formation of Cd-chloro complexes, facilitating Cd release from soil particles. This study provides mechanistic insights into the impact of salt water intrusion on Cd availability at the soil–water interface of paddy soil along the estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the recent research progress on the coupling of green and clean energy-solar energy and various brine treatment processes and points out its advantages: For example, a brine treatment system coupled with solar energy and multi-effect evaporation can greatly reduce its energy consumption, improve efficiency and reduce costs; using solar steam to generate electricity as a source of electrical energy in the treatment of salt water can realize the comprehensive utilization of energy; while the solar-membrane distillation coupling technology is an efficient way to use salty water to produce fresh water. In short, the use of solar energy for desalination treatment can greatly reduce production costs and reduce fossil energy consumption, while realizing the recycling and efficient use of waste water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the effect of bacterial inoculation (non-inoculation, inoculation with Bacillus spp., Inoculation with A. chroococcum, inoculation with P. fluorescens, and co-inoculation) on the amount of major nutrients in maize. Two levels of salinity of irrigation water were 3 and 6 dSm-1 and four levels of phosphate fertilizer were 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg P. ha-1 in the form of superphosphate fertilizer (21% P) to investigate the weight of 100 grain of maize plants and its leaves content of N, P and K nutrients. The results indicated that the co-inoculation with Bacillus spp., A. chroococcum and P. fluorescens was superior to increase the weight of 100 grains and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the vegetative of maize plant by 44.99% and 12.98%, 156.5% and 39.5%, respectively, compared to the un-inoculated control irrigated with 6 dS m-1 saline water and not fertilized with phosphorus, and reduced the phosphate fertilizer recommend by 33%. The inoculation with Bacillus spp. treatment was not differ significantly from P. fluorescens inoculation in most of these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen species in natural waters. Excessive nitrate concentration in water is highly undesirable, so that removal of the excessive nitrates in waters is very important. However, the challenge is purposed to remove the excessive nitrates in sea waters by considering anions-rich sea water. Adsorption is a favorable method for the nitrate removal process. Therefore, this research was aimed to study the kinetics and isotherm of nitrates adsorption in salt water. The adsorbent preparation was done by modifying natural zeolite with iron oxide. The adsorbent characterization was carried out by FT-IR spectroscopy and Gas Sorption Analyis methods. The results showed that the modified zeolite have Fe−O group vibrations as indicated by a peak at a wave number of 1404.18 cm−1 and an increased specific surface area. The modified zeolite is capable of adsorbing nitrate ions. The adsorption isotherms studies indicated that the modified zeolite is appropriate to the Dubinin-Radushkevich model. The average adsorption energy value (ED), obtained based on the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm

In this paper, the authors present the results of a set of measurements carried out to analyze the transmission capabilities of the LoRaWAN technology for underwater to above water transmission in saline water. A theoretical analysis was used to model the link budget of the radio channel in the considered operative conditions and to estimate the electrical permittivity of salt water. Preliminary measurements were performed in the laboratory at different salinity levels to confirm the application boundaries of the technology, then field tests were conducted in the Venice lagoon. While these test are not focused on demonstrating the usability of LoRaWAN to collect data underwater, the achieved results demonstrate that LoRaWAN transmitters can be used in all those conditions when they are expected to be partially or totally submerged below a thin layer of marine water, in accordance with the prediction of the proposed theoretical model. This achievement paves the way for the deployment of superficial marine sensor networks in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) context, as for the monitoring of bridges, harbor structures, water parameters and water sport athletes and for the realization of high-water or fill-level alarm systems.

Aim: The present randomized controlled trial assessed the postoperative anti‐inflammatory efficacy of 2% saline rinses (SR) and a herbal‐ mouthwash (HMW) after non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) for the management of periodontal inflammation in patients with chlorhexidine (CHX) allergy. Materials and Methods: Patients with periodontal inflammation with and without self‐reported CHX allergy were included. All patients underwent non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Patients were randomly divided into three groups. In the SR and HMW groups, 2% SR and a HMW, respectively, were prescribed. In Group 3 (CHX‐group), patients without CHX allergy were included and were prescribed 0.12% CHX. In all groups, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and marginal bone loss were measured at baseline. Clinical periodontal parameters were re‐assessed at 6‐weeks' follow‐up. p < 0.01 were considered statistically significant. Results: Thirteen, 12, and 12 patients were included in the SR, HMW, and CHX groups, respectively. At baseline, clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters were comparable in all groups. In all groups, PI (p < 0.01), GI (p < 0.01), and PD (p < 0.01) were significantly higher at baseline than their respective values at 6 weeks of follow‐up. There was no significant difference in clinical AL at all time intervals in all groups. There was no significant correlation between periodontal parameters and age, gender, and daily toothbrushing/flossing in all groups. Conclusion: In young adults with self‐reported CHX allergy, herbal mouthwashes and/or 2% SR are suitable post‐operative prescriptions after NSPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mouthwash is the process of soaking the teeth, gums and mucosa of the mouth with a solution. Its purpose is to improve oral hygiene and to treat certain oral pathologies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the in vitro effect of a salt water mouthwash versus chlorhexidine on oral flora.We conducted a cross-over clinical trial in the Bacteriology Department of the Central Laboratory of the Yaoundé General Hospital (YGH). This study lasted 6 months, from November 2019 to April 2020. We used convenience sampling. Each participant in our study received the same intervention (mouthwash) at a specific time and the effect was observed at regular intervals (H1 – H5). A period of 3 days (wash-out period) was observed between the interventions (mouthwashes with different saline solutions and 0.1% Chlorhexidine) in order to avoid carry-over effects. Gram staining was performed before the mouthwashes and 7 h after the mouthwashes to determine the bacterial species affected by the mouthwashes.We recruited 10 participants from whom we took 240 saliva samples. The sex ratio of men to women was 1:1. Our results showed that 2 min after mouthwash all solutions decreased the oral flora. The homemade saline (2%) had an antibacterial effect on the oral flora that lasted for 3 h. However, as sampling continued only the 5.8%, 23% and 0.1% Chlorhexidine concentrations reduced the oral flora significantly. The 5.8% salt concentration and the 0.1% Chlorhexidine had an antibacterial action of 5 h while the 23% salt concentration had an action of 7 h. Furthermore, we noted a more marked activity on gram positive bacteria.The 5.8% saline has the same efficacy as the commonly prescribed 0.1% Chlorhexidine. Homemade saline can be prescribed for short term indications as it has an antibacterial action that lasts for 3 h. The 23% saline should be avoided because of its pungent and irritating taste.

The correlation between inherent corrosion resistance and biofouling was investigated for five different metallic coatings. Steel panels thermally spray-coated with either aluminium, Monel, bronze or different aluminium alloys were tested in controlled salt mist conditions and electrochemical corrosion tests and subsequently employed at sea. The biofouling of the panels was monitored at different depths (5, 10 and 15 m) at periods ranging from 5 to 12 months. The main macrofouling organisms were quantified and analysed using permutational multivariate analysis. The results indicate a significant difference in fouling pressure between depths and the geographic sites used. No statistically significant link between high corrosion resistance and lower biofouling pressure was observed, indicating that the main marine macrofoulers settled equally well on corrosion resistant and corrosion prone metallic surfaces. This work sheds light on biofouling of thermally sprayed metallic substrata and it characterizes and compares biofouling assemblages from different biogeographical regions in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to study the corrosion behavior of carbon steel, because corrosion is common defects that occur to the devices and machinery after manufactured. Plain -carbon steel is considered as one of the most important minerals used in industrial applications. The direct effect on the corrosion behavior of steel is heat treatments because of galvanic corrosion which building up between its microscopic phases. In three methods carbon steel has been treated thermally which the hardening, normalizing, and annealing. Used salt water as corrosive media for a period of (30, 45, 60) days. The steel contains chemical compounds to show its effect on the corrosion. To compare between the results and to determine corrosion rate used weight loss. The results obtained show that the lowest corrosion resistance is for the hardened steel and the corrosion resistance of the annealing steel is the greatest, while the corrosion resistance of the normalized steel is in-between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of winter sprinkling for desalination of seawater. The ice fraction in an individual drop and in a stream of drops in a free fall is estimated. At the air temperatures of −10 and −40 °C, the percentage of ice in a stream of water drops with a mineralization of 35 g/l may amount to 12 and 39%, respectively. Calculations showed that when producing porous ice from water with a mineralization of 35 g/l by means of sprinkling at the same air temperatures, the productivity of the DDN–70 sprinkler system will be equal to 670 (−10 °C) and 2190 (−40 °C) tons of ice per day. When the fraction of ice in the drops of stream increases, the salinity of unfrozen water grows too, and this results in increasing of the porous ice salinity. Experiments did show that at mineralization of the source water of 10 g/l, the moisture content of porous ice amounts 12%, while in the ice frozen from seawater it is 23%. The humidity of a salt porous ice makes influence on the desalination efficiency. At a moisture content of porous ice of 12% and melting of 30% of its volume, the mineralization of the remaining part is 4 times less than that at the a moisture content of 23%, but if the melting reaches 50% of the volume it is 16 times. It was found that with growth of salinity of frozen water the performance of sprinkling and efficiency of desalinization decrease. However, it should be noted that when using sea water with a salinity of 35 g/l after melting of 50% of the porous ice volume, the salinity of the remaining part of water will amount approximately 1 g/l, and after appropriate sanitary and hygienic treatment, it can be used for drinking water supply. It is important also that such water will contain in sufficient amounts the necessary microelements.

Introduction Salinity intrusion is the most common global concern along coastlines, but it can happen inland also. The lack of freshwater is the primary issue affecting the coastal areas. Many health problems are prevalent among the inhabitants due to their frequent use of salted water. The health of women living along the coastline is getting progressively compromised due to salinity intrusion. Objectives The study aims to determine menstrual health practices and other health problems faced by women in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Methods The study was conducted using a survey research design from May 2023 to October 2023 on rural women aged 18 to 45 years, who lived in the Bangladeshi village of Koyra Upazila in the Khulna district. The sample size of the study was 101. Open- and closed-ended questions from a planned interview schedule were used to gather primary data. Additional information from appropriate sources, e.g., newspapers, publications, and books, was utilized to enhance the comprehensiveness of statistical analysis and support rationality. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 15 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX). Results Menstrual hygiene practices showed a higher prevalence of using fabric rags and reusing them after rinsing them in salt water (72.3%) than sanitary pads (25.7%). It was observed that the risk of diarrhea among tubewell water and rainwater users was significantly lowered by 0.25 times (95% CI = 0.06, 0.99; p = 0.049) and 0.06 times (95% CI = 0.01, 0.43; p = 0.005), respectively, compared to pond water users. Conclusion Salinity has a significant impact on the livelihoods and health of coastal women. The village women are unaware of the health risks of excessive saline water use. Establishing an adequate supply of freshwater reservoirs for the entire community throughout the year is an alternative for women to use as a source of water for hygiene necessities., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Review Board of the National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH), Dhaka, Bangladesh issued approval NICRH/IRB/2023/18; Dated: 15/03/2023. In addition, the participants received a thorough explanation from the researchers regarding their future publication plans and study objectives. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Sinha et al.)

Ceramic filled polymer coatings have been shown to increase the salt water corrosion protection and wear resistance of metallic substrates. With an increase in natural and anthropogenic CO2 use as an enhanced oil recovery method paired to conventional brine-based recovery, termed 'water after gas' the impact of corrosion remains unknown. In this paper, we investigate the effect of salt water corrosion in a filled and unfilled coating before and after supercritical CO2 exposure. Corrosion performance is evaluated using electrochemical Tafel and impedance spectroscopy. Wear was measured using a pin on disk testing. After exposure to CO2, the corrosion performance of filled and unfilled systems were similar while the wear resistance of the filled coating was superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reduction of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas requires the application of management methods to achieve optimal performance. With the logical application of saline water as a source of irrigation water, we can supply a part of the crop water requirement (Hamdy, A., Abdel-Dayem, S. and Abu-Zeid, M., 1993), using various applicable management techniques. The optimal management is, in turn, considered as the use of conjunctive irrigation. Two commonly used solutions include mixing salty and fresh water to obtain water with the optimal salinity; and also the periodic application of fresh and salty water (Amer, 2010; Aslam, & Prathapar, 2006). In effect, salt mainly enters the surface layers of the soil through irrigation and the solute moves vertically from the unsaturated to the saturated zone and towards the groundwater. In turn, the SWAP model is often used to simulate the solute transfer in soil. However, field measurement of the solute concentration changes is very difficult in soil profiles. A simulation model can, thus, be used to estimate the accumulation of solutes in the soil profiles. (Van Dam, Huygen, & Wesseling, 1997)

Main issues frequently faced by communities living in the city of Jakarta is salt water intrusion. This paper analyzes the extent of the distribution of saltwater contamination to coastal aquifers in Jakarta, the method used is the open source program FREEWAT. modeling is carried out in five scenarios, namely (1) reduction of 50% of groundwater use, (2) reduction of 25% of groundwater use, (3) existing groundwater use in 2012, (4) increase of 25% of groundwater use, and (5) increase of 50% of groundwater use. From the modeling results, the distribution of saltwater contamination on each layer of the aquifer of Jakarta. In unconfined aquifer the existing condition is scenario 3 intrusion as far as 1.604 m, on scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 38%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 13%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 17% and on scenario 5 increase intrusion by 25%. In upper confined aquifer, the existing condition, namely scenario 3, has occurred as much as 1.809 m intrusion, in scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 23%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 8%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 19% and in scenario 5 increase intrusion by 26%. In middle confined aquifer, the existing condition is scenario 3, 1.927 m intrusion occurs, on the scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 23%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 9%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 16% and in the scenario 5 increase intrusion by 22%.

Main issues frequently faced by communities living in the city of Jakarta is salt water intrusion. This paper analyzes the extent of the distribution of saltwater contamination to coastal aquifers in Jakarta, the method used is the open source program FREEWAT. modeling is carried out in five scenarios, namely (1) reduction of 50% of groundwater use, (2) reduction of 25% of groundwater use, (3) existing groundwater use in 2012, (4) increase of 25% of groundwater use, and (5) increase of 50% of groundwater use. From the modeling results, the distribution of saltwater contamination on each layer of the aquifer of Jakarta. In unconfined aquifer the existing condition is scenario 3 intrusion as far as 1.604 m, on scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 38%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 13%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 17% and on scenario 5 increase intrusion by 25%. In upper confined aquifer, the existing condition, namely scenario 3, has occurred as much as 1.809 m intrusion, in scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 23%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 8%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 19% and in scenario 5 increase intrusion by 26%. In middle confined aquifer, the existing condition is scenario 3, 1.927 m intrusion occurs, on the scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 23%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 9%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 16% and in the scenario 5 increase intrusion by 22%.

Objective: To determine the spread of misinformation on salt water among Nigerians, salt water use for Ebola prophylaxis, and the role played by the social media during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Methods: Information was collected from the general Nigerian population through online Google forms which were majorly disseminated via Facebook and WhatsApp platforms. The data retrieved was analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 703 questionnaires were included in the final analysis. The respondents’ mean age was (30.2±6.7) years, predominantly male (73.2%). Almost all of them (95.0%) had received some message to use salt water, 37.4% of whom received such message on social media. Around a half of them ever made an attempt to verify the health information they received on social media (50.9%), and about a quarter (24.0%) of them had used salt water during the outbreak. Many of them had used salt water because they believed it would not harm them (52.0%). Salt water was less likely to be used by those who had received such message on social media, as well as by those who had received some contrary information to salt use. Conclusions: Social media could serve as an effective tool in propagating health information and should be actively engaged by health agencies, to spread accurate information.

Copyright of Journal of Crops Improvement / Majallah-i Bih/zirā̒ī-i Kishāvarzī is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)