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Douchi is a Chinese traditional fermented food with a unique flavor. Methyl anthranilate (MA) plays an important role in formation of this flavor. However, the complicated relationship between the MA formation and the metabolic mechanism of the key functional microorganisms remains unclear. Here, we elucidated the response mechanism of aroma production driven by high salt stress in Trichomonascus ciferrii WLW (T. ciferrii WLW), which originates from the douchi fermentation process. The highest production of MA was obtained in a 10% NaCl environment. The enhanced expression of the key enzyme genes of the pentose phosphate pathway and shikimic acid pathway directed carbon flow toward aromatic amino acid synthesis and helped sustain an increased expression of metK to synthesize a large amount of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, which promoted methyl anthranilate yield. This provides a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the applications of the flavor formation mechanisms of fermented foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Douchi is a Chinese traditional fermented food with a unique flavor. Methyl anthranilate (MA) plays an important role in formation of this flavor. However, the complicated relationship between the MA formation and the metabolic mechanism of the key functional microorganisms remains unclear. Here, we elucidated the response mechanism of aroma production driven by high salt stress in Trichomonascus ciferrii WLW (T. ciferrii WLW), which originates from the douchi fermentation process. The highest production of MA was obtained in a 10% NaCl environment. The enhanced expression of the key enzyme genes of the pentose phosphate pathway and shikimic acid pathway directed carbon flow toward aromatic amino acid synthesis and helped sustain an increased expression of metK to synthesize a large amount of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, which promoted methyl anthranilate yield. This provides a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the applications of the flavor formation mechanisms of fermented foods.

The significant horticultural crop, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) is vulnerable to the excessive salt concentration in the soil, which contributes to its scaled-down growth and productivity, among other indices. The current study examines the efficacy of hydropriming, halopriming, and osmopriming on the physio-biochemical attributes and tolerance to salinity (100 mM NaCl) in cauliflower under controlled conditions. The results showed that the salinity (100 mM NaCl) has significant deleterious impacts on cauliflower seed germination, seedling growth, and photosynthetic attributes, and provoked the production of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, different priming approaches proved beneficial in mitigating the negative effects of salinity and boosted the germination, vigor indices, seedling growth, and physio-biochemical attributes like photosynthetic pigments, protein, and proline content while suppressing oxidative damage and MDA content in cauliflower seedlings in treatment- and dose-dependent manner. PCA revealed 61% (PC1) and 15% (PC2) of the total variance with substantial positive relationships and high loading conditions on all germination attributes on PC1 with greater PC1 scores for PEG treatments showing the increased germination indices in PEG-treated seeds among all the priming treatments tested. All 13 distinct priming treatments tried clustered into three groups as per Ward's approach of systematic categorization, clustering the third group showing relatively poor germination performances. Most germination traits exhibited statistically significant associations at the p

Owing to its detrimental effect on plant growth, salinity is an increasing worldwide problem for agriculture. To understand the molecular mechanisms activated in response to salt in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like family, which contains sensors that were previously shown to be involved in sensing the structural integrity of the cell walls. We found that herk1 the1-4 double mutants, lacking the function of HERKULES1 (HERK1) and combined with a gain-of-function allele of THESEUS1 (THE1), strongly respond to salt application, resulting in an intense activation of stress responses, similarly to plants lacking FERONIA (FER) function. We report that salt triggers pectin methyl esterase (PME) activation and show its requirement for the activation of several salt-dependent responses. Because chemical inhibition of PMEs alleviates these salt-induced responses, we hypothesize a model in which salt directly leads to cell wall modifications through the activation of PMEs. Responses to salt partly require the functionality of FER alone or HERK1/THE1 to attenuate salt effects, highlighting the complexity of the salt-sensing mechanisms that rely on cell wall integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is an important factor restricting crop growth. Thus, genes related to plant responses to high salinity at the sprout stage of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) should be identified and characterized. In this study, on the basis of the common bean germination index, 0.4% NaCl and day 5 of the incubation period were selected as the optimal salt concentration and sampling time, respectively. Salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plant materials suitable for the local region were selected as representative common bean materials with contrasting salt-related phenotypes. A total of 441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by analyzing the generated RNA-seq data. The enriched Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways indicated the DEGs were associated with oxidoreductase activities and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and the lignin content, which are related to oxidoreductase activities and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were revealed to be significantly associated with common bean salt tolerance. The six DEGs with salt tolerance-related Arabidopsis thaliana homologs may be important candidate genes mediating the salt stress responses of common bean during the sprout stage. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1954091 .

Summary: Plants have evolved numerous receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) that modulate environmental stress responses. However, little is known regarding soybean (Glycine max) RLKs. We have previously identified that Glycine soja Ca2+/CAM‐binding RLK (GsCBRLK) is involved in salt tolerance. Here, we report that soluble NSF attachment protein receptor proteins BET1s mediate subcellular localization of calmodulin‐binding receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases CRCK1s to modulate salt stress responses. Direct interaction between GsCBRLK and GsBET11a was initially identified via yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Further analysis demonstrated conserved interaction between BET1s and CRCK1s. GsCBRLK interacted with all BET1 proteins in wild soybean (Glycine soja) and Arabidopsis, and GsBET11a strongly associated with GsCRCK1a–1d, but slightly with AtCRCK1. In addition, GsBET11a interacted with GsCBRLK via its C‐terminal transmembrane domain (TMD), where the entire TMD, not the sequence, was critical for the interaction. Moreover, the N‐terminal variable domain (VD) of GsCBRLK was responsible for interacting with GsBET11a, and the intensity of interaction between GsCBRLK/AtCRCK1 and GsBET11a was dependent on VD. Furthermore, GsBET11a was able to mediate the GsCBRLK subcellular localization via direct interaction with VD. Additionally, knockout of AtBET11 or AtBET12 individually did not alter GsCBRLK localization, while GsBET11a expression caused partial internalization of GsCBRLK from the plasma membrane (PM). We further suggest the necessity of GsCBRLK VD for its PM localization via N‐terminal truncation assays. Finally, GsBET11a was shown to confer enhanced salt stress tolerance when overexpressed in Arabidopsis and soybean. These results revealed the conserved and direct interaction between BET1s and CRCK1s, and suggested their involvement in salt stress responses. Significance Statement: Salt stress is a widespread environmental issue that severely restricts crop production. However, the basic mechanisms used by plants to respond to this stress are far from determined. Here, we used a wild soybean species (Glycine soja 07256) that is tolerant to salt stress to describe a conserved interaction pattern between the receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases and the soluble NSF attachment protein receptors, and suggested their involvement in modulating salt stress responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is an important factor restricting crop growth. Thus, genes related to plant responses to high salinity at the sprout stage of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) should be identified and characterized. In this study, on the basis of the common bean germination index, 0.4% NaCl and day 5 of the incubation period were selected as the optimal salt concentration and sampling time, respectively. Salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plant materials suitable for the local region were selected as representative common bean materials with contrasting salt-related phenotypes. A total of 441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by analyzing the generated RNA-seq data. The enriched Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways indicated the DEGs were associated with oxidoreductase activities and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and the lignin content, which are related to oxidoreductase activities and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were revealed to be significantly associated with common bean salt tolerance. The six DEGs with salt tolerance-related Arabidopsis thaliana homologs may be important candidate genes mediating the salt stress responses of common bean during the sprout stage. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1954091. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant horticultural crop, cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea L. var . botrytis ) is vulnerable to the excessive salt concentration in the soil, which contributes to its scaled-down growth and productivity, among other indices. The current study examines the efficacy of hydropriming, halopriming, and osmopriming on the physio-biochemical attributes and tolerance to salinity (100 mM NaCl) in cauliflower under controlled conditions. The results showed that the salinity (100 mM NaCl) has significant deleterious impacts on cauliflower seed germination, seedling growth, and photosynthetic attributes, and provoked the production of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, different priming approaches proved beneficial in mitigating the negative effects of salinity and boosted the germination, vigor indices, seedling growth, and physio-biochemical attributes like photosynthetic pigments, protein, and proline content while suppressing oxidative damage and MDA content in cauliflower seedlings in treatment- and dose-dependent manner. PCA revealed 61% (PC1) and 15% (PC2) of the total variance with substantial positive relationships and high loading conditions on all germination attributes on PC1 with greater PC1 scores for PEG treatments showing the increased germination indices in PEG-treated seeds among all the priming treatments tested. All 13 distinct priming treatments tried clustered into three groups as per Ward's approach of systematic categorization, clustering the third group showing relatively poor germination performances. Most germination traits exhibited statistically significant associations at the p < 0.01 level. Overall, the results established the usefulness of the different priming approaches facilitating better germination, survival, and resistance against salinity in the cauliflower to be used further before sowing in the salt-affected agro-ecosystems., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Intracellular vesicular trafficking ensures the exchange of lipids and proteins between the membranous compartments. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) play a central role in membrane fusion and they are key factors for vesicular trafficking in plants, including crops economically important such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Taking advantage of the complete genome sequence available of S. lycopersicum , we identified 63 genes that encode putative SNARE proteins. Then, phylogenetic analysis allowed the classification of SNAREs in five main groups and recognizing their possible functions. A structure analysis of the genes, their syntenic relationships and their location in the chromosomes were also carried out for their characterization. In addition, the expression profiles of SNARE genes in different tissues were investigated using microarray-based analysis. The results indicated that specific SNAREs had a higher induction in leaf, root, flower and mature green fruit. S. lycopersicum is characterized for being a crop sensitive to saline stress unlike its wild relatives, such as Solanum pennellii , Solanum pimpinellifolium , Solanum habrochaites or Solanum chilense , which are tolerant. In this context, we analyzed different microarrays and evaluated and validated the transcript levels through qRT-PCR experiments. The results showed that SlGOS12.2 , SlVAMP727 and SlSYP51. 2 could have a positive relationship with salt stress and probably an important role in their tolerance. All these data increase our knowledge and can also be utilized to identify potential molecular targets for conferring tolerance to various stresses in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]