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Severe sickle retinopathy is commonly known in adults but not in children, hence any related treatment for sickle retinopathy in children was not well described. We reported 2 paediatric sickle patients (aged 12 and 13) presented with severe sickle retinopathy and described details of their disease progression and treatments over 2– 3 years, along with the challenges faced when managing this particular group of young age sickle cell patients. Our case reports also demonstrated the benefits of laser photocoagulation treatment to early sickle proliferative disease, and how complications from advanced severe retinopathy hindered effective treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report three cases of non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (NPSR) with vitreous hemorrhage masquerading as infectious uveitis. Observations: Three patients were referred from ophthalmologists to our practices with clinical findings suggestive of infectious uveitis. The first patient was referred for new-onset floaters in both eyes, bilateral vitritis and dome-shaped lesions on B-scan ultrasound. He was initially treated for tuberculosis uveitis due to a positive purified protein derivative test. The second patient was referred with floaters and hazy vision in the setting of recent fever and headache and was also reported to have vitritis and unilateral yellow vitreoretinal lesions on fundoscopy. She was initially treated for toxoplasmosis and endogenous endophthalmitis. The third patient presented with flashes, floaters, and decreased vision four months after a ring-enhancing lesion was found on brain imaging, and was found to have unilateral vitritis with yellow vitreoretinal lesions. He was initially started on topical steroids and cycloplegics empirically for uveitis. All patients were ultimately diagnosed as having manifestations of NPSR, including vitreous hemorrhage, and dehemoglobinized salmon patch hemorrhages. Conclusions and Importance: NPSR can occasionally masquerade as infectious uveitis. Obtaining a detailed history with relevant ancillary testing, along with performing a careful physical exam to recognize important clues, can help the physician arrive at the correct diagnosis in these equivocal cases.

Abstract Lymphoma is a malignant lymphoproliferative tumor that can involve the conjunctiva. Approximately 5–15% of all extranodal lymphomas are found in the ocular adnexal region, with approximately 25% of those involving the conjunctiva. Ninety-eight percent of conjunctival lymphomas arise from B-lymphocytes. The most common subtype of conjunctival lymphoma is extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (80%), followed by follicular lymphoma (8%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (3%) and mantle cell lymphoma (3%). Natural killer and T cells (NK/T) are rare causes of lymphoma. While most conjunctival lymphomas are localized to the ocular adnexa at the time of presentation, systemic examination and management are of key importance in the long-term care of the patient. This review outlines the classification, etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of conjunctival lymphoma. The novel use of high resolution optical coherence tomography, both as a diagnostic tool and as a means for ongoing evaluation during treatment, is illustrated. Treatment options discussed include external beam radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antibiotic therapy, and combination regimens. Future investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of conjunctival lymphoma is expected to reveal opportunities for innovative and individualized therapeutic agents. Collaboration between multiple disciplines is key in the advancement of the field.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy after non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is currently considered incurable. Clinical ophthalmic manifestations of MM are rare but at the same time diverse. Ocular surface manifestations of multiple myeloma are uncommon. Conjunctival 'salmon patch' is a typical ocular surface ophthalmological sign with a distinct set of differential diagnoses, including most often ocular adnexal lymphoma. This case report presents a 33-year-old female with a relapse of MM manifesting as a conjunctival 'salmon patch'. The patient initially responded well to medical management including high dose melphalan supported by a third autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and did not require further surgical excision of the ocular lesion. It is suggested that MM should be included in the differential diagnosis of 'salmon patch' conjunctival lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a retrospective study of 81 cases of congenital flat vascular anomalies of the skin - salmon patch, port-wine stain, minimal growth hemangioma, capillary malformation / arteriovenous malformation syndrome and cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita - consecutively examined from January, 1 to December, 31 2019. Clinical and dermoscopic data of these patients were examined in order to identify their role in the differential diagnosis, which is not always easy. Clinical data are most useful but not always sufficient; dermoscopic data are useful but not diriment; in doubtful cases the clinical observation for a few days is essential to establish the correct diagnosis. The latter is necessary in these anomalies that have a very different prognosis and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nevus simplex, or salmon patch, is a benign vascular malformation seen in 30%–40% of infants. Most lesions are self-limiting, resolving spontaneously between the ages of 1 and 2 years. The most affected areas of the skin are the occiput and posterior neck; however, facial, scalp, and sacral involvement can also be seen. A nevus simplex must be differentiated from a port wine stain, as port wine stains are persistent and can be associated with genetic syndromes. Although sacral lesions can be common in nevus simplex complex, when associated with a second lumbosacral anomaly, further evaluation for underlying spinal dysraphism should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cutaneous manifestations are commonly observed in the neonatal period. It is important to differentiate physiologic skin lesions from pathologic ones to avoid parents’ concerns. Regarding this, the current study aimed to investigate the frequency and localization of salmon patch (SP) and Mongolian spot (MS) in Iranian newborns to assess the potential relationship between the neonatal and maternal characteristics. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on one thousand healthy infants born at Al-Zahra University Hospital in the northwest of Iran during August-September 2014. For the aims of the study, the neonates were examined by a pediatrician. The collected data included gender, gestational age, anatomical sites of the lesions (MS and SP), birth weight of the newborns, parental consanguinity, parity, and maternal age. The exclusion criteria included major known congenital chromosomal or metabolic abnormalities, stillbirths, and admission in the Sick Newborn Care Unit or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Results: According to the results of this study, the frequency rates of MS and SP among 1000 newborns were found to be 32.3% and 14.5%, respectively. Maternal age was the only variable which showed a statistically significant relationship with SP (P=0.024). In addition, sacral region and upper eyelid were found to be the most common site of MS and SP involvement, respectively. Conclusion: MS and SP which are commonly observed in the routine neonatal examination may worry parents regardless of their association with an underlying systemic disorder. Regarding this, we recommend careful examination of the newborns’ skin by pediatrician in the neonatal wards.

Context: Elderly patients with visual loss often have age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract as common causes of visual loss. Other less common etiologies should be considered, especially in those presenting with systemic associations. Case Report: The patient discussed in our review is an 80-year-old female, with a history of diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration who presented with a sudden deterioration of vision. While this was initially attributed to diabetic retinopathy, she was eventually noted to have a salmon patch lesion in her conjunctiva, diagnosed on biopsy to be a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion: Because of the significant rate of disseminated disease among patients with lymphomas in the orbit that carries a worse prognosis, early diagnosis is essential to promote better overall survival of these patients. We describe here a patient diagnosed with conjunctival lymphoma associated with pronounced visual loss and review the literature on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alopecia areata (AA) is a high-prevalence immuno-mediated hair loss disorder. Extra follicular affections, including nail and ocular abnormalities, are classically related to a worse prognosis of the disease, and previous studies have suggested that the presence of a persistent nuchal nevus flammeus (NNF) also indicates a greater severity and duration of the disease. The association between AA and persistent NNF was first described by Hatzis et al in 1988, who demonstrated that the relation was statistically evident and not due to a simple observer bias. Objectives: To determine and compare the presence/absence and size of the NNF in 80 individuals (40 patients diagnosed with AA and 40 controls). Results: We found a statistically significant association not only between AA and the presence of NNF, but also with its size. Moreover, we found that the size of the NNF was also associated with the severity of AA. Conclusion: The size of the NNF in AA patients might be a useful marker of widespread and chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occult dysraphism, due to a lack of fusion in the midline of mesenchymal and/or neural structures, is a frequent problem usually devoid of pathological significance but in rare cases associated with severe neurological manifestations sometimes incompatible with life. In 50% of cases of occult dysraphism there is a skin marker that facilitates its early recognition. The coexistence of cutaneous and neurological signs is due to the common ectodermal origin of the two tissues. Over the past eight years we observed 19 cases (9 M) of dysraphism. In 12 cases (8 M) of cranial dysraphism the most common skin marker is a collar or a tuft of thicker and darker hair, which often hides a plaque of ectopic meningeal tissue or a dermal sinus. In 7 cases (2 M) of spinal dysraphism the most significant skin marker is lipoma, but many skin signs seemingly trivial when are located in the midline, can be a clue to the diagnosis of a spinal dysraphism, especially if two or more than two. These include a flat vascular lesion that has features overlapping the very frequent infantile salmon patch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of poster presentations on dermatology, including topics on newborn skin disorders in a dermatology outpatient clinic in Turkey, influence of neonatal and maternal factors on the prevalence of salmon patch, and treatment of diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis with imatinib mesylate.

Background: The association of alopecia areata (AA) with nuchal nevus flammeus (NNF) has been demonstrated by previous studies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether AA is associated with NNF. Methods: 199 AA patients and 215 controls without AA were examined for the presence of NNF. Results: 35 patients (17.6%) in the AA group had NNF. In the control group, 20 patients (9.3%) had NNF (odds ratio = 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.43–2.73; p = 0.013). A statistically significant association was found between the presence of NNF and duration of the AA (p < 0.001). The presence of NNF was associated with severity of AA (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of our study suggest a link between NNF and AA especially in severer and more chronic forms. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known causes of conjunctival salmon patches include lymphoma, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, leukaemia and benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. The aetiology of benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is thought to be a localized reactive change induced by an irritative or antigenic stimulus. The case of benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia reported herein occurred in a myopic patient with extremely thin sclera. The authors’ hypothesis is that choroidal antigens are able to perfuse through thin sclera and act as chronic irritants to the overlying conjunctiva resulting in a lymphoid response and subsequent salmon patch formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

The article discusses three cases of vulvar salmon patch in infant baby girls. These abnormal red patches in the skin are typically seen in the face or nape region but are not indicative of any other serious illnesses. The symptoms reported by the three baby girls are mentioned. However, it is said that the vulvar localization is not reported in the Books of Dermatology.

Background. Salmon patch is a capillary malformation. It has a characteristic predilection for the midline, with the most common locations being the nape, upper glabella, nose, and upper lip. Most of salmon patches have no associations and rarely they are a manifestation of another condition, such as Beckwith-Wiedeman, macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, or Nova syndromes. Although salmon patch is very common, few studies have assessed their prevalence in our area or have analyzed the different maternal and neonatal factors that influence its development. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and most frequent locations of salmon patch in a group of spanish newborn infants and to study the influence of different maternal and neonatal parameters in the development of this birthmark. Material-Methods. We performed a prospective study of 327 neonates born in a spanish tertiary Hospital (Hospital General de Alicante, located in the southeastern Spain), between January 1, 2006 and July 31, 2006. The children were explored during the first 7 days of life. The study protocol included collection of data on maternal variables (including age, number of previous pregnancies, pathologic antecedents and obstetric antecedents) and neonatal variables (including gestational age, sex, ethnic origin, weight, and presence and anatomical site of salmon patch). 166 of these 327 newborns were explored again before the first month of life to assess the prevalence during the late neonatal period. Results. Overall prevalence of salmon patch was 27,5 %. Lesions most frequently involved the eyelids (14,4%), the glabella (9,2%) and the nape (8,2%). More than one anatomical area was involved in 9,2% newborns. A higher prevalence of salmon patch was found in infants born to mothers that had not been pregnant previously. This finding was statistically significant (p<0,05). Salmon patches were more frequent in girls and those whose mothers aged between 30 and 34. A higher prevalence was detected in Caucasian newborns and those with greater gestational age and higher birthweight. Salmon patch was slightly higher in infants born to mothers without pathologic or obstetric antecedents and in those that were not hospitalized. These findings were not statistically significant. The prevalence of salmon patch was 41,6% during the late neonatal period, and it involved most frequently the nape (27,1%), the eyelids (13,8%) and the glabella (11,4%). We found no cases associated with syndromes. Conclusions. Prevalence of salmon patch depends on the time of examination, it is higher at late neonatal period. It occurred most frequently on the eyelids, the glabella and the nape. A higher prevalence was found in newborns whose mothers had not been pregnant previously (p<0,05). Its prevalence was associated with certain neonatal and maternal factors such as: female sex, higher weight at birth, greater gestational age, Caucasian race and mother aged between 30 and 34. Given that other authors have found similar results, it would be interesting to study the reason of this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]