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1. Persistent physical symptoms and mental health problems among individuals seeking work rehabilitation.

Author

Flóvenz, Sigrún Ólafsdóttir, Salkovskis, Paul M., Gregory, James D., Valdimarsdóttir, Heiðdís, Sigurðsson, Engilbert, and Sigurðsson, Jón Friðrik

Subjects
PSYCHOTHERAPY, MEDICALLY unexplained symptoms, MENTAL illness, OCCUPATIONAL rehabilitation, VOCATIONAL rehabilitation, SOCIAL anxiety, PSYCHOLOGICAL distress
Abstract

Persistent Physical Symptoms (PPS) are symptoms without a known biological cause. They are common and associated with psychological distress, work disability and unemployment. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of PPS and their association with clinical levels of general anxiety, depression, social anxiety, health anxiety or post traumatic symptoms in a work rehabilitation setting and to identify individuals within that setting that might benefit from psychological treatment for PPS. A sample of 324 individuals seeking work rehabilitation filled out questionnaires measuring PPS and mental health problems. To estimate how many service seekers might benefit from psychological treatment for PPS we identified participants who reported both PPS and psychological distress, defined as an elevated score on measures of general anxiety, depression or health anxiety. Eighty point nine percent of participants reported having one or more PPS and 61.7% reported having two or more. Those with PPS were more likely to report clinical levels of depression, anxiety and health anxiety than those without and the number of PPS was positively correlated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and health anxiety. Almost 65% of the participants were identified as having PPS, being psychologically distressed and willing to accept psychological treatment. There is a clear need for specialized treatment for PPS within vocational rehabilitation in Iceland as service seekers commonly have PPS, are psychologically distressed and are willing to accept psychological treatment. Such treatment should preferably be transdiagnostic as the prevalence of multiple PPS is high in this sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. How women with obsessive compulsive disorder experience maternity care and mental health care during pregnancy and postpartum: A systematic literature review

Author

Burton, HAL, Pickenhan, L, Carson, C, Salkovskis, P, and Alderdice, F

Subjects
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Mental Health, Pregnancy, Postpartum Period, Parturition, Humans, Female, Maternal Health Services
Abstract

Introduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has a higher prevalence in pregnancy and postpartum than in the general population. Experiences of maternity care and mental health care can impact the health and wellbeing of perinatal women. The aim of this review was to synthesize evidence on the experiences of maternity care and mental health care for women with OCD during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods Studies were systematically reviewed by two independent reviewers after identification in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Global Health, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and grey literature searches (last searched October 2021). Papers meeting pre-specified inclusion criteria were extracted using a pre-determined extraction sheet and were quality assessed. Thematic synthesis was conducted. Results 19 papers reporting 18 studies describing 33 participants were included. Three descriptive themes were found: experiences of barriers to treatment and care, experiences of treatment/care decision making and experiences of treatment and care. Three analytic themes were found demonstrating tensions: keeping baby healthy vs keeping mother healthy, keeping baby safe vs keeping mother safe, and normal perinatal experience vs not normal perinatal experience. Limitations Despite an inclusive search strategy, available data was limited. 17 of the studies were case studies that were poor in quality. Synthesis and subsequent findings were limited. Conclusions There were significant literature gaps for all aspects of care but particularly around experiences of maternity and pharmacological care. Tensions that could impact the experience of care need to be carefully balanced to ensure that women with OCD get the care that they need.

Published
2022
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6. The Effectiveness and Feasibility of Psychological Interventions for Populations Under Ongoing Threat: A Systematic Review

Author

Yim, SH, Lorenz, H, and Salkovskis, P

Subjects
Health (social science), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Applied Psychology
Abstract

Current views of psychological therapies for trauma typically assume the traumatic event to be in the past. Yet, individuals who live in contexts of ongoing organized violence or experience intimate partner violence (IPV) may continue to be (re)exposed to related traumatic events or have realistic fears of their recurrence. This systematic review considers the effectiveness, feasibility, and adaptations of psychological interventions for individuals living with ongoing threat. PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched for articles that examined psychological interventions in contexts of ongoing threat of either IPV or organized violence and used trauma-related outcome measures. The search was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data on study population, ongoing threat setting and design, intervention components, evaluation methods, and outcomes were extracted, and study quality was assessed using the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool. Eighteen papers featuring 15 trials were included (12 on organized violence and 3 on IPV). For organized violence, most studies showed moderate to large effects in reducing trauma-related symptoms when compared to waitlists. For IPV, findings were varied. Most studies made adaptations related to culture and ongoing threat and found that providing psychological interventions was feasible. The findings, albeit preliminary with mixed methodological quality, showed psychological treatments can be beneficial and should not be withheld in the context of ongoing organized violence and IPV. Clinical and research recommendations are discussed.

Published
2023
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7. The Validation of a New Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory.

Author

Foa, Edna B., Kozak, Michael J., Salkovskis, Paul M., Coles, Meredith E., and Amir, Nader

Abstract

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI), a new self-report measure for determining the diagnosis and severity of obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD), was validated with 141 patients with OCD, 58 with social phobia, 44 with posttraumatic stress disorder, and 194 nonpatients. The OCI exhibited satisfactory reliability and validity with all four samples. (SLD)

Published
1998

18. Cognitive therapy for panic

Author

Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Middleton, H., Wells, A., and Gelder, M.

Published
1995

19. Cognitive behaviour therapy for health anxiety in medical patients (CHAMP): randomised trial with outcomes to five years

Author

Tyrer, P, Salkovskis, P, Tyrer, H, Wang, D, Crawford, M, Dupont, S, Cooper, S, Green, J, Murphy, D, Smith, G, Bhogal, S, Nourmand, S, Lazarevic, V, Loebenberg, G, Evered, R, Kings, S, McNulty, A, Lisseman-Stones, Y, McAllister, S, Kramo, K, Nagar, J, Reid, S, Sanatinia, R, Whittamore, K, Walker, G, Warwick, H, Byford, S, Barrett, B, and Department of Health

Subjects
HYPOCHONDRIASIS, Science & Technology, PRIMARY-CARE, DEPRESSION, CLASSIFICATION, CLINICAL-TRIAL, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, PERSONALITY-DISORDER, NEUROTIC DISORDER, Health Care Sciences & Services, 0807 Library And Information Studies, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, RISK-FACTOR, 0806 Information Systems, Health Policy & Services, LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract

Background: Health anxiety is an under-recognised but frequent cause of distress that is potentially treatable but there are few studies in secondary care. Objective: To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a modified form of cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT-HA) for health anxiety compared with standard care in medical outpatients Design: Randomised controlled trial Setting: Five general hospitals in London, Middlesex and Nottinghamshire Participants: 444 patients aged 16-75 seen in cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, neurology and respiratory medicine clinics who scored 20 or more on the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI), and satisfied diagnostic requirements for hypochondriasis. Those with current psychiatric disorders were excluded but those concurrent medical illnesses were not. Interventions: Cognitive behaviour therapy for health anxiety (CBT-HA): 4-10 one-hour sessions of CBT-HA from a health professional or psychologist trained in the treatment. Standard care was normal practice in primary and secondary care. Main outcome measures: Primary: Researchers masked to allocation assessed patients at baseline, 3m, 6m, 12m, 24m and 5 years. The primary outcome was change in HAI score between baseline and 12 months. Main secondary outcome: Costs of care in the two groups after 24 months and 60 months, change in health anxiety (HAI), generalised anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS-A and HADS-D) scores, social functioning using the Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ), and quality of life using the Euroqol (EQ-5D), at 6, 12, 24 and 60 months, deaths over 5 years. Results: Of 28,991 patients screened over 21m, 5769 had HAI scores of 20 or above. CBT-HA patients (mean sessions 6) had significantly greater improvement in HAI scores than those in standard care at 3m and this was maintained over the five-year period (overall P

Published
2017

20. Understanding stigma in hoarding disorder: A systematic review.

Author

Prosser, Rachel M., Dennis, James P., and Salkovskis, Paul M.

Abstract

The degree to which hoarding disorder (HD) is stigmatised by the public, and that this is internalised by people with HD, is a relatively neglected research area. This review aimed to synthesise current understanding of stigma of HD and its impact on help-seeking. A systematic search was conducted to identify publications which investigated public or internalised stigma, or related concepts like shame and blame, in relation to HD. The electronic databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched. Fifteen papers met inclusion criteria and were appraised for quality using the QualSyst tool. There is very little literature exploring stigma in HD and quality of research is variable. Nevertheless, the literature suggests that a significant proportion of people who hoard and their families experience stigma, and HD is stigmatised by the public and associated with more rejecting attitudes and frustration amongst professionals. Finally, research exploring the impact of stigma on help-seeking in HD tentatively suggested a negative impact of stigma. Further research is needed to replicate and extend findings and address methodological limitations to provide an understanding of stigma on which approaches to enhance wellbeing and treatment uptake in HD can be developed. Systematic review (PROSPERO) registration number: CRD42022375820. • Research exploring public and internalised stigma related to hoarding disorder is very limited. • People who hoard and their families seem to experience stigma to some degree. • Hoarding is stigmatised by the public, possibly more so than Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. • Stigma related to hoarding seems to negatively impact help-seeking. • More research into public and internalised stigma is needed in particular whether hoarding is stigmatised by healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Tests of a Cognitive Theory of Panic

Author

Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Gelder, M., Koehler, C., Martin, M., Anastasiades, P., Hackmann, A., Middleton, H., Jeavons, A., Hand, Iver, editor, and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, editor

Published
1988
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25. Linking betrayal and mental contamination in OCD: A mixed-methods systematic narrative review.

Author

Skibsted Nielsen, Victoria, Bream, Victoria, and Salkovskis, Paul M.

Abstract

Although the possible link between betrayal and mental contamination (MC) in the context of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been the focus of important and innovative theoretical work, the actual findings appear somewhat contradictory. The present narrative systematic review aimed pull together and synthesise research focussed on the relationship between betrayal and MC in OCD and whether the current empirical literature indicates whether or not betrayal could be implicated in the experience of MC in OCD. Experimental and exploratory research studies of both quantitative and qualitative nature were included if they examined factors associated with MC and betrayal in OCD. Ovid and Open Athens databases including PsycINFO, Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar were searched in May 2023. Quality and risk of bias was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). A total of 16 studies were included in the review (three qualitative, seven experimental, three quantitative non-randomised, two quantitative descriptive and two mixed methods studies). Overall, the current evidence provides some support for a connection between betrayal, MC and OCD in clinical samples with the evidence being more mixed in analogue samples. Strengths, limitations, implications and future directions are discussed. • This systematic review places theories linking mental contamination and the experience of betrayal in empirical context. • Several studies in both analogue and clinical samples point to a link between mental contamination and betrayal. • The most obvious gap in the literature is the fact that there are no good measures of past betrayal experiences. • Research is needed to examine whether betrayal experiences have effects specific to OCD or broader psychological impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. Hoarding disorder – Investigating the relationship between reported prior deprivation and current beliefs about fear of material deprivation.

Author

Walji, Fahreen and Salkovskis, Paul

Abstract

It has been suggested that there are multiple pathways leading to the development of Hoarding Disorder (HD). One suggested pathway is that early material deprivation can lead to hoarding primarily driven by a fear of further material deprivation: the present study examines the link between the recall of prior experience of deprivation and current beliefs about possessions including fear of future deprivation. A cross-sectional design dividing participants into three groups was used: individuals with hoarding with early material deprivation experience (HWD); individuals with hoarding without early material deprivation experience (HND); and community controls (CC). All groups completed measures assessing demographics, psychopathology, and three hoarding-related beliefs (fear of material deprivation, harm avoidance, attachment disturbance). The final sample size used for analysis was 74. There was no evidence of a difference between the HWD and HND groups in terms of fear of material deprivation or the other two hoarding-related beliefs. All three beliefs were raised in the HND and HWD groups relative to the CC group. Fear of material deprivation beliefs may motivate hoarding irrespective of any perceived experience of early material deprivation. • Questions the "clinical wisdom" that early life deprivation leads to hoarding. • Fear of material deprivation is particularly associated with hoarding symptoms. • Research on specific/multiple deprivation experiences is needed, such as homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. An experimental study in community volunteers of the effects of focusing on views about seeking help for obsessional problems.

Author

Elliott, Sarah, Read, Rebecca, and Salkovskis, Paul M.

Abstract

Abstract People typically delay many years after developing OCD before they seek help. Factors linked to the decision whether to seek treatment have been identified. Decision-making literature suggests that outcomes of decision making are related to the factors which form the focus of attention and awareness. We evaluated whether focussing on enablers for treatment seeking has an impact on predictions of key treatment seeking behaviours in community controls, examining the likelihood of hypothetically seeking treatment. Participants (125) completed a focussing intervention where they were asked to rate how likely they would be to seek help before and after reading and rating for self-applicability specific information designed to focus their attention either on (a) 'enabler' factors taken from previous research or (b) on general information about OCD and its treatment. Findings indicated that focussing on either type of information increased the likelihood of hypothetically seeking treatment, with the enabler information facilitating greater increases in the likelihood of active treatment seeking. Health education efforts for those delaying seeking help for mental health difficulties such as OCD may benefit from more specific attention to increasing the salience of treatment enablers as well as problem specific information. Highlights • This paper uses an experimental approach to evaluating the extent to which focussing on previously established enablers increases help seeking were the participant to develop OCD. • Focussing on enablers and general information both increased likelihood of seeking help according to ratings; enablers did this to a greater extent. • The findings suggest that the focussing strategy may be a good way of engaging people in health education with respect to OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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30. Prevalence and treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and co-morbid severe health anxiety

Author

Daniels, Jo, Parker, Hannah, and Salkovskis, Paul Martin

Abstract

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a debilitating condition that affects 0.2–0.4% of the population. Health focussed anxiety is common across medical conditions, and may be relevant in CFS/ME. This study sought to identify the prevalence and impact of health anxiety (HA) in CFS/ME and evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for HA in CFS/ME. Cross-sectional questionnaire methods and case-series design were used to achieve study aims. Analysis indicated that 41.9% of the CFS/ME clinic sample experienced threshold levels of health anxiety, which was associated with elevated symptom severity across several dimensions. Stepwise multiple regression indicated physical functioning and depression accounted for 23.8% of variance in fatigue; depression, fatigue and HA, accounted for 32.9% of variance in physical functioning. Large effect sizes and clinically significant changes were generated in the treatment study. HA is common in CFS/ME and likely to exacerbate fatigue and physical functioning. This study identifies HA as an important target for treatment, trial findings should be further replicated on a larger scale.

Published
2020
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31. Reasoning bias and belief conviction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and delusions: jumping to conclusions across disorders?

Author

Jacobsen, P, Freeman, D, and Salkovskis, P

Subjects
mental disorders, behavioral disciplines and activities, humanities
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether a reasoning bias ('jumping to conclusions'; JTC) found to be associated with higher levels of conviction in delusions is also associated with high-conviction beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). DESIGN: The experimental design was mixed-effects, with one between-subjects factor of group and one within-subjects factor of task. METHODS: Participants were 16 people with high-conviction OCD (≥ 50%), 16 people with low-conviction OCD (< 50%), 16 people with delusions (≥ 50% conviction), and 16 non-clinical controls. JTC was assessed using a neutral probabilistic reasoning task (beads task) and a version involving words of differing emotional salience (words task). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in draws to decision on the beads task between the high-conviction OCD group, the low-conviction OCD group, and the non-clinical controls. The delusions group made significantly fewer draws to decision compared to the non-clinical controls on the words task but not the beads task and significantly fewer draws on both tasks compared with the combined OCD group. Emotionally salient material (words task) did not affect draws to decision in any group. CONCLUSIONS: JTC is associated with delusions but not high-conviction beliefs in OCD. The cognitive processes associated with high-conviction beliefs in OCD and psychosis may not be trans-diagnostic. This is consistent with the view that high-conviction OCD should not be classified as a psychotic disorder.

Published
2012

32. Corrigendum to “A preliminary investigation of excessive reassurance seeking and attachment-related behaviours in adolescents with OCD” [Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders 24 (2020) 100503 1-7]

Author

Walters, Sasha L., Salkovskis, Paul M., Halldorsson, Brynjar, and Elgie, Sarah

Abstract

Excessive Reassurance-Seeking is highly prevalent and problematic in OCD but little is understood regarding the onset and progression, particularly within adolescent populations. The current study aimed to contribute to the limited but emerging evidence investigating the prevalence and specificity of ERS in adolescents with OCD. It aimed to complete a preliminary investigation into specific attachment-related behaviours that may be instrumental in understanding the transition from typical to excessive reassurance-seeking behaviours.

Published
2024
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34. Understanding the link between feelings of mental defeat, self-efficacy and the experience of chronic pain

Author

Malpus, Zoey G., Hazeldine-Baker, Charlotte E, Salkovskis, Paul M, Osborn, Mike, and Gauntlett-Gilbert, Jeremy

Abstract

Objectives: ‘Mental defeat’ (MD) has been identified among people with chronic pain as a type of self-processing related to social role and rank. Research has linked it to anxiety, pain interference and functional disability. The relationship between MD and other cognitive constructs, such as hopelessness and depression, remains poorly understood. This study considers the association between MD, pain symptomatology and self-efficacy in the context of other cognitive factors.Methods: In total, 59 participants completed a questionnaire pack assessing anxiety, depression, hopelessness, pain catastrophising and MD in order to examine the relationship with pain symptomatology and self-efficacy.Results: Linear multiple regression analyses showed that anxiety was most strongly associated with pain symptomatology, accounting for 26% of the variance, while catastrophising showed the strongest association with sensory pain and MD the strongest association with affective pain. Finally, MD was found to be strongly associated with pain-related self-efficacy, accounting for 47% of the variance.Conclusion: This research has demonstrated the potential importance of assessing MD in chronic pain patients, suggesting that targeting these cognitions during interventions and therapy could be valuable. Furthermore, the study indicates that MD differs from related cognitive constructs involved in pain, such as depression, hopelessness and catastrophising.

Published
2018
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35. A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioural therapy versus short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy versus no intervention for patients with hypochondriasis

Author

Sørensen, Per, Birket-Smith, M, Wattar, U, Buemann, I, Salkovskis, P, Sørensen, Per, Birket-Smith, M, Wattar, U, Buemann, I, and Salkovskis, P

Abstract

Background Hypochondriasis is common in the clinic and in the community. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in previous trials. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a treatment routinely offered to patients with hypochondriasis in many countries, including Denmark. The aim of this study was to test CBT for hypochondriasis in a centre that was not involved in its development and compare both CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) to a waiting-list control and to each other. CBT was modified by including mindfulness and group therapy sessions, reducing the therapist time required. STPP consisted of individual sessions. Method Eighty patients randomized to CBT, STPP and the waiting list were assessed on measures of health anxiety and general psychopathology before and after a 6-month treatment period. Waiting-list patients were subsequently offered one of the two active treatments on the basis of re-randomization, and assessed on the same measures post-treatment. Patients were again assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-up points. Results Patients who received CBT did significantly better on all measures relative to the waiting-list control group, and on a specific measure of health anxiety compared with STPP. The STPP group did not significantly differ from the waiting-list group on any outcome measures. Similar differences were observed between CBT and STPP during follow-up, although some of the significant differences between groups were lost. Conclusions A modified and time-saving CBT programme is effective in the treatment of hypochondriasis, although the two psychotherapeutic interventions differed in structure., Hypochondriasis is common in the clinic and in the community. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in previous trials. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a treatment routinely offered to patients with hypochondriasis in many countries, including Denmark. The aim of this study was to test CBT for hypochondriasis in a centre that was not involved in its development and compare both CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) to a waiting-list control and to each other. CBT was modified by including mindfulness and group therapy sessions, reducing the therapist time required. STPP consisted of individual sessions.

Published
2011

36. Muscle disorders * 111. The impact of fatigue in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: a mixed method study

Author

Campbell, R., primary, Hofmann, D., additional, Hatch, S., additional, Gordon, P., additional, Lempp, H., additional, Das, L., additional, Blumbergs, P., additional, Limaye, V., additional, Vermaak, E., additional, McHugh, N., additional, Edwards, M. H., additional, Jameson, K., additional, Sayer, A. A., additional, Dennison, E., additional, Cooper, C., additional, Salvador, F. B., additional, Huertas, C., additional, Isenberg, D., additional, Jackson, E. J., additional, Middleton, A., additional, Churchill, D., additional, Walker-Bone, K., additional, Worsley, P. R., additional, Mottram, S., additional, Warner, M., additional, Morrissey, D., additional, Gadola, S., additional, Carr, A., additional, Stokes, M., additional, Srivastava, R. N., additional, Sanghi, D., additional, Elbaz, A., additional, Mor, A., additional, Segal, G., additional, Drexler, M., additional, Norman, D., additional, Peled, E., additional, Rozen, N., additional, Goryachev, Y., additional, Debbi, E. M., additional, Haim, A., additional, Wolf, A., additional, Debi, R., additional, Cohen, M. S., additional, Igolnikov, I., additional, Bar Ziv, Y., additional, Benkovich, V., additional, Bernfeld, B., additional, Collins, J., additional, Moots, R. J., additional, Clegg, P. D., additional, Milner, P. I., additional, Ejtehadi, H. D., additional, Nelson, P. N., additional, Wenham, C., additional, Balamoody, S., additional, Hodgson, R., additional, Conaghan, P., additional, Wilkie, R., additional, Blagojevic, M., additional, Jordan, K. P., additional, Mcbeth, J., additional, Peffers, M. J., additional, Beynon, R. J., additional, Thornton, D. J., additional, Chapman, R., additional, Chapman, V., additional, Walsh, D., additional, Kelly, S., additional, Hui, M., additional, Zhang, W., additional, Doherty, S., additional, Rees, F., additional, Muir, K., additional, Maciewicz, R., additional, Doherty, M., additional, Snelling, S., additional, Davidson, R. K., additional, Swingler, T., additional, Price, A., additional, Clark, I., additional, Stockley, E., additional, Hathway, G., additional, Faas, H., additional, Auer, D., additional, Hirsch, G., additional, Hale, E., additional, Kitas, G., additional, Klocke, R., additional, Abraham, A., additional, Pearce, M. S., additional, Mann, K. D., additional, Francis, R. M., additional, Birrell, F., additional, Tucker, M., additional, Mellon, S. J., additional, Jones, L., additional, Price, A. J., additional, Dieppe, P. A., additional, Gill, H. S., additional, Ashraf, S., additional, Walsh, D. A., additional, McCollum, D., additional, McCabe, C., additional, Grieve, S., additional, Shipley, J., additional, Gorodkin, R., additional, Oldroyd, A. G., additional, Evans, B., additional, Greenbank, C., additional, Bukhari, M., additional, Rajak, R., additional, Bennett, C., additional, Williams, A., additional, Martin, J. C., additional, Abdulkader, R., additional, MacNicol, C., additional, Brixey, K., additional, Stephenson, S., additional, Clunie, G., additional, Andrews, R. N., additional, Clark, E. M., additional, Gould, V. C., additional, Carter, L., additional, Morrison, L., additional, Tobias, J. H., additional, Pye, S. R., additional, Vanderschueren, D., additional, O'Neill, T. W., additional, Lee, D. M., additional, Jans, I., additional, Billen, J., additional, Gielen, E., additional, Laurent, M., additional, Claessens, F., additional, Adams, J. E., additional, Ward, K. A., additional, Bartfai, G., additional, Casanueva, F., additional, Finn, J. D., additional, Forti, G., additional, Giwercman, A., additional, Han, T. S., additional, Huhtaniemi, I., additional, Kula, K., additional, Lean, M. E., additional, Pendleton, N., additional, Punab, M., additional, Wu, F. C., additional, Boonen, S., additional, Mercieca, C., additional, Webb, J., additional, Bhalla, A., additional, Fairbanks, S., additional, Moss, K. E., additional, Collins, C., additional, Sedgwick, P., additional, Parker, J., additional, Harvey, N. C., additional, Cole, Z. A., additional, Crozier, S. R., additional, Ntani, G., additional, Mahon, P. A., additional, Robinson, S. M., additional, Inskip, H. M., additional, Godfrey, K. M., additional, Dennison, E. M., additional, Bridges, M., additional, Ruddick, S., additional, Holroyd, C. R., additional, Mahon, P., additional, Godfrey, K., additional, McNeilly, T., additional, McNally, C., additional, Beringer, T., additional, Finch, M., additional, Coda, A., additional, Davidson, J., additional, Walsh, J., additional, Fowlie, P., additional, Carline, T., additional, Santos, D., additional, Patil, P., additional, Rawcliffe, C., additional, Olaleye, A., additional, Moore, S., additional, Fox, A., additional, Sen, D., additional, Ioannou, Y., additional, Nisar, S., additional, Rankin, K., additional, Birch, M., additional, Finnegan, S., additional, Rooney, M., additional, Gibson, D. S., additional, Malviya, A., additional, Ferris, C. M., additional, Rushton, S. P., additional, Foster, H. E., additional, Hanson, H., additional, Muthumayandi, K., additional, Deehan, D. J., additional, Birt, L., additional, Poland, F., additional, MacGregor, A., additional, Armon, K., additional, Pfeil, M., additional, McErlane, F., additional, Beresford, M. W., additional, Baildam, E. M., additional, Thomson, W., additional, Hyrich, K., additional, Chieng, A., additional, Gardner-Medwin, J., additional, Lunt, M., additional, Wedderburn, L., additional, Newell, K., additional, Evans, A., additional, Manning, G., additional, Scaife, C., additional, McAllister, C., additional, Pennington, S. R., additional, Duncan, M., additional, Moore, T., additional, Pericleous, C., additional, Croca, S. C., additional, Giles, I., additional, Alber, K., additional, Yong, H., additional, Midgely, A., additional, Rahman, A., additional, Rzewuska, M., additional, Mallen, C., additional, Strauss, V. Y., additional, Belcher, J., additional, Peat, G., additional, Byng-Maddick, R., additional, Wijendra, M., additional, Penn, H., additional, Roddy, E., additional, Muller, S., additional, Hayward, R., additional, Kamlow, F., additional, Pakozdi, A., additional, Jawad, A., additional, Green, D. J., additional, Hider, S. L., additional, Singh Bawa, S., additional, Bawa, S., additional, Turton, A., additional, Palmer, M., additional, Lewis, J., additional, Moss, T., additional, Goodchild, C. E., additional, Tang, N., additional, Scott, D., additional, Salkovskis, P., additional, Selvan, S., additional, Williamson, L., additional, Thalayasingam, N., additional, Higgins, M., additional, Saravanan, V., additional, Rynne, M., additional, Hamilton, J. D., additional, Heycock, C., additional, Kelly, C., additional, Norton, S., additional, Sacker, A., additional, Done, J., additional, Young, A., additional, Smolen, J. S., additional, Fleischmann, R. M., additional, Emery, P., additional, van Vollenhoven, R. F., additional, Guerette, B., additional, Santra, S., additional, Kupper, H., additional, Redden, L., additional, Kavanaugh, A., additional, Keystone, E. C., additional, van der Heijde, D., additional, Weinblatt, M. E., additional, Mozaffarian, N., additional, Liu, S., additional, Zhang, N., additional, Wilkinson, S., additional, Riaz, M., additional, Ostor, A. J., additional, Nisar, M. K., additional, Burmester, G., additional, Mariette, X., additional, Navarro-Blasco, F., additional, Oezer, U., additional, Kary, S., additional, Unnebrink, K., additional, Jobanputra, P., additional, Maggs, F., additional, Deeming, A., additional, Carruthers, D., additional, Rankin, E., additional, Jordan, A., additional, Faizal, A., additional, Goddard, C., additional, Pugh, M., additional, Bowman, S., additional, Brailsford, S., additional, Nightingale, P., additional, Tugnet, N., additional, Cooper, S. C., additional, Douglas, K. M., additional, Edwin Lim, C. S., additional, Bee Lian Low, S., additional, Joy, C., additional, Hill, L., additional, Davies, P., additional, Mukherjee, S., additional, Cornell, P., additional, Westlake, S. 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A., additional, Else, S., additional, Semenova, O., additional, Thompson, H., additional, Ogunbambi, O., additional, Kallankara, S., additional, Baguley, E., additional, Patel, Y., additional, Alzabin, S., additional, Abraham, S., additional, Taher, T. E., additional, Palfeeman, A., additional, Hull, D., additional, McNamee, K., additional, Pathan, E., additional, Kinderlerer, A., additional, Taylor, P., additional, Williams, R. O., additional, Mageed, R. A., additional, Iaremenko, O., additional, Mikitenko, G., additional, Ferrari, M., additional, Kamalati, T., additional, Pitzalis, C., additional, Pearce, F., additional, Tosounidou, S., additional, Obrenovic, K., additional, Erb, N., additional, Packham, J., additional, Sandhu, R., additional, White, C., additional, Cardy, C. 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I., additional, Stafford, C., additional, Carolan, M., additional, and Ramakrishnan, S. A., additional

Published
2012
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39. Examining the emotional and psychological experiences of people with heart failure

Author

Mahoney-Davies, Gerwyn, Davis, Cara, Glen, Catriona, Clifton, Catherine, and Salkovskis, Paul M

Abstract

Aims and objectives:The aims of this study were to understand the emotional and psychological experiences of patients with heart failure in a busy NHS service and make recommendations for how best to support this population.Background:People with heart failure often experience depression, anxiety and other emotional and psychological difficulties. Their quality of life is reduced. Qualitative studies attempting to understand this have reported conflicting findings.Design:A qualitative approach was taken, with some supporting quantitative data.Methods:Ten participants were asked to complete the PHQ–9 and GAD–7, and rate their level of concern about their mood, anxiety, quality of life and social functioning. They completed a semi-structured interview about their experience of living with heart failure and the emotional and psychological impact of this. The interview was analysed thematically.Results:Participants scored in the moderate range on both depression and anxiety measures. They were more concerned about their mood, anxiety, quality of life and social functioning now than before the onset of heart failure. The themes present in the interview data were: changes to self and others; emotional reactions; thoughts about death; expectations for the future; and hospital experiences.Conclusions:Some people with heart failure report moderate levels of depression and anxiety, and significant changes in their lives; they display varying emotional reactions to these. People have clear expectations for the future and impose limits on their life. Services can make changes to support this population. Suggestions for doing this are made.

Published
2017
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42. Reassurance and its alternatives: Overview and cognitive behavioural conceptualisation.

Author

Halldorsson, Brynjar and Salkovskis, Paul M.

Abstract

• Excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) remains an under-researched and poorly understood behaviour. • ERS is a transdiagnostic process that resembles the compulsive behaviours seen in obsession problems. • Investigation into ERS has been hampered by a lack of adequate definition of key concepts including reassurance and support. • We offer a new approach to defining ERS to provide a conceptual framework for studying the phenomenon across disorders. • We propose a theoretical basis for considering ERS as a form of safety-seeking behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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46. Mental contamination in the “dirty kiss”: Imaginal betrayal or bodily fluids?

Author

Millar, Josie F.A., Salkovskis, Paul M., and Brown, Cordelia

Abstract

It has been suggested that an act of a betrayal by a trusted person is a particularly important “violation” which can lead to feelings of “mental contamination”. Most experimental research has used an imaginal task referred to as the “dirty kiss” (an imagined scenario of a non-consensual kiss). The theoretical emphasis in these studies has been on the element of betrayal; however, prominent in the imaginal task is that it involves contact and saliva. The aim of the present study was to disentangle these elements. Female participants ( n =80) were randomised to one of four conditions involving betrayal and contact/no contact. They imagined themselves as either receiving a non-consensual kiss from a friend or a stranger, or having a valued personal belonging stolen by a friend or a stranger. The betrayal manipulation was effective. Participants who imagined a non-consensual kiss reported the greatest feelings of mental contamination, irrespective of their relationship to the perpetrator. Violations not involving imagined physical contact did not result in feelings of contamination whether or not betrayal was evoked. It is concluded that imagined physical contact but not imagined betrayal is important in evoking feelings of contamination in this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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47. I do not know what else to do: Caregivers' perspective on reassurance seeking in OCD.

Author

Halldorsson, Brynjar, Salkovskis, Paul M., Kobori, Osamu, and Pagdin, Rowena

Abstract

Excessive Reassurance Seeking (ERS) is an under-researched and poorly understood behavior that resembles the compulsive behaviors that are typically seen in OCD. ERS can be complex, persistent, extensive, debilitating and may dominate people's interactions. In addition to resembling compulsive checking in OCD it may also have the effect of transferring responsibility to others. Caregivers are frequently asked to take part in a range of rituals as part of the OCD sufferer's problem, often seeing it as a way of supporting the sufferer. We are still in the early stages of understanding the factors that elicit and maintain these responses in caregivers. The present investigation considered the interpersonal components of ERS by applying an in-depth analysis using qualitative methods in the context of an interview of caregivers who provide reassurance to OCD sufferers. Ten interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Seven overarching themes were identified as important in the experience of being asked for and providing reassurance. These concern factors such as how people seek reassurance, how they process it, why other people give it and so on. A particularly pervasive theme was caregivers' experience of frustration in the face of ERS. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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