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Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (slgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and slgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: slgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r=-.39), total distance covered (r=-.55), accelerations (r=-.52), and decelerations (r=-.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between slgA and distance covered per minute (r=.01), high-speed distance (r=-23), and number of sprints (r=-. 8). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d=-0.7) but increased on day 3 (rtf=0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (rtf=0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 [d =-5.0 to -0.4), except for distance per minute (d=0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d=04 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d=-0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, slgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with slgA than with s-RPE. slgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing a longitudinal design, relationships between maternal distress (i.e., perceived stress, negative affect, depressive symptomology), and infant secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) across the peripartum period were examined in 51 mother–infant dyads. Indices of maternal distress were assessed at four time periods: third trimester of pregnancy and 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. Infant saliva samples were collected at each of the three time points in the postpartum period to assess sIgA levels. No relationships were found between prenatal maternal distress and infant sIgA. Results indicated that during the postnatal period, higher concurrent maternal distress was associated with reduced infant sIgA. Maternal distress did not prospectively predict infant sIgA. These findings advance our understanding of the social‐context of infant development, highlighting the significance of maternal regulation of infant immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the social determinants of health by examining how mucosal immunity is associated with the patterning of social connections in a network. Studies have suggested that social networks have biological underpinnings, but investigations at the scale of networks, rather than individuals, have remained elusive. We integrate salivary bioscience methods with advanced social network modeling to explore the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), a key component of mucosal immunity, and social network structure.Method: Friendship network data and saliva samples (later assayed for SIgA) were obtained from a large mixed-gender social organization (n = 155, 55% female, M age = 19.5 years).Results: Exponential random graph modeling revealed that SIgA levels were positively associated with reporting more friendship ties with community members (i.e., social network activity), after controlling for other processes associated with network structure including preference to befriend others of the same age, gender, and extraversion, increased network popularity of agreeable individuals and those with lower levels of perceived stress, as well as network structural and organizational processes.Conclusion: By examining a wider range of associations between SIgA and network structure, we pinpoint that SIgA is positively associated with respondent’s sociability. Our findings are consistent with social integration theories linking social relationships to health and highlight the role of humoral immunity as a possible mediator of these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentrations have been shown to be influenced by exercise, particularly the intensity exercise is performed at, and circadian variation. The autonomic nervous system partly regulates salivary secretion, but it is not yet known whether cortisol also explains some variation in salivary parameters.Methods: Twelve moderately trained male individuals ([Formula: see text]peak legs: 46.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials in the morning: arm cranking exercise at 60%[Formula: see text]peak arms; moderate cycling at 60%[Formula: see text]peak legs; and easy cycling at 60%[Formula: see text]peak arms. Timed saliva samples and blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration determination were obtained before, post, 2 h post, and 4 h post-exercise. Saliva was collected in an additional resting trial at the same time points.Results: At each time point for each exercise trial, negative correlations between cortisol and saliva flow rate (explaining 25 ± 17% of the variance, R2 = 0.002-0.46) and positive correlations between cortisol and sIgA concentration (explaining 8 ± 8% of the variance R2 = 0.002-0.24) were found. Saliva flow rate increased over time, whereas sIgA concentration and cortisol decreased over time for all trials (P < 0.05), there was no effect of time for sIgA secretion rate (P = 0.16).Conclusion: These results show a relationship between cortisol and saliva flow rate, which directly impacts on the concentration of salivary analytes. This study further confirms circadian variations in salivary parameters which must be acknowledged when standardising salivary data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of salivary secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Immunosensor fabrication involves a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanocomposite deposited on modified carbon nanofiber electrodes (CNF-SPE). Anti-sIgA monoclonal antibody (mAbS) is immobilized onto the nanocomposite, followed by blocking with BSA. This fabrication technique allows both label-free and enzyme-free detection of sIgA. Immunosensor response was measured by square wave voltammetry, while cyclic voltammetry was used for characterization. For further characterization FE-SEM was used to analyze layer-by-layer fabrication. Despite the simple fabrication technique employed, a large increase in sensitivity (3000-fold) was achieved, with an experimentally determined detection limit of 500 fg mL −1 . As well as, this immunosensor demonstrated excellent stability over time, reproducibility, selectivity, and resistance to common interferences. The latter two are of great importance when performing real sample analysis on biological fluids such as saliva. Indeed, detection of sIgA in saliva samples yielded excellent recovery percentages; 110%, 98% and 86% for 250, 500 and 1000 pg mL −1 respectively, thus demonstrating the potential to analyze real saliva samples and highlighting this as a highly sensitive platform to monitor sIgA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine changes in the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the saliva of patients with oral cancer, to evaluate the abnormal expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 1a, CD83, CD80 and CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs) of oral cancer tissues and to discuss the interaction between SIgA, IL-6 and DCs in oral cancer. A total of 40 patients between 27 and 70 years of age, median age 52 years, with primary oral cancer were enrolled in the present study, and a group of 20 healthy male and female volunteers was used as the control group. The concentration of SIgA and IL-6 in the saliva of the preoperative patients was determined by ELISA. The expression levels of CD1a, CD83, CD80 and CD86 were detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, which was performed on histopathological sections from paraffin-embedded tumor and corresponding adjacent control tissues. The specimens were assessed using the semi-quantitative immunoreactive score (IRS). The concentration of SIgA in the saliva from patients with oral cancer decreased, whereas the IL-6 level significantly increased compared with the control subjects (P<0.05). In addition, the decrease of SIgA level and increase of IL-6 level exhibited a negative correlation (r=-0.543, P<0.05). According to the IRS score, the expression levels of CD1a, CD83, CD80 and CD86 in the cancer tissue were lower than the expression levels of the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of CD80 and CD86 exhibited no correlation with histological grade or pathological type (P>0.05), but exhibited a negative correlation with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The concentration of SIgA and IL-6 in saliva may be used as an auxiliary diagnostic indicator for oral cancer. The detection of CD80 and CD86 expressed on DCs in oral cancer tissue may be useful for the diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis of tumors. The present study hypothesized that the use of SIgA vaccines or IL-6 inhibitors may be useful for reversing the immune deficiency associated with DCs in oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Altitude training has often been conducted just before main competition games in many sports. An increase in the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections due to an altitude-induced suppression of the immune system has been reported after altitude training. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the major immunoglobulin of the mucosal immune system. A suppressive effect of heavy training on SIgA has been reported. However, little is known regarding the effects of repetitive altitude training and hypoxic exposure on SIgA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in SIgA in swimmers undergoing repetitive altitude training at 1,900 m., Methods: Nine collegiate swimmers who experienced their first altitude training experience (FT group) were compared to nine swimmers who experienced repetitive training (RT group) and non-training subjects (Con group). Saliva was collected before ascent and eight times every 2 days during altitude training. SIgA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays., Results: Compared to the Con group, SIgA levels and the secretion velocity were decreased after ascent and were slowly restored in both the FT and RT groups. The chronological trends in SIgA levels were similar, even though the decline in SIgA levels in the FT group was larger than that in the RT group., Conclusion: Altitude training and experience with altitude training may be one of the factors influencing SIgA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

This study aimed to assess the condition of elite wrestlers during rapid weight loss using the salivary level of secretory immunoglobulin A. The subjects were 6 elite male wrestlers. These contestants entered the All Japan Wrestling Championships. They underwent a weight loss program for one week. At baseline (BL) and after the weight Loss (WL), anthropometry, and profile of mood states (POMS) were measured. In addition, saliva samples were collected at BL and WL. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SlgA) concentration was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The SlgA secretion rate was calculated by the saliva flow rate and SlgA concentration. To assess the appearance of upper respiratory illness (URI) symptoms, subjects noted the presence of symptoms of URI (runny nose, coughing, fever, sore throat or headache) at BL and WL. As a result, body weight (-4.4%) was significantly lower at WL compared with BL (p<0.05). Of the 6 wrestlers, 4 exhibited a low SlgA secretion rate at WL, but total subjects showed no significant difference of SlgA. Of the 6 wrestlers, 4 exhibited URI symptoms (runny nose) at WL. These results suggested that rapid weight loss could induce a decline in SlgA level and URI symptoms in elite wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]