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The limited data available for long-term Ebola virus disease health outcomes suggest that sequelae persist for longer than 1 year after infection. The magnitude of the present outbreak in west Africa necessitates a more complete understanding of the health effects and future medical needs of these patients.We invited adult survivors of the 2007 Bundibugyo Ebola virus outbreak in Uganda and their contacts to take part in an observational study roughly 29 months after the outbreak. We collected information about health status, functional limitations, and demographics. We collected blood samples for clinical chemistry, haematology, and filovirus antibodies using ELISA. Analyses were restricted to probable and confirmed survivors and their seronegative contacts.We recruited 70 survivors of the 2007 Bundibugyo Ebola virus and 223 contacts. We did analyses for 49 probable and confirmed survivors and 157 seronegative contacts. Survivors of the Bundibugyo Ebola virus were at significantly increased risk of ocular deficits (retro-orbital pain [RR 4·3, 95% CI 1·9-9·6; p0·0001], blurred vision [1·9, 1·1-3·2; p=0·018]), hearing loss (2·3, 1·2-4·5; p=0·010), difficulty swallowing (2·1, 1·1-3·9; p=0·017), difficulty sleeping (1·9, 1·3-2·8; p=0·001), arthralgias (2·0, 1·1-3·6; p=0·020), and various constitutional symptoms controlling for age and sex. Chronic health problems (prevalence ratio [PR] 2·1, 95% CI 1·2-3·6; p=0·008) and limitations due to memory loss or confusion (PR 5·8, 1·5-22·4; p=0·010) were also reported more frequently by survivors of Bundibugyo Ebola virus.Long-term sequelae persist for more than 2 years after Ebola virus disease. Definition of health consequences related to Ebola virus disease could improve patient care for survivors and contribute to understanding of disease pathogenesis.Chemical Biological Technologies Directorate, Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

HIV-1 viral load (VL) monitoring is recommended but seldom performed in resource-constrained countries. An evaluation of patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy in a multicountry PEPFAR program (RV288) was performed to determine the rates and predictors of virologic suppression. Resistance data from treatment failures are available from Uganda and Nigeria. Each country enrolled 325 subjects into this cross-sectional study. Subjects on first-line therapy were randomly selected for HIV RNA testing (viral load). Regimens included efavirenz or nevirapine with zidovudine/lamivudine or tenofovir/lamivudine. VL was determined from plasma using the Roche COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test, High Pure System v1.0 (47 copies/ml). Genotypic resistance testing was performed on samples with VL>1,000 copies/ml. From Uganda, 85% of subjects were undetectable while 7% (23/325) had VL>1,000 copies/ml. The HIV-1 subtype distribution was as follows: A=47.6%, C=14.3%, and D=38.1%. No resistance mutations were found in 14% of subjects. All subjects with resistance had the M184V mutation. Of subjects failing a zidovudine regimen less than 1 year, 88% (7/8) had no thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), compared to 50% (4/8) failing greater than 1 year. Four subjects (25%) had more than two mutations from the TAM-1 pathway (41L, 210W, 215Y). In Nigeria, 82% were undetectable while 14% (45/325) had VL>1,000 copies/ml. HIV-1 subtype distribution was as follows: 62.8%=CRF02_AG, 34%=pure G, and 2.8%=A. Of the 35 genotyped subjects, 14% (5/35) had no resistance mutations. Of the remainder, 10% (3/30) had no nucleoside analogue mutations while 33% (10/30) had only M184V along with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations. Forty percent (10/25) of subjects on zidovudine failed without TAMs. Another 25% (5/25) of subjects failing on zidovudine had more than two TAM-1 mutations. Individuals failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) may retain sensitivity to one or more nucleoside analogues from the regimen. Knowledge of drug resistance patterns allow for selection of drugs that can be recycled in future regimens. Accumulation of resistance mutations may compromise future treatment options.

Background Trial sponsors and implementers are ethically obligated to refer HIV infected Individuals identified in a research study at screening for HIV care and treatment. Makerere University Walter Reed Project is conducting HIV surveillance among high risk uninfected female sex workers. We describe patterns in participants’ receipt of HIV results and response to referral for HIV care and treatment.