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Various disciplines, engineering, humanities, and other sciences require interpolating many parameters. Geostatistics, with its structural analysis step, is widely used for this purpose. Variography is the valuable step used to assess the correlation and dependence of the data. However, the wrong choice of the variogram model encounter all the predictive attended results. This article illustrates how the use of inappropriate variogram models can seriously conduct to a misleading of predicted results for such analysis. The influence of the selection of the semi-variogram model is highlighted and illustrated by thematic maps developed using three different models (Gaussian, spherical and exponential). To avoid such a drawback, a methodical approach to select the most suitable model, based on the calculation and analysis of the mean error (ME), the mean square error (MSE), the root of the square error mean (REQM), mean standard error (ESM) and root of mean standard error (REQSM), is proposed in the present research study. Such contribution could reduce the negative effects of the choice of variogram model on the interpolation operation using the kriging technique.

Urban planning demands that the needs and problems resulting from the dynamics of society and its development should be taken into account, relying on the studies that consider the reality of the city and the factors influencing its daily life, so it can perform its function under favorable circumstances for a better future within the context of durable development. It should be remembered that the first imbalances of the urban space are those that followed the industrial revolution and the doctrines and intellectual trends. However, the modern trend in architecture and urbanization in terms of urban space is the most influential. Urban space becomes a scene of symbolic confrontations between the designer (imposed plans) and the users of space. This situation appears clearly in the deterioration of the urban space giving a significant transfer of a denial, because of its incompatibility with the needs of the population. The Algerian city has experienced, particularly after the independence, the same situation despite the diversity of cultural and cultural heritage because of several factors, including rapid urban growth. These factors marked the course of the reconstruction and thus the urban structure of the Algerian cities, which urged the search for solutions, hastily put in place, to this evolution which led to changes in the society, testifying a blatant failure to reach the ambitions of users when they were excluded during all stages of the urban project. This is why urban space is considered as consumer goods within the user's reach, although it should be considered as a process rather than a product. Our research work is axed on the inadequacy of the productive environment (living environment or urban space) in the city of M'sila and on the way of life of the population that uses this space for its needs and aspirations, which are expressed through unjustified user interventions in the perspective of adapting space to their way of life. The point is to focus on the user and his participation in the creation of a durable and suitable urban environment.

Cultural heritage expresses the identity and privacy of the previous societies, as it represents great importance to researchers in this field, and countries have taken steps to preserve it through legislative and technical mechanisms and procedures represented in protection schemes, and Algeria was among the first countries in protecting its archaeological sites, especially after the issuance of Law 04/1994 related to the protection of cultural heritage, Which gave a strong impetus in defining and protecting these sites, and the archaeological site of Zammouri al-Bahri is considered among the very important sites, as it includes several periods of time from prehistoric times to the present time, passing through the Roman and Islamic periods, this study came according to two stages, the first stage was the use of a georadar device to detect the boundaries of the site, and the second stage was the diagnosis and the most important appropriate solutions to treat the deterioration.

Desert tourism is a tool for economic and social development, which makes it unique, especially if it is based on effective foundations and ingredients that contribute to the national and local economy. However, promoting tourism in desert countries and regions requires policies and strategies that work hard to build infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, hotels, and provide services of all kinds), provide security, and hire experts in tourism consulting. The tourist region of the southwest of Algeria in general witnessed a significant increase in the number of international visitors and tourists during the colonial era and after independence. The city of Béni-Abbés in particular, as well as the entire province of Bechar, is famous for being great tourist destinations. However, due to the particular neglect of desert tourism in this region, the number of arrivals has decreased significantly, especially in recent periods, which has affected the general situation of tourism and attractive beavers. In order to revitalize desert tourism and address the problems that have been highlighted, immediate action is needed.

Understanding, analysis, monitoring and modelling of urban growth evolution as a major driving force of land use, especially in developed countries, is of great importance for land managers in the process of development. This research aims to analyse the spatial modelling of urban expansion using modern technologies - Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process (D-AHP) hybrid model and Geographic Information System (GIS) technique for Land-Use Assessment. These techniques are used to detect the most suitable and unsuitable areas in the Msila zone. By engaging residents and experts to choose criteria for analysing urban expansion, the study showed that 80.75% of total area represent suitable lands for expansion and around 19% represent unsuitable lands. By reading the results of the study, it is clear that the total suitable lands are located in the southwestern side of the city.

Water and green spaces have an existential, sometimes conflicting, relationship with urban sprawl, especially in regions with arid climates. Both are important elements of the urban composition that provide psychological and sanitary comfort and are economically, socially, and ecologically necessary for the population. By green space, we mean fruit trees and the cultivation of cereals and vegetables, which represent the main economic resource for the majority of the population of the city of M'sila. Our research aims to highlight the impact of the drop-in water from the Ksob dam. The only source of irrigation for climatic and management reasons, on the degradation of green spaces and their transformation into bare land without economic value, then into nurseries for urban planning. The consequences of the directives of the urban planning master plan (PUD 1976) are certainly catastrophic; water, demography, urban planning, and the future of the agro-pastoral vocation and green spaces of the city of M'sila. The data available and the technique used allowed us to include the period from 2017 to 2021. The numerical data shows the upward curve of urban expansion from 3,401.67 hectares to 3,969.28 hectares, the reduction of green spaces from 7,732.68 hectares to 3,802.77 hectares in just five years. There is similar trend for water which is reduced from 30 million m3 in 1972 to 3 million m3 in 2021, ten times less in 40 years. These figures reflect the seriousness of situation.