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Individual investors exhibiting irrational behaviors may encounter a difficult situation in financial markets. Investor trends, also known as behavioral trends, have been introduced under different headlines in different studies. Overconfidence, representation, anchoring, regret aversion, and herding were included in the research study. In this study, it was aimed to determine the order of importance of investor biases of individual investors trading in Borsa Istanbul. For this purpose, a survey questionnaire was applied to individual investors trading in BIST. Analytical Hierarchy Process was utilized in testing the research model. A total of 411 participants contributed to the study. As a result of the study, regret aversion bias and overconfidence bias were the leading biases to which individual investors attached importance. However, the criterion (C41) “I feel sorrow for the long-losing stocks I hold.” was found to rank highest among all sub-criteria. This sub-criterion is part of regret aversion bias. Regret aversion bias was also the main criterion ranking highest among all criteria. Upon considering the other sub-criteria of regret aversion bias; C42, C43, and C44 sub-criteria were found to rank second, fourth, and eleventh, respectively. C12 criterion, which ranked third, was seen to belong to overconfidence bias, and this bias ranked second among the main criteria. This research would contribute to a better comprehension of the behavioral biases that affect the decision-making of individual investors trading in BIST. The obtained results of the study are thought to contribute to the behavioral finance literature.

Introduction: Lateral osteotomy is mainly performed either endonasally or percutaneously in rhinoplasty which is a frequently performed operation for the correction of nasal deformities. Both techniques have both advantages and disadvantages relative to each other. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological effects of endonasal and percutaneous osteotomy techniques performed in rhinoplasty on bone healing and nasal stability in an experimental animal model. Methods: Eight one year-old New Zealand white rabbits were included. Xylazine hydrocloride and intramuscular ketamine anesthesia were administered to the rabbits. Endonasal osteotomy (8 bones) was performed in Group 1 (n = 4), and percutaneous osteotomy (8 bones) in Group 2 (n = 4). One month later the rabbits were sacrificed. Bone healing of the rabbits was staged according to the bone healing score of Huddleston et al. In both groups, nasal bone integrity was assessed subjectively. Results: In the percutaneous osteotomy group, Grade 1 bone healing was observed in two samples (25%), Grade 2 bone healing in two samples (25%), Grade 3 bone healing in four samples (50%). In the endonasal osteotomy group, Grade 1 bone healing was observed in 6 samples (75%) and Grade 2 bone healing was observed in 2 samples (25%). In the percutaneous group, fibrous tissue was observed in 2, predominantly fibrous tissue and a lesser amount of cartilage was observed in 2 and an equal amount of fibrous tissue and cartilage was observed in 4 samples. In the endonasal group, fibrous tissue was observed in 6 samples, and predominantly fibrous tissue with a lesser amount of cartilage was observed in 2 samples. In both groups, when manual force was applied to the nasal bones, subjectively the same resistance was observed. Conclusion: Percutaneous lateral osteotomy technique was found to result in less bone and periost trauma and better bone healing compared to the endonasal osteotomy technique. Resumo: Introdução: Nas rinoplastias, a osteotomia lateral é realizada principalmente por via endonasal ou percutânea para correção de deformidades nasais. Ambas as técnicas apresentam vantagens e desvantagens. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos histopatológicos sobre a cicatrização óssea e estabilidade nasal entre as técnicas de osteotomia endonasal e percutânea em rinoplastia em um modelo animal experimental. Método: Foram incluídos oito coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia de um ano de idade. Hidrocloreto de xilazina e cetamina intramuscular foram administrados aos coelhos como agentes anestésicos. Osteotomia endonasal (8 ossos) foi realizada no Grupo 1 (n = 4) e osteotomia percutânea (8 ossos) no Grupo 2 (n = 4). Um mês depois, os coelhos foram sacrificados. A cicatrização óssea dos coelhos foi avaliada de acordo com o escore de cicatrização óssea de Huddleston et al. Em ambos os grupos, a integridade do osso nasal foi avaliada subjetivamente. Resultados: No grupo da osteotomia percutânea, observou-se cicatrização óssea de grau 1 em duas amostras (25%), cicatrização óssea de grau 2 em duas amostras (25%), e cicatrização óssea de grau 3 em quatro amostras (50%). No grupo da osteotomia endonasal, observou-se cicatrização óssea de grau 1 em 6 amostras (75%) e a cicatrização óssea de grau 2 foi observada em 2 amostras (25%). No grupo percutâneo, o tecido fibroso foi observado em 2 amostras, enquanto tecido predominantemente fibroso e uma menor quantidade de cartilagem foi observada em 2 e uma quantidade igual de tecido fibroso e cartilagem foi observada em 4 amostras. No grupo endonasal, observou-se tecido fibroso em 6 amostras e tecido predominantemente fibroso com uma menor quantidade de cartilagem em 2 amostras. Em ambos os grupos, quando força manual foi aplicada aos ossos nasais, a mesma resistência foi observada subjetivamente. Conclusão: A técnica de osteotomia lateral percutânea resultou em menor traumatismo ósseo e periosteal e melhor cicatrização óssea em comparação com a técnica de osteotomia endonasal. Keywords: Endonasal osteotomy, Percutaneous osteotomy, Rhinoplasty, Animal model, Palavras-chave: Osteotomia endonasal, Osteotomia percutânea, Rinoplastia, Modelo animal

Yaşadığımız gezegenin kaynaklarının sınırsız olmadığı gerçeği, birçok bilimsel alanı çözüm önerisi sunma yönünde uzun yıllardır meşgul etmektedir. Dünyada hali hazırdaki sistem ve yaklaşımların devam etmesi durumunda ekolojinin geri dönülemez biçimde zarar görmesi riski gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Yakın geçmişte yaşanan çevre felaketlerinin oluşturduğu travmalar insanların sürdürülebilirlik konusuna daha fazla önem atfetmeye başlamasına neden olmuştur. İnsan hayatının ekolojik hayatın canlı kalmasına bağlı olduğu gerçeğinden hareketle gerek hükümetler gerek medya gerekse de şirketler sürdürülebilirlik konusunu daha fazla gündeme getirmeye başlamış ve konu iletişim alanındaki çalışmalarda da gündeme getirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, ‘sürdürülebilirlik’ ve ‘yeşil’ yaklaşımlarının öneminden yola çıkarak, Y kuşağının ve dijital yerliler olarak adlandırılan milenyum kuşağının yeşil ve sürdürülebilirlikle ilgili farkındalığını anlamaya odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada, onların bu kapsamdaki satın-alma davranışları bir anket çalışması aracılığı ile incelenmiş ve ülkemizdeki güncel duruma dair veriler elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda, Y kuşağına dahil bireyler ile dijital yerli olarak ifade edilen bireylerin, her ne kadar tüketim odaklı yaşasalar da içinde bulundukları çevreye duyarlı oldukları ve bunu satın-alma davranışlarına da yansıttıkları görülmüştür.

Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.PurposeTo compare surgical results of foramen magnum decompression with and without duraplasty in Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) associated syringomyelia (SM).Overview of LiteratureThe optimal surgical treatment of CM-1 associated with SM is unclear.MethodsTwenty-five cases of CM-1 with SM were included. There were 12 patients (48%) in the non-duraplasty group and 13 patients (52%) in the duraplasty group. The rate of improvement, state of postoperative SM size, amount of tonsillar herniation, preoperative symptom duration, complications and reoperation rates were analysed.ResultsThe rate of clinical improvement was significantly higher with duraplasty (84.6%) than without (33.3%, p

Objective:We aim to demonstrate inner ear damage caused by drilling in the early period. Healthy contralateral ears of patients who underwent mastoidectomy using drill or tympanoplasty without using drill were compared.Methods:A total of 38 patients (mastoidectomy: 22, tympanoplasty: 16) who were diagnosed as chronic otitis media and were scheduled for surgery were included. Distortion product (dp) otoacoustic emissions measurements were performed on healthy contralateral ears of patients on pre- and post-operative 1. hour, 1. day, 2. day, 3. day, and 4. day.Results:In mastoidectomy group, dp otoacoustic emission values on post-operative 1. hour, 1. day, 2. day, 3. day, and 4. day at a frequency of 4000 Hz were significantly lower than in tympanoplasty group (p

Objective:The present study reports the etiological differences, clinical features, management, and patient outcomes between infectious and noninfectious causes of epiglottitis in adult patients.Methods:The medical records of 24 patients with infectious and noninfectious epiglottitis were investigated. Diagnosis was made by anamnesis and endoscopic examination. On admission, respiratory distress of patients was classified according to Freidman’s classification.Results:Fifteen patients were male, and nine patients were female. Their ages ranged between 24 and 69 years of age (mean, 43.4±11.6). In total, 16 patients were diagnosed with infectious epiglottitis, and eight patients were diagnosed with noninfectious epiglottitis. Of patients with noninfectious epiglottitis, two had angioedema, two had experienced organophosphate ingestion, one had experienced hot water aspiration, one had experienced hot milk aspiration, one had experienced foreign body aspiration (fishbone), and one had epiglottitis due to Behçet’s disease. Sore throat was the most common symptoms of infectious and noninfectious epiglottitis in our patients. Odynophagia was the second most common symptom of infectious epiglottitis, and muffled voice was the second most common symptom in noninfectious patients.Conclusion:Epiglottit is an emergency situation; when a patient is diagnosed with epiglottitis, close follow-up should be performed, and airway support should properly be maintained according to the degree of respiratory distress. Tracheostomy should be performed without hesitation, as needed.

Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of pressure dressing on complications after total thyroidectomy and its correlation with serum calcium levels.Methods:The study involved 112 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. Patients were randomized into two groups-with and without pressure dressing-and followed prospectively. The calcium levels were measured at 6, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively, respectively. Hypocalcemia was diagnosed when patients were symptomatic or calcium level was below 8.0 mg/dL. Dressing and drain were removed at the 48th hour of postoperatively.Results:No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of age; gender; thyroid gland weight; calcium concentrations at the 6th, 24th, and 48th hours; total drain liquid; and hypocalcemia rates. Postoperative hematoma developed in 7.1% of the cases and was statistically higher in the without-dressing group compared to with-dressing group. Thyroid gland weight was correlated positively with total drain liquid. There was no correlation between thyroid gland weight and total drain liquid level and 6th-, 24th-, and 48th-hour calcium levels.Conclusion:Pressure dressing after total thyroidectomy significantly reduces postoperative hematoma. Postoperative serum calcium levels were slightly higher in the pressure dressing group but not statistically significant.

Objective:Fascia or cartilage can be used as grafts in tympanoplasty; however, the disadvantage of cartilage is that it causes stiffness and rigidity in the newly formed tympanic membrane. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term high-frequency tympanometry and audiometry outcomes of tympanoplasty using cartilage and fascia.Methods:Forty patients in whom tragal cartilage was used in type 1 tympanoplasty and 40 patients in whom temporal muscle fascia was used were included in the study. The preoperative and postoperative audiometries of the two groups were compared. Postoperative high-frequency tympanometry (224, 668, 800, and 1000 Hz) and air volume, compliance, and pressure differences of the two groups were also compared.Results:The mean age of the patients was 31.3±4.5 year. The success rates were 96% in the cartilage group and 92% in the fascia group. In the fascia group, the preoperative mean air bone gap was 27.9±97 decibels (dB), and the postoperative mean air bone gap was 19.1±7.6 dB. The postoperative mean air bone gap improvement was 8.8±9.9 dB; the difference was statistically significant. In the cartilage group, the preoperative mean air bone gap was 28.2±9.6 dB, and the postoperative mean air bone gap was 17.2±10.5 dB. The postoperative mean air bone gap improvement was 10.9±10.3 dB; the difference was statistically significant. When postoperative mean air bone gap improvement was compared, there was no statistical difference between the two groups. When high-frequency tympanogram values were compared, there were no significant differences between the two groups at 224, 668, 800, or 1000 Hz frequencies in terms of air volume, compliance, or pressure values.Conclusion:The use of temporal muscle fascia and cartilage in tympanoplasty is statistically similar when compared in terms of tympanic membrane repair, hearing gain, air volume, pressure, and compliance. For this reason, cartilage graft can easily be preferred in tympanoplasty, especially in revision cases and adhesive otitis media, without fear of stiffness or rigidity effects.

Dedifferentiation is defined as high-grade malignant tumor development out of a low-grade malignant tumor. We present an adenocarcinoma tumor of the parotid gland that was dedifferentiated from a low-grade epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and was followed up for 3 years. Our patient, a 46-year-old female, presented with a left parotid mass of 20-year duration. Histopathologic results showed that there was only one area of typical epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, with foci of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified; NOS) and clear cytoplasm in the parotid gland. Immunohistochemical staining results showed SMA (+), P63 (+), CK8 (+), and S100 (+) on epithelial cells. A review of the literature revealed 22 previously reported cases of dedifferentiated epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. In these cases, the malignant tumors that dedifferentiated from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma were adenoid cystic carcinoma, actinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and intraductal carcinoma. In our case, the malignant tumor that dedifferentiated from the epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Histopathological results showed that metastases were not seen in the neck-dissection material. As a result, our case will make a contribution to the literature in terms of prognosis, because there are very few reported cases of dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma development arising from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.

Introduction: To investigate the certain advantages of full endoscopic lumbar decompression (FELD) surgery over conservative techniques in lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Minimal invasive techniques have been introduced recently to treat lumbar spinal stenosis and gained popularity over conservative techniques because of the minimal tissue damage along with the satisfactory postoperative outcome. In our study, the FELD technique using a uniportal approach is described and investigated in accordance with the preliminary clinical results of patients who had degenerative spinal stenosis. Methods: 55 patients who underwent FELD were retrospectively reviewed. General demographics and parameters including operation time, length of hospital stay, mean time to return to work, complications were recorded. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) for low back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for functional assessment. Results: The mean follow-up time was 36 months. There was no measurable intraoperative blood loss. The mean operating time was 97,4 minutes. The length of hospital stay after the operation was 27 hours on average. The difference between preoperative and postoperative VAS scores was statistically significant (p

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Bu makale, Türk-İslam fılozofu Ebu Nasr Muhammed ai-Farabi'nin (870- 950) peygamberliğe yaklaşımını ve nübüvvet anlayışını değerlendirmek suretiyle, onun nübüvvet anlayışının, peygamberliği tahfıf mi, filozoftan daha aşağı bir statü vermek mi, yoksa onun akli izahını yapmak ve yüceltmek mi, olduğunu ele almayı hedeflemektedir. Er-reis el-evvel fılozofa mı peygambere mi işaret etmektedir?

Abstract Introduction: The growth Stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2) (or interleukin 1 receptor-like 1, also known as IL1RL1) is considered a biomarker of poor prognosis in cardiovascular diseases. The aims of this study are to investigate ST2 in the pericardial fluid (PF) of coronary artery disease patients and to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Methods: 40 patients (blood plasma and PF) who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery and 40 controls (blood plasma only) were included in this study. Soluble ST2 (sST2) level was determined by enzyme-linked ımmunosorbent assay method in plasma and PF, and sST2 gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) method. Results: The sST2 level was found to be 44.89 ng/ml and 390.357 ng/ml in the control and patient groups’ plasma, and 223.992 ng/ml in the PF of the patient group. An increase in sST2 level was detected in the patient group compared to the control group (P

Amaç: Seruloplazmin, kanda bakır taşıyan başlıca proteindir ve demir metabolizmasında da rol oynar. Ayrıca antioksidan aktivitesi birçok çalışmada gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada koroner arter baypas greft operasyonu ile seruloplazminin enzimatik aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırdık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya koroner arter baypas greft operasyonu geçiren 120 hasta dahil edildi. Periferik kan örnekleri ameliyat öncesi, ameliyat sonrası - kardiyopulmoner baypas öncesi ve sonrası-, ameliyat sonrası 4. saat, 3. gün ve 5. gün alındı. Koroner sinüsten de kardiyopulmoner baypas öncesi ve sonrası kan örnekleri alındı. Seruloplazmin düzeylerinin enzimatik aktivitesi Erel yöntemi ile ölçüldü. Bulgular: Kardiyopulmoner baypas sonrası seruloplazmin düzeylerinin enzimatik aktivitesinde kademeli bir azalma oldu. Postoperatif 4. saat ve 1. gün periferden alınan kan örneklerinde azalma istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p = 0,025). Aktiviteler sırasıyla postoperatif 3. ve 5. günlerde arttı. Koroner sinüs kan örneklerine göre de, kardiyopulmoner baypas sonrası seruloplazmin enzimatik aktivitesinde önemli bir azalma vardı (p = 0.035). Sonuç: Çalışmamız, seruloplazmin enzimatik aktivitesinin preoperatif, peroperatif ve postoperatif düzeylerinde önemli farklılıklar gösterdi. Muhtemelen oksidan aktiviteye yanıt olarak tüketime bağlı olan postoperatif 3. gündeki azalma, kardiyovasküler baypasın oksidatif stresi önemli ölçüde artırdığını göstermiştir. Seruloplazmin enzimatik aktivitesi, kardiyopulmoner baypas ile ilişkili enflamatuar ve oksidatif stresin tepkisini yansıtan parametrelerden biri olabilir.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical improvements are needed to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant effects of thymoquinone, silymarin, and curcumin against ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with abdominal aorta. Methods: Twenty-five Wistar albino rats were included in the study. Sham, control, and treatment (thymoquinone, silymarin, and curcumin) groups were set in equal numbers. Ischemia-reperfusion was applied by clamping (120 minutes) and de-clamping (60 minutes) the infrarenal aorta of all groups, except the sham group. Before reperfusion, thymoquinone, silymarin, and curcumin were given intraperitoneally to the treatment groups. After reperfusion, blood samples were taken from the right ventricle. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were studied in serum samples and histopathological examination was performed on the gastrocnemius muscle. Results: There was a significant difference in TOS and OSI values between the control and sham groups. Both values were found higher in the control group than in the sham group (P

Abstract Introduction: Halting ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is implemented to operate in a less bleeding setting. It sustains a better visualization of the operation area and helps to perform the operation much more comfortably. On the other hand, it may lead to a series of postoperative lung complications such as atelectasis and pleural effusion. In this study, we investigated the effects of low tidal volume ventilation on inflammatory cytokines during CPB. Methods: Twenty-eight patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery were included in the study. Operation standards and ventilation protocols were determined and patients were divided into two groups: patients ventilated with low tidal volume and non-ventilated patients. Plasma samples were taken from patients preoperatively, perioperatively from the coronary sinus and postoperatively after CPB. IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and C5a levels in serum samples were studied with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: C5a, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were similar when compared to the low tidal volume ventilated and non-ventilated groups (P>0.05) Comparing the groups by variables, IL-6 levels were increased during CPB in both groups (P=0.021 and P=0.001), and IL-8 levels decreased in the ventilation group during CPB (P=0.018). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that low tidal volume ventilation may reduce the inflammatory response during CPB. Although the benefit of low tidal volume ventilation in CPB has been shown to decrease postoperative lung complications such as pleural effusion, atelectasis and pneumonia, we still lack more definitive and clear proofs of inflammatory cytokines encountered during CPB.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate preoperative and postoperative body fluid distribution with a bioelectrical impedance analyzer in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Fifteen adult patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were included in this study. Total body fluid changes, basal metabolism rates, body fat masses, lean body masses, and total cell masses were recorded. The patients’ values were measured before anesthesia, after anesthesia, after sternotomy, at the 5th, 30th, and 60th minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass, and on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative days. All values were compared with preoperative values. Results: Total body fluid changed significantly after cardiopulmonary bypass (P0.05). Conclusion: Changes in body fluids during and after cardiopulmonary bypass are inevitable. The increase in total body weight shows that this fluid load shifts to the extracellular space during bypass and the fluid load in this area passes into the intravascular area in the early postoperative period. This may cause edema and dysfunction in the major organs. Therefore, the fluid balance should be adjusted very carefully, especially during the bypass phase and the early postoperative period.

Extracranial carotid artery aneurysms are extremely rare aneurysms. Treatment options are conventional open surgery, endovascular surgery, and conservative treatment. Surgical treatment of such aneurysms is challenging and it is important to determine the treatment strategies wisely. There is still no definite association for treatment modalities. In this case report, we present open surgical treatment of a 58-year-old female patient with internal carotid artery aneurysm. The patient was admitted to our clinic with spontaneous pulsatile mass in the right jugular region. Computed tomography angiography shown right internal carotid artery aneurysm. Aneurysm cranial distance was enough to perform end to end anastomosis. Aneurysm was excised by preserving cranial nerves. No complications developed during the postoperative period.

Dental materyallerin biyouyumluluğu; oral dokular üzerine zararlı etkilerinin minimum olması şeklinde tarif edilmektedir. Bu etkinin derecesi; hastaya, materyalin fonksiyonuna, gücüne, yerleştirildiği koşullara ve zamana bağlı olarak değişir. Kullanıma sunulacak materyallerin güvenilirliğinin hangi testlerle değerlendirildiği önem taşımaktadır. Dental materyallerin biyouyumluluğunu değerlendirmede genellikle; in-vitro testler → hayvan deneyleri → klinik kullanım testleri şeklinde, sıralı klasik bir paradigma kullanılmaktadır. Diş hekimi yeni bir materyali kullanmaya karar verirken, farklı araştırma sonuçlarını incelemeli ve hastanın taleplerinin yanı sıra risk-yarar analizi yapmalıdır.

INTRODUCTION: Fresh autolog pericardium is often used as a patch material first to close secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and various operations in heart surgery. Several authors suggest that fixing pericard with glutaraldehyde for stiffener and use. In this retrospective study, fresh pericardial patch used patients for close secundum ASD, fibrosis, calcification or aneurysmal developments were studied. METHODS: Fifteen patients, who closed secundum ASD between 2009-2013 were included in the study. All operations were made under cardiopulmonary bypass. Fresh autolog pericardial patch was used in ASD operations. Fat tissue on pericardium was stripped with wet gauze. After surgery, all patients were followed up with echocardiography at intervals within a year. RESULTS: Patients were 5 men and 10 women. The mean age was 16,7 years (range, 3-68 years). According to ASD types; of the ASD cases, three were inferior caval type, two superior caval type, 10 sinus venosus type. There was any aneurysmal dilatation, calcification or leakage on follow up. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The use of fresh autolog pericardium is a safe method of surgical ASD closure. In secundum ASD closure using glutaraldehyde fixation on pericardial patch it is not required.