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Hyloscirtus japreria sp. nov. (Figs. 2–3, 5–6, 10) Suggested common name in English: Perijá’s Stream Frog Suggested common name in Spanish: Rana Torrentícola de Perijá Hyloscirtus sp.— Rojas-Runjaic et al. (2016: 36) Holotype. Adult male, MHNLS 19236 (field number SP 294; Figs. 2–3), from Guacharaca Camp, Tetari Kopejoacha creek, Rio Negro basin, Sierra de Perijá, Machiques de Perijá municipality, Zulia state, Venezuela (10°04’21.9 N – 72°51’16.7 W; elevation 1,661 m asl), collected on 27 May 2009, by Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic and Edwin E. Infante-Rivero. Paratypes. 21 specimens (16 males and five females): Two adult males, MHNLS 18837–18838 (field numbers SP 44–45) from the creek behind the house at Cerro Las Antenas, Sierra de Perijá, Rosario de Perijá municipality, Zulia state, Venezuela (10°20’37.0”N – 72°33’41.0”W; 1,430 m asl), collected on 27 March 2008, by Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic; two adult males, MHNLS 18867, 18869 (field numbers SP 74, 76) and one adult female, MHNLS 18868 (field number SP 75), from the same locality, collected on 28 March 2008, by Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, Edwin E. Infante-Rivero, Pablo Velozo and Paul Granado; two adult males, MHNLS 18971–18972 (field numbers SP 117–118), from the same locality, collected on 10 July 2008, by Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, Pedro Cabello, Kripsy Herrera and Arlene Cardozo. One male, MHNLS 22568 (field number SP 218), from the same locality, collected on 26 April 2009, by Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, Adriana Becerra and Arnaldo Ferrer. Two adult males, MHNLS 18888–18889 (field numbers SP 95–96) from the creek near to second antenna, Cerro Las Antenas, Sierra de Perijá, Rosario de Perijá municipality, Zulia state, Venezuela (10°19’40.0”N – 72°35’27.0”W; 1,832 m asl), collected on 29 March 2008, by Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic and Pedro Cabello; one adult male, MHNLS 18988 (field number SP 134), from the same locality, collected on 12 July 2008 by Fernando J. M. Rojas- Runjaic and Pedro Cabello. Two adult females, MHNLS 19166–19167 (field numbers SP 224–225), and one adult male, MHNLS 19168 (field number SP 226) with the same locality and collectors as the holotype, collected on 22 May 2009; two males, MHNLS 19234, 19237 (field numbers SP 292, 295), and one female, MHNLS 19235 (field number SP 293) with the same locality, date and collectors as the holotype. Three males, UIS-A 5496–5498 (field numbers NG 277–279), and one female, UIS-A 5495 (field number NG 276) from El Manantialito creek, Nuevas Ideas farm, Sierra de Perijá, vereda Barriales-Nuevas Ideas, El Molino municipality, La Guajira department, Colombia (10°35’15.87”N – 72°49’06.90”W; 1,754 m asl), collected on 19 July 2012, by Fabio L. Meza-Joya. Referred specimens. Three specimens (two juveniles and one metamorph): juvenile MHNLS 18858 (field number SP 65) from the creek behind the house at Cerro Las Antenas, Sierra de Perijá, Rosario de Perijá, municipality, Zulia state, Venezuela (10°20’37.0”N – 72°33’41.0”W; 1,449 m asl), collected on 27 March 2008 by Pedro Cabello and Edwin Infante; juvenile MHNLS 19254 (field number SP 312) with the same locality, date and collectors as the holotype; metamorph UIS-A 5499 (field number NG 280) from El Manantialito creek, Nuevas Ideas farm, Sierra de Perijá, vereda Barriales-Nuevas Ideas, El Molino municipality, La Guajira department, Colombia (10°35’16.0”N – 72°49’12.0”W; 1,962 m asl), collected on 19 July 2012, by Fabio L. Meza-Joya. Definition. A new species of Hyloscirtus, assigned to the H. bogotensis species Group (sensu Duellman 1972, and Faivovich et al. 2005), by its phylogenetic placement (Fig. 1) and morphologically, by the presence of a mental gland in males, and white parietal peritoneum. The new species is defined by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) Adult males smaller than females (males: 28.8–32.7 mm of SVL vs. females: 35.6–39.1 mm); (2) skin texture smooth on dorsum, flanks, throat, chest, forearms, dorsal and inner surfaces of thighs; areolate on ventral surface of thighs and coarsely areolate on belly; (3) body slender (2.4 to 3.0 times longer than wide); (4) snout rounded in dorsal view and profile; (5) tympanum distinct, small (td: 3.4–5.0% of SVL); tympanic membrane not differentiated; tympanic annulus visible through the skin; about 1/4 of the tympanum concealed dorsally by the supratympanic fold; (6) dentigerous processes of vomers conspicuous, straight, narrowly separated from each other; with 5–8 teeth each; (7) vocal slits longitudinal, extending from sides of tongue to the angle of mouth; (8) vocal sac bilobate, median and subgular, moderately distensible and evident externally; (9) mental gland present in males, disc-shaped, small, covering about the anterior third of throat; (10) ulnar fold present; (11) fingers with fleshy dermal fringes; (12) fingers II–IV basally webbed; (13) nuptial pads absent; (14) prepollex swollen, elliptical, not modified as a protruding spine; (15) calcar tubercle absent; (16) outer and inner tarsal folds present, inner poorly defined; (17) toes with wide lateral fringes; (18) toes extensively webbed; (19) supracloacal fold present; (20) cloacal sheath short; (21) cloaca surrounded by numerous warts; (22) in life, dorsum usually pale yellow to greenish yellow, with dense dark brown punctuation, and several reddish brown spots; (23) whitish stripes on external border of upper eyelids and supratympanic folds, longitudinally on the mid-dorsum, on supracloacal fold, outer ulnar folds, inner and outer tarsal folds, and also on dorsal internal surface of shanks; (24) white warts around the cloaca; (25) axillae bright yellow and groins ocher yellow in life; (26) interdigital membranes on hands and feet bright yellow in life; (27) white parietal peritoneum covering ventral surface of abdominal cavity almost entirely; (28) iris gray with thin black reticulation. Diagnosis. Hyloscirtus japreria sp. nov. is readily distinguishable from all other species in the H. armatus and H. larinopygion groups by the presence of mental gland in males (present in almost all species of H. bogotensis species group). Of the 16 species currently included in the H. bogotensis Group only five are known to occur on the northwestern portion of the Andes (northern Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, Sierra de Perijá and Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela); these are: H. callipeza, H. estevesi, H. jahni, H. lascinius and H. platydactylus (Fig. 4). Hyloscirtus japreria sp. nov. differs from H. callipeza (characters of the latter in parenthesis) by having ulnar, outer and inner tarsal folds (absent), snout rounded in profile (truncate), tympanic annulus distinct (barely visible), skin of belly coarsely areolate (granular), webbing bright yellow in life (pale orange), by having a whitish ulnar stripe (absent), a whitish stripe on dorsal internal surface of shank (absent), and iris gray with thin black reticulation (bronze with thin black reticulation); also adult females of H. japreria sp. nov. are larger than females of H. callipeza (maximum SVL: 39.1 mm in H. japreria sp. nov. vs. 36.7 mm in H. callipeza). These two species also differ in temporal and spectral characteristics of advertisement calls: H. japreria sp. nov. emits much longer trills (79.72– 159.62 s vs. 4.99– 17.50 s), and more notes by trill (421–1,058 vs. 29–102 notes) than H. callipeza; the notes of H. japreria sp. nov. are also longer (0.037– 0.046 s vs. 0.016–0.019) and less spaced (time between notes: 0.101– 0.105 s vs. 0.146– 0.181 s) than those of H. callipeza. The two species also differ in the number of amplitude peaks per note, with a single peak in H. japreria sp. nov. (Fig. 7c) and three peaks of amplitude per note in H. callipeza (Fig. 11c). Finally, both peak and fundamental frequencies are lower in H. japreria sp. nov. than in H. callipeza (peak frequency: 3.08–3.15 kHz vs. 3.20–3.33 kHz; fundamental frequency: 1.54–1.59 kHz vs. 1.59– 1.65). Hyloscirtus jahni is known only from Cordillera de Mérida in the Venezuelan Andes (La Marca 1985; Barrio 2004). The new species can be readily distinguished from H. jahni by lacking spicules on the skin in males (spicules present on snout, lips, chin, chest, belly, upper arms, forearms, thighs, shanks, hands, and fingers of adult males), snout not projected beyond lip (snout projected), supratympanic fold distinct (strong), head narrower than body (head wider than body), vocal sac bilobate (single), mental gland small and discoidal (large and transversely elliptical), and adult females larger than those of H. jahni (maximum SVL 39.1 mm in H. japreria sp. nov. vs. 34.4 mm in H. jahni). These two species also differ in temporal characteristics of advertisement calls (parameter values of H. jahni taken from La Marca [1985]): The calls of H. japreria sp. nov. consist of long trills of tonal notes (79.72– 159.62 s) whereas the call of H. jahni is composed of single pulsed notes. Hyloscirtus japreria sp nov. presents a single amplitude peak per note while each note of H. jahni contains twelve peaks of amplitude. The notes of H. japreria sp. nov. are also longer (0.037– 0.046 s vs. 0.013 s) and less spaced (time between notes: 0.101– 0.105 s vs. 0.3 s) than those of H. jahni. Finally, the rate of note emission is higher in H. japreria sp. nov. than in H. jahni (5.30–6.71 vs. 3.0 notes/s). Hyloscirtus japreria and H. jahni are not sister species in our phylogeny (Fig. 1). Hyloscirtus estevesi is known only from his type locality in the Río Albarregas, Mérida state and Boconó, Trujillo state (both localities in the Cordillera de Mérida). This species was originally described as a centrolenid (Centrolenella estevesi) and recently assigned to the H. bogotensis species Group by Faivovich et al. (2005). The new species can be readily distinguished from H. estevesi by not having the snout projected beyond lip (snout projected), by having the head narrower than body (head wider than body), and by having melanophores on dorsal surface of FII–IV (melanophores only present on FIV). Hyloscirtus lascinius occurs on western versant of Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela (Rojas-Runjaic et al. 2016). Hyloscirtus japreria sp. nov. also is readily distinguishable from this species by not having calcar tubercle (present, large and triangular), by having tympanic annulus distinct (barely visible), snout rounded in profile (snout sloped in profile), skin on belly coarsely areolate (granular), dorsum not sprinkled with whitish dots (dorsum sprinkled with whitish dots), by having, in life, axillary and inguinal regions bright yellow and bright ocher, respectively (axillary and inguinal regions greenish blue), supratympanic fold delineated with a whitish stripe (supratympanic fold without a whitish stripe), and iris gray with thin black reticulation (iris golden with thin reddish reticulation). These two species also differ in temporal and spectral characteristics of advertisement calls (parameter values of H. lascinius taken from Rojas-Runjaic et al. [2016]): H. japreria sp. nov. emits longer note trills (421–1,058 notes by trill) whereas H. lascinius emits single notes or groups of two to four notes. The notes of H. japreria sp. nov. are shorter (0.037– 0.046 s vs. 0.091–0.164) and less spaced (time between notes: 0.101– 0.105 s vs. 0.700– 1.075 s) than those of H. lascinius. Finally, both peak and fundamental frequencies are higher in H. japreria sp. nov. than in H. lascinius (peak frequency: 3.08–3.15 kHz vs. 2.13–2.37 kHz; fundamental frequency: 1.54–1.59 kHz vs. 1.08–1.22). Hyloscirtus lascinius and H. japreria sp. nov. are not sister species in our phylogeny (Fig. 1). Hyloscirtus platydactylus is known from the eastern slope of Cordillera Oriental in Colombia (Acosta-Galvis 2000) and Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela (La Marca 1985, Barrio 2004). Hyloscirtus japreria sp. nov. is similar to H. platydactylus, but can be distinguished from the latter by having ulnar, outer and inner tarsal folds (ulnar, outer and inner tarsal folds absent); mental gland small, disc-shaped, covering about the anterior third of throat (larger, rhomb-shaped, covering about the anterior half of throat); eye diameter greater than eye-to-nostril distance (eye diameter equal to eye-to-nostril distance); whitish stripe extending on outer border of the upper eyelid and on supratympanic fold (whitish stripe absent); whitish stripes on supracloacal fold, ulnar fold, outer and inner tarsal folds, and also on dorsal internal surface of shanks (whitish stripes on supracloacal, ulnar, outer and inner tarsal folds, and on dorsal internal surface of shank, absent); dorsal surfaces of fingers I–II and toes I–III immaculate bright yellow in life (ocher yellow, densely stippled with blackish brown); dorsal surfaces of finger discs and toe discs spotless (spotted with blackish brown); iris gray with thin black reticulation (golden to copper with black reticulation). These two species also differ in temporal and spectral characteristics of advertisement calls (parameter values of H. platydactylus taken from Duellman [1972] and La Marca [1985]): The notes emitted by H. japreria sp. nov. are longer (0.037– 0.046 s vs. 0.020) and less spaced (time between notes: 0.101– 0.105 s vs. 0.140 s) than those of H. platydactylus. The two species also differ in the maximum rate of note emission, that is lower in H. japreria sp. nov. than in H. platydactylus (6.71 vs. 9.00 notes/s). Peak frequency is also the fundamental in H. platydacylus (2.50–3.49 kHz) and includes in its variation the peak frequency of H. japreria sp. nov. (3.08–3.15 kHz), but fundamental frequency of this last species is lower than that of H. platydacylus (1.54– 1.59 vs. 2.50–3.49 kHz). Hyloscirtus platydactylus and H. japreria sp. nov. are not sister species in our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1). From the remaining species of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis species Group, H. japreria sp. nov. is also readily distinguishable by the following characters: from H. denticulentus, H. palmeri and H. piceigularis by lacking calcars (present in all these three species); from H. albopunctulatus and H. phyllognathus by lacking white spots on the dorsum (present in both species); from H. alytolylax and H. colymba by having an inner tarsal fold delineated with a whitish stripe (absent in both species); from H. lynchi by having tarsal folds and mental gland evident externally in males (tarsal folds absent and mental gland not evident in H. lynchi), from H. bogotensis by having tarsal and supracloacal whitish stripes (both stripes absent in H. bogotensis); from H. simmonsi and H. torrenticola by having ulnar and tarsal folds (absent in both); finally, from H. mashpi by having an inner tarsal fold delineated with a whitish stripe (inner tarsal fold and whitish stripe absent in H. mashpi) and by lacking a dark brown middorsal stripe (present in H. mashpi). Description of the holotype. An adult male (Figs. 2a–b) of 29.9 mm SVL. Body relatively slender (about 2.4 times longer than wide). Head slightly wider than long (HW: 35.6% of SVL; HeL: 32.9% of SVL; HeL/HW: 0.9). Snout rounded in dorsal view and profile (Figs. 3a,c). Eye-naris distance slightly shorter than eye diameter (EN/ ED: 0.9). Canthus rostralis distinct, slightly concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross section; loreal region concave and sloped; lips rounded, not flared; nostrils slightly protruded anterolaterally. Internarial region and top of head flat. Interorbital distance wider than upper eyelid. Eye prominent (ED: 10.2% of SVL). Tympanum distinct, small (TD/ED: 0.4; TD: 4% of SVL); membrane not differentiated but most of circumference of tympanic annulus visible through the skin; about 1/4 of the tympanum concealed dorsally by the supratympanic fold. Supratympanic fold developed, starting at posterior end of upper eyelid and reaching posterior margin of insertion of arm (Fig. 3c). Mental gland present, small (diameter about 11% of SVL), disc-shaped, covering the anterior third of throat (Fig. 3b). Dentigerous processes of vomers conspicuous, straight, narrowly separated from each other; each process bears 5/6 (right/left) teeth. Choanae large, elliptical, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch. Tongue oval, completely attached to the floor of mouth; vocal slits large, longitudinal, originating on sides of tongue and extending diagonally toward angle of mouth. Vocal sac moderately distensible, evident externally, bilobate, median and subgular. Forearm wider than upper arm; axillary membrane absent. Outer ulnar fold present (Fig. 3c). Fingers short and thick; discs on fingers round, slightly expanded laterally, with clearly defined circumferential groove; disc on FIII slightly wider than tympanum diameter. Relative lengths of fingers: III 2 -–3+ III 2 ½–2+ IV. Subarticular tubercles swollen, round or oval; distal tubercle of FIV larger than all others and weakly bifid. Supernumerary tubercles present, small and rounded. Palmar tubercle small, flat, bifid, poorly defined. Prepollical tubercle elliptical, thick, not modified as a spine. Nuptial excrescences absent. Hind limbs robust; ThL: 46.0% SVL; SL: 50.3% SVL; FL: 40.6% SVL. Calcar tubercle absent. Outer and inner tarsal folds present (Fig. 3e), inner poorly defined. Toes short, with wide lateral fringes; toe discs small, rounded, barely expanded, slightly smaller than those on fingers. Relative length of toes: II 2 -–2+ II 1 +–2½ III 1 ½–2½ IV 2 +–1+ V. Outer metatarsal tubercle small, rounded, slightly elevated; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, flat, about three times the size of the outer; subarticular tubercles round, moderately elevated; supernumerary tubercles present, small and rounde

Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Salerno, Patricia E., Señaris, J. Celsa, Pauly, Gregory B. (2013): Terraranans of the Lost World: a new species of Pristimantis (Amphibia, Craugastoridae) from Abakapá-tepui in the Chimantá massif, Venezuelan Guayana, and additions to the knowledge of P. muchimuk. Zootaxa 3686 (3): 335-355, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.3.3

Pristimantis muchimuk Barrio-Amor��s, Mesa, Brewer-Car��as & McDiarmid, 2010 (Figures 6���7, Tables 1���2) Material examined. A female (MHNLS 19652, Holotype), from a step of the northern face of Chur��-tepui (base camp of the Muchimuk-Expedition 2009), Macizo de Chimant��, Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana municipality, Bol��var state, Venezuela (05�� 16 ' 45 "N, 62 ��00' 56 "W; elevation 2325 m), collected on May 2009, by I. Elorza, J. Mesa and C. Brewer-Car��as; three males (MHNLS 20495 ��� 97, field numbers PS 342 ��� 44, respectively) one female (MHNLS 20505, field number PS 353) and a juvenile (MHNLS 20506, field number PS 354), from Chur��-tepui, Macizo de Chimant��, Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana municipality, Bol��var state, Venezuela (05�� 15 ' 16.6 "N, 62 ��00' 31.6 "W; elevation 2383 m), collected on July 29 ���30, 2011, by F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic, P.E. Salerno and G.B. Pauly. Remarks. Barrio-Amor��s et al. (2010) described Pristimantis muchimuk based only on a single female (holotype MHNLS 19652) which was poorly preserved and dehydrated. The ventral skin was described as smooth; however, observations of this character, both in life and in preservative, based on the five new specimens, show that the ventral skin is areolate (or coarsely areolate) rather than smooth, and that the smooth aspect of the ventral skin in the holotype is an artifact of its poor state of preservation. Additionally, Barrio-Amor��s et al. (2010) did not mention the color pattern of the axillae, groins and hidden parts of the hind limbs because the description of color in life was based on a single photograph of the holotype in profile (Fig. 6 a). The inspection of the new series of Pristimantis muchimuk indicates that all specimens (three adult males, one female, and one juvenile) have a bright red coloration in these regions (Figs. 6 b���d, 7 a���d). This coloration may be a fixed character in P. m u c h i m u k and may be useful for identification because it is not common in other Pristimantis of the Guiana Shield region. Based on the above mentioned differences, and observations of additional diagnostic characters in the males from the new series, we propose an amended diagnosis for this species. Diagnosis amended. (1) body size small, with adult females ranging from 20.5���25.2 mm SVL, and adult males from 18.1���19.4 mm SVL; (2) dorsal skin shagreen to warty, warts smooth, low and flat, with a barely distinguishable middorsal raphe; (3) ventral skin areolate to coarsely areolate; (4) tympanic annulus and membrane absent; (5) snout rounded in dorsal view, rounded to nearly truncate in profile; (6) canthus rostralis nearly straight in dorsal view; rounded in cross section; (7) upper eyelid smooth, with one barely discernible tubercle; (8) choanae small, oval; (9) dentigerous processes transverse to diagonal, small, posterior and medial to choanae, each bearing one to five teeth; (10) tongue rounded posteriorly; (11) males without vocal slits or nuptial pads; (12) FI shorter than FII; (13) fingers with lateral keels; (14) ulnar tubercles absent; (15) tarsal tubercles and calcars absent; (16) tarsal fold absent (17) inner metatarsal tubercle oval, three times the size of the round outer metatarsal tubercle; (18) toes with lateral fringes; (19) basal webbing between TIII ���TV; (20) TV longer than TIII; (21) axillae and groins colored bright red in life. Variation. Pristimantis muchimuk does not have gender-specific coloration, and is quite variable in color pattern in both sexes (Fig. 6 a���f). Additionally, males lack vocal slits and nuptial pads, making it very difficult to differentiate males and females at first glance. Except for size (females larger than males) no other sexually dimorphic characters are noticeable. Males and females of similar size could only be identified by dissection and gonad examination. Adult females range from 20.5���25.2 (n = 2), and adult males from 18.1���19.4 (n = 3). Variation of morphometric characters is shown in Table 1. Head length ranges from 39.2���41.1 % SVL (n = 5), and maximum head width from 37.6���38.6 % SVL (n = 5). The ratio EN/ED is slightly variable but every eye-naris distance is smaller than eye diameter (0.8 ���1.0 [n = 5]). Also, the ratio UEW/IO is somewhat variable in males (0.7���0.9 [n = 3]), but variation in this ratio is not appreciable in females (UEW/IO = 0.7; n = 2). The snout is slightly shorter and more variable in males than females (males: 1.1���1.3 [n = 3], vs. females: 1.2���1.3 [n = 2]), but always larger than eye diameter. Hand length ranges from 24.6 ���27.0% SVL (n = 5) with hands slightly larger in females than males (females: 26.1 ���27.0% SVL [n = 2], vs. males: 24.6���25.2 % SVL [n = 3]). Shank length ranges from 48.6���50.9 % SVL (n = 5) but in this case, males have shanks slightly longer than females (males: 50.1���50.9 % SVL [n = 3], vs. females: 48.6���49.2 % [n = 2]). Variation in other morphometric ratios is not relevant. Ventral skin of belly coarsely areolate in MHNLS 20495 and 20497 (males), areolate in MHNLS 20496 (male) and 20505 (female); slightly areolate in MHNLS 20506 (juvenile). Snout rounded in dorsal view and profile in MHNLS 20495���20497 and 20505, subacuminate in dorsal view in the juvenile MHNLS 20506 (nearly truncate in profile in the holotype). Tubercle on upper eyelid absent in MHNLS 20505, barely visible in all other specimens in life (not visible in preservative). Dentigerous processes and number of teeth somewhat variable: diagonal and very low dentigerous processes, with one to two teeth in MHNLS 20497; diagonal, prominent and also with two to three teeth in MHNLS 20496; transverse, prominent and with two to three teeth in MHNLS 20495; almost transverse and prominent, with three to four teeth in MHNLS 20505. One ulnar tubercle barely visible (near the hand) in MHNLS 20496 and 20497, not visible in the other specimens examined. Bright red coloration on axillae, groins and hidden parts of the hind limbs variable in extent and intensity (Figs. 7 a���d), but present in the five new specimens collected. No additional variation was observed in other discrete morphological characters. Advertisement call. Calls of Pristimantis muchimuk were recorded on the night of June 30 th 2011 between 2200 and 2300 h at an air temperature of approximately 13 ��C. We recorded advertisement calls of two males that were calling at the border of a Bonnetia roraimae forest adjacent to a creek (Chur��-tepui, 0 5 �� 15.257 ���N, 62 �� 00.472��� W). The two males were calling in close proximity, and several calls by individual 1 needed to be excluded from the analyses because they overlapped with calls of individual 2. As a result, we analyzed 11 calls from individual 1 and 25 from individual 2. A summary of the call parameters for each male and for both averaged can be found in Table 2. We could not be certain that the recorded males were in fact the males collected because the calling individuals were hidden inside Brocchinia hechtioides tubes (Bromeliaceae) and within rosettes of Orectanthe sp. (Xyridaceae). Nonetheless, no other species of frog was found at that spot, the males collected were adult, and were found in the sites from which the calls emanated. Low Freq. (Hz) High Freq. (Hz) Call length (s) Dom. Freq. (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) X? �� SD X? �� SD X? �� SD X? �� SD X? �� SD The calls of Pristimantis muchimuk consist of a single soft note that resembles two pieces of glass lightly bumping each other. Calls are performed in bouts, and the longest bout recorded had a total of 25 calls. The call rate was 2.07 calls/sec for individual 1 and 1.72 calls/sec for individual 2, counting only within-bout time. For individual 2, inter-call intervals decreased throughout the bout, with an average inter-call interval of 0.95 s at the beginning of the bout (first five calls) and 0.45 s at the end of the call bout (last five calls). The average call duration was 0.041 s (range: 0.027��� 0.062 s). The average dominant (fundamental) frequency was 2684.45 Hz with a frequency range between 2180���3399 Hz (Fig. 8). Comparisons with calls of other Guiana Shield highland Pristimantis . Of the six highland Pristimantis with described advertisement calls, Pristimantis muchimuk has a similar call structure to P. aureoventris of Wei Assiputepui and Mount Roraima (Kok et al. 2011), P. pruinatus of Cerro Yav�� (type 2 call of Myers & Donnelly 1996), and P. yuruaniensis of Yuruan��-tepui (R��dder & Jungfer 2008), in that they all produce bouts of single note calls of similar duration and call rate. Note, that what we and others (Myers & Donnelly 1996, Kok et al. 2011) have considered a call bout consisting of multiple calls, others (Myers & Donnelly 1997, R��dder & Jungfer 2008) termed a single call consisting of multiple pulses. In terms of spectral structure, the most similar call is P. pruinatus in that it is the only other vocalization that lacks visible harmonics, has a similar dominant frequency (2440���2660 Hz), and lacks frequency modulation (Myers & Donnelly 1996). However, inter-call interval is shorter in P. muchimuk (0.397��� 2.199 s) than in P. pruinatus (1.5��� 2.9 s; Myers & Donnelly 1996), and more similar to P. yuruaniensis (0.504��� 1.968 s; R��dder & Jungfer 2008). Pristimantis yuruaniensis has much lower dominant frequency (1.86���2.08), with two visible harmonics (R��dder & Jungfer 2008). Pristimantis aureoventris has a much longer inter-call interval (3.097 �� 0.275) as well as obvious harmonics and frequency modulation of the first note (Kok et al. 2011). The remaining two highland species differ from P. m u c h i m u k in that P. cantitans has a longer inter-call interval of 2.3��� 7.8 s (Myers & Donnelly 1996), and P. memorans has calls which were described as loud ���tinks��� in groups of 1���4 (Myers & Donnelly 1997). Distribution. Pristimantis muchimuk is known only from two locations, both on the summit of Chur��-tepui (Barrio-Amor��s et al. 2010; this work), and separated by a distance of ca. 2.8 km (Fig. 1). The altitudinal range is 2325���2383 m. Chur��-tepui is one of the 11 mountains that makes up the Chimant�� massif and is located in the southern section of the massif, reaches a maximum elevation of ca. 2500 m and has a summit area of 47.5 km 2 (Huber 1995). Habitat and natural history. The five new specimens of P. m u c h i m u k were found at night within a 10 m radius; all were a few meters from a small seasonal creek, found in vegetation 0.2 to 1.2 m above the ground, and within a small grove of Bonnetia roraimae (Figs. 9 a���b). The first three individuals, all adult males, were collected the evening of June 29, 2011 between 2100 and 2115 h. There had been periodic rain throughout the day. The presence of the frogs was detected by their chorusing activity. The first male (MHNLS 20495) was collected from a green side leaf of a Brocchinia hechtioides; this individual was perched on the upper surface of the leaf and retreated further back into the leaf axil upon disturbance. The second male (MHNLS 20496) was also collected from a Brocchinia hechtioides but this time from within the central tube of the plant. The third male (MHNLS 20497) was found within the green leaves that make up the rosette of an Orectanthe sp. The following evening, after no rain since the previous night, chorusing activity was again detected from the same Bonnetia roraimae grove, although the chorusing activity was less intense than the previous evening. Nevertheless, calls from two males were recorded. Furthermore, two individuals were found including a female (MHNLS 20505) and a juvenile (MHNLS 20506); both were found in side leaves of Brocchinia hechtioides. The female (20.5 mm SVL) was smaller than the female holotype (25.2 mm SVL) described by Barrio-Amor��s et al. (2010), but the presence of large oviducal eggs discovered via dissection indicated that it was an adult. Although the chorus was loud enough to be heard from approximately 20 m away, no other calls were detected in the area outside of the small Bonnetia grove. Interestingly, there were no other close areas with both Bonnetia trees and a flowing creek, thus suggesting that the two components together may be indicative of a breeding habitat. Although there are few available observations of Pristimantis species that inhabit high-elevation tepui summits, some patterns seem to be emerging. First, most species, including P. abakapa, P. aureoventris, P. marahuaka, P. m u c h i m u k, P. pruinatus, and P. yaviensis, seem to be largely nocturnal and associated with vegetation (Barrio-Amor��s et al. 2010, Kok et al. 2011, Myers & Donnelly 1996, Fuentes-Ramos & Barrio- Amor��s 2004). The exceptions include P. cantitans, which calls during the day and night and was found in vegetation and also below moss mats over sandstone (Myers & Donnelly 1996) and P. yuruaniensis which, at least in captivity, showed diurnal as well as nocturnal activity (R��dder & Jungfer 2008). Second, although specific plant associations have only been described for P. abakapa, P. aureoventris, P. marahuaka and P. m u c h i m u k (Fuentes- Ramos & Barrio-Amor��s 2004, Barrio-Amor��s et al. 2010, Kok et al. 2011, and this work), there appears to be close associations with Brocchinia sp. for all four species, with Orectanthe sp. for P. m u c h i m u k and P. aureoventris, and with Heliamphora sp. for P. marahuaka., Published as part of Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Salerno, Patricia E., Se��aris, J. Celsa & Pauly, Gregory B., 2013, Terraranans of the Lost World: a new species of Pristimantis (Amphibia, Craugastoridae) from Abakap��-tepui in the Chimant�� massif, Venezuelan Guayana, and additions to the knowledge of P. muchimuk, pp. 335-355 in Zootaxa 3686 (3) on pages 344-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3686.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/248676, {"references":["Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Mesa, J., Brewer-Carias, C., & McDiarmid, R. W. (2010) A new Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from Churi-tepui in the Chimanta massif, Venezuelan Guayana. Zootaxa, 2483, 35 - 44.","Myers, C. W. & Donnelly, M. A. (1996) A new herpetofauna from Cerro Yavi, Venezuela: first results of the Robert G. Goelet American Museum-Terramar Expedition to the northwestern tepuis. American Museum Novitates, 3172, 1 - 56.","Rodder, D. & Jungfer, K. - H. (2008) A new Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) from Yuruani-tepui, Venezuela. Zootaxa, 1814, 58 - 68.","Myers, C. W. & Donnelly, M. A. (1997) A tepui herpetofauna on a granitic mountain (Tamacuari) in the borderland between Venezuela and Brazil: report from the Phipps Tapirapeco Expedition. American Museum Novitates, 3213, 1 - 71.","Huber, O. (1995) Geographical and physical features. In: Steyermark, J. A., Berry, P. E. & Holst, B. K. (Eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 1. Introduction, pp. 1 - 61. Missouri Botanical Garden and Timber Press, Portland.","Fuentes-Ramos, O. & Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (2004) A new Eleutherodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Marahuaka Tepui, Amazonas, Venezuela. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 28, 285 - 290."]}