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Since the first detection of bromine monoxide in volcanic plumes attention has focused on the atmospheric synthesis and impact of volcanogenic reactive halogens. We report here new measurements of BrO in the volcanic plume emitted from Kilauea 5 volcano - the first time reactive halogens have been observed in emissions from a hotspot volcano. Observations were carried out by ground-based Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy in 2007 and 2008 at Pu'u'O 'o crater, and at the 2008 magmatic vent that opened within Halema'uma'u crater. BrO was readily detected in the Halema'uma'u plume (average column amount of 3×1015 molec cm-2) and its abun10 dance was strongly correlated with that of SO2. However, anticorrelation between NO2 and SO2 (and BrO) abundances in the same plume strongly suggest an active role of NOx in reactive halogen chemistry. The calculated SO2/BrO molar ratio of ~1600 is comparable to observations at other volcanoes, although the BrO mixing ratio is roughly double that observed elsewhere. While BrO was not observed in the Pu'u'O'o15 plume this was probably merely a result of the detection limit of our measurements and based on understanding of the Summit and East Rift magmatic system we expect reactive halogens to be formed also in the Pu'u'O 'o emissions. If this is correct then based on the long term SO2 flux from Pu'u'O'o we calculate that Kilauea emits 480Mgyr-1 of reactive bromine and may thus represent an important source to the tropical Pacific 20 troposphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Molecular technologies are expanding our knowledge about genetic variability underlying early-onset non-progressive choreic syndromes. Focusing on NKX2-1-related chorea, the clinical phenotype and sleep related disorders have been only partially characterized., Methods: We propose a retrospective and longitudinal observational study in 7 patients with non-progressive chorea due to NKX2-1 mutations. In all subjects sleep and awake EEG, brain MRI with study of pituitary gland, chest X-rays, endocrinological investigations were performed. Movement disorders, pattern of sleep and related disorders were investigated using structured clinical evaluation and several validated questionnaires., Results: In patients carrying NKX2-1 mutations, chorea was mainly distributed in the upper limbs and tended to improve with age. All patients presented clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism and delayed motor milestones. Three subjects had symptoms consistent with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) that improved with Levodopa., Conclusions: Patients with NKX2-1 gene mutations should be investigated for RLS, which, similarly to chorea, can sometimes be ameliorated by Levodopa., (Copyright © 2018 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)