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Integrating photovoltaic systems (PV) into the grid has garnered significant attention due to increasing interest in renewable energy sources. Maximizing the PV systems output power is crucial for improving energy efficiency and reducing operating costs. This paper presents a comparative analysis of two different techniques of maximum power point tracking (MPPT): perturb and observe (P&O) and artificial neural network (ANN) MPPT, focusing on their application in grid-connected PV systems. The paper evaluates their performance under various operating conditions, including changes in irradiance and temperature, that are discussed in three cases. The comparative analysis includes metrics such as voltage regulation and power loss. MATLAB Simulink is utilized to implement P&O and ANN MPPT methods, which include a PV cell connected to an MPPT-controlled boost converter. The simulation demonstrates the power loss of the PV model as well as the voltage regulation in the three cases for the two methods. The results obtained in simulation and implementations show that the ANN method outperforms the P&O in the three cases discussed in terms of power loss, voltage regulation, and efficiency. The results also show that the change in output power from PV is noticeable when compared to changes in radiation, while the change is slight when temperatures change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article does not attempt to outline the history of Egypt's Nationalist Party since its foundation by Mustafa Kamil in 1907; rather, it demonstrates the colonialist nature of early British narratives, then discusses the counternarratives of contemporary Egyptian nationalist leaders, and analyzes the emergence of academic narratives from Egyptian and Western academic historians. The article argues that the image of the Nationalist Party in Western academia has moved away from the defamation of early British colonialist writers, with a favorable image prevailing among Egyptian academic historians since 1952. Politicians and historians searching for inspiring nationalist personalities, particularly during the self-criticism after the Arab defeat in the 1967 war, revived the Nationalist Party leaders. This favorable image has survived several dramatic changes in ideology of successive ruling regimes and has become so popular that politicians of all orientations often use it to serve their political interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the dilemmas that al-Afghani and Rida encountered while advocating and working for political reform: Whenever they fought the tyranny of Muslim rulers, they were targeted, and usually defeated, by colonial powers. And once they began to struggle against colonialism and call for Muslim unity, they were victimized and had their plans aborted by authoritarian Muslim rulers. This was a lesson for later Islamic political movements, as they had to identify clearly, and on solid theoretical bases, their target of reform and the real enemy, and prioritize their goals and methods of reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]