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Abstract This work addresses the scarcity of energy resources and environmental issues by concentrating on the synthesis of biodiesel by the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol. Marble sludge (MS), a novel heterogeneous catalyst, was used to speed up the rate of reaction. The catalyst’s physical and chemical characteristics were thoroughly examined using a variety of methods, including X-ray diffraction, X-ray Fluorescence, SEM, particle size distribution, and BET analysis. Using the MS catalyst, the study investigated the impact of important parameters on the yield of biodiesel from waste cooking oil with the aid of response surface methodology using Design-Expert version 13 software. These parameters included temperature (50–70℃), reaction time (1–4 h), catalyst concentration (1–5 wt%), and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5–20 mol/mol). Optimization of the parameters was performed for economic targets to lower the production cost of biodiesel. The results showed that a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 20:1, a catalyst of 5 wt%, and a reaction time of 1 h at 57℃ were the ideal parameters for obtaining a biodiesel yield of 93.5%. The resultant biodiesel revealed promising characteristics, such as a flash point of 160℃, a kinematic viscosity of 4 mm2/s, and a density of 0.871 g/cm3. The study demonstrates the significant consequences and real-world advantages of using rational engineering methods to use MS as a very effective, stable, and easily recoverable catalyst for the long-term, sustainable generation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil.

Abstract Detergents and disinfectants for dairy industry must meet a variety of characteristics, including low toxicity, high antibacterial activity, and excellent rinsing of pollutants from working surfaces. This work presents an innovative detergent-disinfectant agent based on whey mineralizate and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which allows reducing production costs and ensuring high cleanliness of treated surfaces compared to analogues. For this purpose, a method for obtaining sols of Ag NPs stabilized with didecyldimethylammonium bromide (Ag NPs-DDAB) was developed and optimized using neural network algorithms. Characterization of Ag NPs-DDAB showed particles with a radius of 4.5 nm and 20 nm, stable in the pH range from 2 to 11. An acute toxicity study of Ag NPs in mice showed LD50 = 4230 μg/kg. Based on the degree of accumulation and inhalation toxicity, Ag NPs-DDAB are classified as low-hazard chemicals. The developed detergent-disinfectant had a washability of about 90%, high antimicrobial activity (0.005 mg/mL) against Penicillium roqueforti and a sanitary and hygienic effect on coliforms, general contamination and pathogenic microorganisms, a low-corrosive effect and low toxicity (315 mg/mL) to Danio rerio. It was concluded that the use of detergent-disinfectant agent will completely eliminate the consumption of water for the equipment cleaning process and can be used to clean an electrodialysis unit’s circuits, enabling the utilization of secondary waste from membrane milk processing and promoting resource efficiency and cleaner production in the dairy industry.

(1) The purpose of this project was to create and collect validity evidence for a lifestyle medicine objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) station to assess medical students’ performance related to lifestyle medicine competencies. (2) We developed a lifestyle medicine case/station with an associated observation checklist and rubric. We piloted the checklist and rubric in one lifestyle medicine OSCE station, securing triplicate scores of each student’s performance. For analysis, generalizability (G) theory was utilized for observation checklist data and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for patient encounter notes (PENs). (3) One hundred and fifteen third-year medical students completed the lifestyle medicine OSCE station in the Internal and Family Medicine Clerkship. The generalizability coefficient and Phi-coefficient based on the number of encounters (P = 115), facet 1 (nfacet1 = 10 assessment tool checklist items), and facet 2 (nfacet2 = two performance ratings in the live examination) were 0.71 and 0.69, respectively. The average interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) measure for PEN was 0.79 (CI = 0.69–0.85). (4) For this OSCE station, the G-coefficient provides positive indicators for the validity of the observation checklist items. Similarly, the ICC result provides validity evidence for the usefulness of the PEN rubric for capturing lifestyle medicine knowledge reflected in students’ PEN notes.

Hiba Al Fahmawi,1 Abla Albsoul-Younes,1 Mohammad Saleh1 ,† Mahmoud Abu-Abeeleh,2 Violet Kasabri1 1School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; 2Department of General Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan†Dr Mohammad Saleh passed away on August 15, 2024Correspondence: Abla Albsoul-Younes; Violet Kasabri, Email ablabsoul@ju.edu.jo; violetk70@gmail.comIntroduction: Drug therapy problems (DTPs) continuously occur in hospitalized patients. This study aims to emphasize the role of clinical pharmacists in evaluating the DTP’s frequencies, causes, severity ratings, and contributing factors at a general surgery ward in Jordan.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at one of the major teaching and referral hospitals in Jordan. Data were collected through clinical pharmacist reviews of paper and electronic medical records as well as patient interviews. DTPs were identified using Cipolle’s classification system and rated for severity on a scale of 10. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors contributing to DTPs. Drug classes primarily associated with DTPs were specified.Results: During enrollment, a total of 80 patients were recruited in this study. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 52.35 ± 14.82 years, and 49 (61.25%) of them were males. Within the study period, 192 DTPs were identified by clinical pharmacists in 87.5%of the total recruited patients. The mean number of DTPs per patient was 2.40 ± 1.83. The most common categories of DTPs were “needs additional therapy” 46 (23.96%), “unnecessary drug therapy” 45 (23.44%), and “dosage too low” 39 (20.31%). Of the total DTPs, 127 (66.15%) were rated as severe. Multiple linear regression revealed that patients’ length of hospital stay and the number of current medications had a statistically significant effect on the number of DTPs identified during hospitalization. Endocrine and metabolic drugs 51 (26.56%) and cardiovascular drugs 36 (18.75%) were the most frequent classes of drugs contributing to DTPs.Conclusion: DTPs are common in the general surgery ward. Clinical pharmacists can provide medication reviews for surgical patients to identify DTPs and rate their severities. Detecting risk factors for DTPs and the most common drug classes associated with them can assist in decision-making relevant to reducing DTPs in the surgical ward.Keywords: drug therapy problems, clinical pharmacist, surgery ward, observational study

This study investigated whether MgO nanoparticles (NPs) produced via the sol–gel process can simultaneously remove the pharmaceutical diclofenac sodium (DCF) and cadmium ions (Cd2+) from water. The UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to confirm the composition, morphology and particle size of the MgO NPs. The adsorption performance of MgO NPs was compared to that of bentonite-nano zero valent iron (B-nZVI) and activated carbon (AC). The impact of contact time, adsorbate concentration, pH, and temperature on the removal efficacy of DCF and Cd2+ via MgO NPs in aqueous solutions were investigated, and the removal data was best described by the kinetic model of pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.996). The maximum removal capacity of MgO for DCF and Cd2+ at pH 7 was 66.2 mg.g−1 (%R = 90) and 50.8 mg.g−1 (%R = 80), respectively. The average adsorption enthalpy for DCF and Cd2+ (ΔH° 50 kJ. mol−1) demonstrates the occurrence of physical adsorption process, while the negative value of ΔG° reveals the spontaneous nature of DCF and Cd2+ adsorption on the surface of MgO NPs. The DCF and Cd2+ adsorbed MgO surfaces were reused against various gram-positive bacteria. Finally, it was shown that MgO and sand column were more effective for removal of persistent substances and heavy metal residues than a column packed by a mixture of B-nZVI and sand.

Water security is a major challenge for agricultural sustainability in Egypt. To tackle water scarcity, the reuse of wastewater such as raw agricultural drainage water (RADW) and treated sewage drainage water (TSDW) can be a potential solution. An investigation was conducted over two seasons (2022 and 2023) for 5 months (January–May) on roughly 8-month-old jojoba plants to study their tolerance for irrigation with different concentrations of wastewater (RADW, TSDW) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% compared to the control (tap water). The study examined the effect of wastewater irrigation on growth parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, shoot numbers, leaf physical measurements, visual quality (VQ) and leaf chemical components including heavy metals (HMs), antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH]), ion leakage (IL%), superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), leaf minerals, pigments, soluble carbohydrate content (SCC), total phenolic content (TPC) and proline performance in jojoba plants. The findings indicated that jojoba plants can tolerate irrigation with RADW up to a concentration of 100% and TSDW up to a concentration of 75%.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals who work in mental health institutions are more exposed to psychotropic medications than those in other healthcare institutions and are, therefore, more likely to self-prescribe. Self-prescription is a concerning phenomenon because of the potential for medication misuse, drug interaction, addiction, and other social, physical, and psychological consequences. This study investigated the prevalence of self-prescription of psychotropic medications and the most common self-prescribed psychotropic medications by healthcare professionals in mental health institutions in Saudi Arabia. It also aimed to determine the possible side effects and factors associated with self-prescription of psychotropic medications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using an electronic survey consisting of a researcher-designed checklist, targeting healthcare professionals in mental health institutions in Saudi Arabia. The independent variables were sex, nationality, occupation, place of residence, place of work, previous diagnosis of mental illness, marital, and living status. Data were analyzed, using SPSS, and frequency distribution and percentages were calculated. Chi-square test was employed to determine association between self-prescription and various independent variables. RESULTS: The final sample size was 588; 9.5% healthcare professionals working at mental health institutions in Saudi Arabia admitted to self-prescription with psychotropic medications. Almost half of those who admitted to self-prescription (48.2%) and about 1/4 (23.2%) self-prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines, respectively. The most commonly reported side effects of self-prescription were gastrointestinal symptoms and drowsiness. The study also suggested that males were significantly more prone to self-prescribing than females (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study in Saudi Arabia to assess the self-prescription of psychotropic medications by healthcare professionals at mental health institutions. This study is important for decision-makers in their planning and updating of prescription policies. It is also equally important to spread awareness among healthcare professionals about the consequences of self-prescription.

This study investigates the efficacy of environmentally friendly silica-based nanocomposites, SiO 2 -Fe 3 O 4 and SiO 2 -ZnO, for removing Ibuprofen (IBU) from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques, such as SEM, TEM, EDS, and FTIR. The adsorption capabilities of IBU onto these nanocomposites were explored through comparative analysis, focusing on factors such as pH, initial pollutant concentration, contact time, and temperature. Results reveal that the adsorption process is pH-dependent, and the lower pH levels enhance the adsorption process. The IBU removal process is faster with SiO 2 -Fe 3 O 4 compared to SiO 2 -ZnO. Kinetic modeling suggests a pseudo-second-order mechanism ( R 2 > 0.99 ) for IBU adsorption onto the surfaces of both adsorbents. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed and demonstrated to analyze the equilibrium data. The Langmuir model revealed a higher maximum adsorption capacity for SiO 2 -Fe 3 O 4 ( Q max = 59.9 ) than SiO 2 -ZnO ( Q max = 44.2 ) . Thermodynamic analysis indicates a chemisorption mechanism for SiO 2 -ZnO and a physisorption mechanism for IBU molecules on the surface of SiO 2 -Fe 3 O 4 . In addition, the standard thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process indicate that IBU adsorption via both nanocomposites is exothermic, resulting in reduced entropy, and occurs spontaneously. This research introduces silica-based nanocomposites with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles for efficient Ibuprofen removal from aqueous solution. The magnetic properties allow easy separation and reusability, enhancing treatment effectiveness. The study offers valuable insights for improving water treatment strategies with potential industrial applications.

Background: Work-related low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder related to work and contributes to decreased employee health and productivity. Physical therapists (PTs) are more susceptible to developing LBP than other healthcare employees. Although LBP might contribute to decreased quality of life (QoL) among PTs, factors underpinning correlations between work-related musculoskeletal disorders and QoL among PTs are not substantiated. This study aimed to investigate correlations between work-related LBP and QoL among PTs. Methods: This cross-sectional study used an online survey completed by PTs. The survey form was based on a previously published questionnaire for assessing the experience of work-related LBP and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey for evaluating QoL. The dependent variable was QoL; the independent variables were LBP rating, how LBP impacted the work of the PTs, weekly hours of direct patient contact, experience as a PT, and income. Results: A total of 690 PTs, consisting of males (375) and females (315), completed the survey form. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between QoL and the following variables: income (r=0.42, p < 0.01), LBP impact on participant's job performance (r=0.41, p < 0.01), experience as a PT (r=0.17, p < 0.01), weekly hours of direct patient contact (r=0.11, p < 0.01), rating of LBP (r=-0.64, p < 0.01) and area of PT specialty (r=-0.15, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The study showed correlations related to multiple factors between QoL and work-related LBP among PTs. Further investigation is needed to obtain more knowledge about these correlations.

Background and Aim: Query fever (Q fever) is an endemic zoonotic disease and ruminants are considered to be the primary source of infection in humans. It is caused by Coxiella burnetii which is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen with a worldwide distribution. This study estimated the prevalence of Q fever in livestock with a history of abortion in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Sera from 341 camels, 326 sheep, and 121 goats of either sex from various locations (Makkah, Jeddah, AL-Taif, AL-Qunfudah, AL-Laith, and AL-Kamil) were examined using a Q fever indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Among the 788 serum samples, 356 animals had anti-Coxiella burnetii immunoglobulin G antibodies with an overall seroprevalence of 45.4%. Significant differences were observed in seroprevalence between species and locations. Camels had the highest percentage of Q fever-positive sera, with a prevalence of 50.4%, followed by goats (44.6%) and sheep (36.8%), with a high significant difference between animals (p = 0.000). The prevalence was significantly higher in Makkah (65.4%) than in Jeddah (28.8%). Conclusion: C. burnetii infection is prevalent in agricultural animals, especially camels maintained at livestock farms in Makkah province. Therefore, these animals considered as the main source of Q fever infections in Saudi Arabia, which is also a reason for the abortion in these animals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further studies on Q fever infection with interventional approaches for prevention and control.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine the viability of applying a flawless polyaniline coating on steel spearheads to preserve them and protect them from corrosion. The spearpoints, thought to be archaeologically significant, were acquired from the Military Museum in Al-Qala, Egypt. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the spearheads chemical composition and microstructure (EDX). The spearheads were determined to be constructed of steel and to have a coating of ferric oxide and other corrosion products on their exteriors. After that, a flawless polyaniline coating was electrochemically deposited onto the spearpoints in a way that was both quick and cheap. Many types of corrosion tests, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) readings, were used to determine the coating’s effectiveness. The steel spearheads’ findings revealed a significant improvement in their resistance to corrosion after being coated with flawless polyaniline. The coating served as a barrier, blocking out water and other corrosive substances and slowing the buildup of corrosion byproducts on the spearpoints. In conclusion, our research shows that a flawless polyaniline coating may be an effective anti-corrosion treatment for ancient steel artifacts. The approach is straightforward, cheap, and readily scalable for massive conservation efforts.

ABSTRACTThis study delves into the biological characteristics of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. ascendens (CNEO) essential oil, an indigenous subspecies of eastern Morocco. Distinguished by its purple or pale pinkish-white flowers, CNEO was subjected to thorough phytochemical analysis via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing 21 terpene compounds, notably Dihydrocarvone (22.70%), Neoisomenthol (43.59%), and Pulegone (20.55%). These compounds, recognized for their biological and pharmacological attributes, were further investigated for their potential applications. Notably, CNEO exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects by attenuating nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Moreover, it demonstrated promising anticancer activity against MDA-MB-468, HepG2, and HCT-15 cancer cell lines, rivaling doxorubicin’s effectiveness. These findings underscore CNEO’s nutraceutical potential, particularly in food science and industry, suggesting its use as a functional food additive with both nutritional and health benefits

Background: Research on Coffea arabica focuses on various aspects, including genetics, breeding, climate change resilience, pest and disease management, agronomy, sensory analysis, and sustainability. This study aims to analyze the hotspots, conceptual map and dynamicity, global landscape, and emerging trends in Coffea arabica research (CA-R). Methods: A comprehensive dataset comprising data-driven articles (N = 3967) from 1932 to 2023 was extracted from Scopus using predefined search terms. VOSviewer and Bibliometrix applications were utilized to analyze the data. Thematic evolution was examined by identifying shifts in research focus over time. The global landscape was assessed by examining comparative productivity and collaborative dynamics. Highly-cited CA-R was identified to highlight key findings in specific research areas. Results: The analysis revealed a steady growth of CA-R (annual growth rate = 6.53 %), with strong international collaboration (international co-authorships = 29.35 %) and significant contributions from various countries. Brazil leads the way with 1601 publications, accounting for 28.55 % of the total. Recognizable CA-R focused on important areas such as pollination, shade management, nanotechnology applications, roasting effects, disease management, and environmental impacts. Thematic analysis identified five distinct clusters representing different CA-R themes: “coffee”, “coffea,” “fermentation,” “Coffea arabica,” and “climate change.” Emerging themes such as ''in vitro culture,'' ''sustainable agriculture,'' ''climate change,'' and ''coffee berry borer'' were also identified. Conclusion: The current findings enhance our understanding of CA-R and lay the groundwork for future studies in the coffee industry.

We previously demonstrated that mice carrying natural mtDNA variants of the FVB/NJ strain (m.7778 G>T in the mt-Atp8 gene in mitochondrial complex V), namely C57BL/6 J-mtFVB/NJ (B6-mtFVB), exhibited (i) partial protection from experimental skin inflammatory diseases in an anti-murine type VII collagen antibody-induced skin inflammation model and psoriasiform dermatitis model; (ii) significantly altered metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, according to targeted metabolomics of liver, skin and lymph node samples; and (iii) a differential composition of the gut microbiota according to bacterial 16 S rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples compared to wild-type C57BL/6 J (B6) mice. To further dissect these disease-contributing factors, we induced an experimental antibody-induced skin inflammatory disease in gnotobiotic mice. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of caecum contents and untargeted metabolomics of liver, CD4+ T cell, and caecum content samples from conventional B6-mtFVB and B6 mice. We identified D-glucosamine as a candidate mediator that ameliorated disease severity in experimental antibody-induced skin inflammation by modulating immune cell function in T cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Because mice carrying mtDNA variants of the FVB/NJ strain show differential disease susceptibility to a wide range of experimental diseases, including diet-induced atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and collagen antibody-induced arthritis in DBA/1 J mice, this experimental approach is valuable for identifying novel therapeutic options for skin inflammatory conditions and other chronic inflammatory diseases to which mice carrying specific mtDNA variants show differential susceptibility.

The study aims to highlight the importance of considering the implementation of process of re-engineering Reengineering Administrational Processes (RAP) in the Arab countries universities, particularly, colleges of education to attain good educational outputs. It seeks to highlight the requirements for this implementation and explore the problems associated to the implementation it and distinguish themselves from other organizations is. The Process of Re-Engineering (RAP) is defined as a rapid and drastic re-designing of managerial and strategic process of values at colleges of education in the Arab States Universities in order to attain good educational outputs. The managerial process includes planning, organization, control, follow-up, evaluation and decision taking. The significance of the study is that it can considerably help improve administrative processes applied in the domain of strategic planning at colleges of education in Arab States. The main objective of the study was to outline the main demands of colleges of education for using (RAP) and the obstacles that face its application. For that purpose, the descriptive/ analytic method was used. The study relied heavily on the analysis of the available literature, writings, and publications on the topic, for predicting the practicability of applying RAPRAP. The study came up with the following main results: RAP application, if used properly, can raise the level of job satisfaction among staff members of Arab States colleges of education in particular and the Arab States Universities in general. RAP application can affect total amendments on colleges of education administrative systems for better rendered services. The most demanding requirements of RAP are those that directly relate to the organization structure of the particular corporation, and all its activities for more flexibility, speed and accuracy of performance. The basic human requirements for RAP application include effective training for trainers for the sake of radical change in concepts and ideas. The main obstacles that face RAP application include the poor outcome at colleges of education regarding teaching/learning process, in addition to poor strategic information management on the part of colleges of education and universities. RAP is not fully made use of, despite large sums of money having been spent on for that exact purpose.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) involves the incorporation of sensors, devices, and equipment with internet connectivity and data processing abilities. This connectivity allows sensors to collect and exchange data and communicate with each other. The proliferation of sensors and data-producing devices in the industrial sector has led to high volumes of data, causing data duplication and other issues in storage, processing, and resource consumption. To address data duplication becomes vital to guarantee effective operation and resource optimization. Existing data deduplication techniques in IIoT environments often struggle with efficiency and scalability. Current deduplication approaches may involve frequent and unnecessary hash generation for minor variations in sensor readings, resulting in excessive computational overhead, higher energy consumption, and reduced network lifetime. These limitations highlight the need to propose the Grid Hashing-based Efficient Data Aggregation (GH-EDA) scheme, a comprehensive solution that uses effective data aggregation, preprocessing, and region splitting, and employs an Extended Merkle Grid for efficient deduplication. The scheme begins with the aggregation of sensor data, followed by preprocessing steps to filter out irrelevant or noisy data. Subsequently, the data is partitioned into regions and refined to improve resource utilization, thereby enabling fast duplicate detection while minimizing the number of comparisons. Key features of the proposed scheme include a threshold-based approach to hash generation, guaranteeing that only substantial changes produce new hash values. Extensive simulations are conducted using Network Simulator-3. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using metrics such as space reduction, search time, network lifetime, computation time, average latency, and energy utilization. Comparisons with existing techniques demonstrate the superior performance of the GH-EDA.

Social media platforms have allowed many people to publicly express and disseminate their opinions. A topic of considerable interest among researchers is the impact of social media on predicting the stock market. Positive or negative feedback about a company or service can potentially impact its stock price. Nevertheless, the prediction of stock market movement using sentiment analysis (SA) encounters hurdles stemming from the imprecisions observed in SA techniques demonstrated in prior studies, which overlook the uncertainty inherent in the data and consequently directly undermine the credibility of stock market indicators. In this paper, we proposed a novel model to enhance the prediction of stock market movements using SA by improving the process of SA using neutrosophic logic (NL), which accurately classifies tweets by handling uncertain and indeterminate data. For the prediction model, we use the result of sentiment analysis and historical stock market data as input for a deep learning algorithm called long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict the stock movement after a specific number of days. The results of this study demonstrated a predictive accuracy that surpasses the accuracy rate of previous studies in predicting stock price fluctuations when using the same dataset.

This article introduces new nonparametric statistical methods for prediction in case of data containing right-censored observations and left-censored observations simultaneously. The methods can be considered as new versions of Hill’s A(n){A}_{\left(n)} assumption for double-censored data. Two bounds are derived to predict the survival function for one future observation Xn+1{X}_{n+1} based on each version, and these bounds are compared through two examples. Two interesting features are provided based on the proposed methods. The first one is the detailed graphical presentation of the effects of right and left censoring. The second feature is that the lower and upper survival functions can be derived.

This paper illustrated how nonparametric bootstrap methods for double-censored data can be used to conduct some hypothesis tests, such as quartiles' hypothesis tests. Through simulation studies, the smoothed bootstrap (SB) method performed better results than Efron's method in most scenarios, particularly for small datasets. The SB method provided smaller discrepancies between the actual and nominal error rates.

AbstractIn recent years, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have received a great deal of attention due to the constantly growing demands in the agricultural sector. In this review, we discuss two major abiotic stresses: drought and salt, which have been extensively researched in terms of their impact on plant growth under CNMs treatments. Drought and salt stress are two of the most important environmental factors that affect plants growth and development. There is still a lot we don’t fully understand about how CNMs accumulates, how plants respond to stress, and how they affect plant growth. Researchers all over the world have worked to uncover more about plants and CNMs interact and what happens when plants are exposed to abiotic stresses. The goal of this review is to give the reader an up-to-date look at how the different CNMs help plants grow when they are stressed by drought or salt. Depending on the recommended dose of CNMs used, different species have different growth and production patterns. Lower CNM concentration levels were observed to boost crop productivity and yield, but greater CNM concentration levels under stress conditions were also observed to reduce these traits. In general, CNMs were proved to be efficient at increasing (water uptake, water transport, seed germination, boosting photosynthetic system and antioxidant activities) and reducing (MDA, H2O2 content) while concentration levels were limited; they were found to be less effective at both of these changes when concentrations were high. Taken together, the current state of studies on how CNMs affect the development of plants is encapsulated, and the most important knowledge gaps are also addressed.