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As electric vehicles (EVs) continue to acquire prominence in the transportation industry, improving the outcomes and efficiency of their propulsion systems is becoming increasingly critical. Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) have become a compelling option for EV applications due to their simplicity, magnet-free design, robustness, and cost-effectiveness, making them an attractive choice for the growing EV market. Despite all these features and compared to other electrical machines, SRMs suffer from some restrictions, such as torque ripple and audible noise generation, stemming from their markedly nonlinear characteristics, which affect their productivity and efficiency. Therefore, to address these problems, especially the torque ripple, it is crucial and challenging to enhance the performance of the SRM drive system. This paper proposed a comprehensive review of torque ripple minimization strategies of SRMs in EV applications. It covered a detailed overview and categorized and compared many strategies, including two general categories of torque ripple mitigation encompassing optimization design topologies and control strategy developments. Then, focused on control strategy improvements and divided them into torque and current control strategies, including the sub-sections. In addition, the research also provided an overview of SRM fundamental operations, converter topologies, and excitation angle approaches. Last, a comparison between each method in torque control and current control strategies was listed, including the adopted method, features, and drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the repeated cycles of charging and discharging, battery manufacturers cannot ensure perfect cell balance. Cell balancing is considered essential for equalizing each battery cell to the same state of charge level in a series configuration. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can be damaged or have their lifespan decreased by improper discharge processes. This study investigates battery balance during discharge by analyzing the state of charge (SoC) and current distribution of a 3-cell battery pack based on a multi-transformer shared flyback converter (F-C) under varying load conditions. A balanced approach is employed to control individual cells using a dedicated switch for each cell during the discharge process. The results indicate that the proposed active balancing method can enhance the Li-ion pack's balancing capacity while reducing the disparity in residual energy among the battery cells. The unique contribution of this research lies in the active balancing approach, which offers efficient and effective battery management during discharge. This approach provides crucial insights for the future development of improved battery systems. Therefore, Given the linearly decreasing target SoC, the average error over all time points is approximately 4.29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) systems suffer from partial shade and nonuniform irradiance conditions. Meanwhile, each PV module has a bypass shunt diode (BSD) to prevent hotspots. BSD also causes a series of a peak in the power-voltage characteristics of the PV array, trapping traditional maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods in local peaks. This study aims to address these challenges by combining cuckoo search (CS), gray wolf optimization (GWO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to enhance MPPT performance. The results compared the yield power by Tracking the MPP using only GWO, CS, or PSO MPPT techniques and combining them. Results show that in four cases: in case 1) Uniform Irradiation in three patterns (High, Medium, and Low), In case 2) Fixed Nonuniform Irradiation, While In case 3) Slow Dynamic Nonuniform Irradiation and case 4)) Fast Dynamic nonuniform irradiation. The efficiency (PSO + CS) 97.86%, (PSO + GWO) 97.74%, and (GWO + CS) 98.55% were the highest performers in the case 1 results in (high, medium, and low), respectively. In Case 2, the efficiency (GWO + CS) is 98.62%, and it operates more effectively under fixed nonuniform irradiance. It has the highest efficiency in both Cases 3 and 4, even though its respective PSO + GWO efficiencies are 97.45% and 97.26%. Based on these results, a hybrid mode of merging algorithms based on weather radiation conditions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high uncertainty of renewable energy sources, and the diversity of energy sources and storage systems, it is mandatory to seek a controller that manages all these renewable energy sources and this hybrid energy storage. This paper proposed a renewable energy management system using flatness control and PID and PSO technologies that track the maximum power point from the PV array and manages the energy storage elements. Two energy storage are adopted: battery storage and hydrogen tank. The proposed (Nero-fuzzy) controller also works to fill the hydrogen storage tank wisely and safely by controlling the alkaline electrolyzer and the tank's pressure. The main aim of this combined system is to attain power stability. Since the PV is the primary production source, a PSO MPPT is a proposed system for optimum power delivered by the PV under different radiation and temperature conditions. The fuel cell has been used to compensate for the energy lost when there is a lack of control due to weather conditions or high-power demand by the DC load. A battery was coupled to the DC bus to respond quickly to the power requirement. When the radiation intensity is 1000 W/m2, the PV will generate enough 18 kW to supply the load, run the electrolyzer 7 kW, and charge the batteries. While in the radiation change, when it is 240 W/m2, the solar panels produce (4.3 kW) and the load (4.7 kW). The battery works first because of its quick response, and then the fuel cell works to generate instead of it, which is sufficient to operate the load only. The results show a stable and fast response grid under different weather conditions and load scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of electric power generation in Iraq and as a step forward to adopting a sustainable campus of the Electrical Engineering Technical College (EETC), Middle Technical University, in Baghdad, Iraq, and the critical demand for energy in our institutions, particularly educational institutions, this pilot study was proposed. The study aims to analyze the adoption of PV solar systems on the campus in the presence and absence of grid power and how that affects our design discussion in the matter of Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), Operation Cost, initial cost, power production, fuel consumption, and the annual net consumed energy from the grid. Forty-five different scenarios were analyzed for all possible cases. The existence of backup generators on the campus was also taken into consideration; G1-350kVA and G2-500kVA. The study has two stages. In the first stage, they used a walkthrough energy audit in the (EETC) to estimate the load profile of the campus, while in the second stage, they used HOMER Pro to analyze this data. The results show that adding an on-grid PV system to the campus grid can reduce the COE by 58%, and it is the best scenario when the grid is present, with an NPC, operation cost ($/yr), and initial capital ($) equal to $77,680, $1,460, and $59,018 respectively. When the grid was absent, the winning scenario was using a PV solar system with a 100-kWh lithium battery storage and a converter. Despite that scenario being the best solution, the produced energy cost is 372% higher than the grid energy cost (0.1 $/kWh) in Iraq, with an NPC, operation cost ($/yr.), and initial capital ($) equal to $337,291, $7,855, and 236878 respectively. Finally, both winning scenarios have no generator, and this will have a high impact on the campus environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recently, a new scheme of conventional PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller has been utilized in different electrical drives for speed control. This paper presents an optimal P IλDμ controller with 2DOF and anti‐windup techniques based on PSO optimization to produce the proposed controller which is exploited in order to control the velocity control of LIM. A three‐phase inverter with SVPWM technique that is depended on approach of IFOC method is exploited to obtain the necessary output voltage supplied to the main windings of the LIM in order to control the velocity with minimum harmonics and good characteristics. The end effect is taken into account in dq axis equivalent circuit. Computed investigations show that the proposed controller is efficient in improving motor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]