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This study investigates the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extract of Mangifera indicapeel (MEMP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified 17 polyphenolic compounds, with gallic acid (55.60 μg/mL) and chlorogenic acid (73.63 μg/mL) being the most abundant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) detected 84 volatile compounds, with palmitic acid (24.4%) and gallic acid (17.2%) dominating. MEMP demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus mutansand Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.018 mg/mL and 0.037 mg/mL, respectively. In anticancer assays, MEMP exhibited selective cytotoxicity against HepG-2 liver cancer cells (IC50, 72.33 µg/mL, selectivity index (SI, 51.24) while sparing normal HSF cells (CC50, 3706 µg/mL), achieving a favorable safety index. The extract significantly reduced cell migration and metastasis by downregulating MMP-2 (0.590-fold) and MMP-9 (0.565-fold) gene expression. In antiviral studies, MEMP showed notable activity against HSV-1 (IC50, 2.697 µg/mL; SI, 1374.12) and adenovirus-7 (IC50, 18.19 µg/mL; SI, 203.74). Molecular docking studies revealed rosmarinic acid and rutin as the strongest inhibitors of MMP-2, with binding affinities of − 9.3 kcal/mol for both compounds. For MMP-9, rosmarinic acid and naringenin demonstrated the best binding affinities (− 9.4 kcal/mol each), indicating their potential to suppress cancer metastasis. In antiviral assays, rutin exhibited the highest binding affinity to HSV-1 DNA polymerase (ΔG, − 9.4 kcal/mol) and thymidine kinase (ΔG, − 8.0 kcal/mol), highlighting its potential to disrupt viral replication. Naringenin and ellagic acid also showed notable antiviral activity, with binding affinities of − 7.4 and − 8.0 kcal/mol, respectively, against HSV-1 DNA polymerase. These interactions underline the therapeutic relevance of these compounds in cancer metastasis and viral infections. The current study underscores the therapeutic potential of MEMP in oncology and infectious disease management while reducing waste and promoting environmental sustainability. Future studies should explore eco-friendly extraction methods and in vivo models to further validate its clinical applications.

The present study assessed the green synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3-NPs) by using aluminum (Al) foil waste as an Al source and date palm seed extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Several methodologies were employed to investigate Al2O3-NPs, encompassing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The UV–visible spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of an absorption peak at a wavelength of 264 nm, providing evidence for the successful green synthesis of the Al2O3-NPs. The XRD analysis revealed that the average size of the Al2O3-NPs was 32 ± 2.57 nm and had a rhombohedral structure. The EDX facilitated the identification of the elemental composition of the sample, which was found to consist of 40.37% Al and 31.56% O, confirming the high purity of the Al2O3-NPs powder. Furthermore, it was noted that the Al2O3-NPs exhibited the greatest antibacterial efficacy against Candida albicans(21 ± 1.85 mm), but no discernible antimicrobial effect was recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniaeat higher concentrations of Al2O3-NPs. No significant variation in the germination of faba bean seeds was observed upon treatment with Al2O3-NPs. The observed mitotic index in the treatment group was determined to be significantly lower compared to the control cells, based on the duration and dosage of Al2O3-NP exposure. In contrast, for micronuclei (MN) and the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, there is a noticeable upward trajectory in this phenomenon. Finally, Al2O3-NPs are employed in a variety of applications, such as biomedical and agriculture.

The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) mediated fruit peel extract is gaining importance due to its cost-effectiveness and ecofriendly nature. Herein, ZnO-NPs were synthesized using pomegranate peel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized using SEM, TEM-SAID, FT-IR, XRD, and particle size analysis. According to the findings, the ZnO-NPs were agglomerated into spherical and hexagonal shapes with an average diameter of 20 to 40 nm and crystallinity formed. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO-NPs against pathogenic microbes was significant in multiple applications, with 62.5 and 31.25 μg/ml of MIC for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, and 125 and 250 μg/ml of MIC for Aspergillus nigerand Aspergillus flavus, respectively. In addition, ZnO-NPs showed antioxidant activity with IC50= 240 and 250 μg/ml by DPPH and ABTS, respectively. All concentrations of ZnO-NPs significantly improved the germination of barley seed and shoot height, with the optimum concentration reaching 2 and 12 ppm of ZnO-NPs for both seed germination (90%) and shoot height (6.5), respectively, while the greatest root extension (6 cm) was observed at 2 ppm of ZnO-NPs. The mitotic index increased at lower nanoparticle concentrations and exposure times but declined considerably as the nanoparticle dose and exposure duration increased, until most concentrations reached 100% suppression after 12 h with various chromosomal abnormalities. The researchers were able to create efficient, eco-friendly, and simple multifunctional ZnO-NPs using a green synthetic strategy and, in the process, obtain a better understanding of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ZnO-NPs in plant cells.