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19. Prevalence of reducing carbohydrate intake and fasted training in elite endurance athletes and association with bone injury.

Author

Raleigh, Conor, Madigan, Sharon, Sinnott‐O'Connor, Ciara, Sale, Craig, Norton, Catherine, and Carson, Brian P.

Subjects
BONE injuries, HEALTH literacy, CARBOHYDRATES, FOOD consumption, DIETARY patterns, RESEARCH funding, SPORTS injuries, QUESTIONNAIRES, BODY composition, QUANTITATIVE research, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, MOTIVATION (Psychology), RESEARCH, NUTRITIONAL status, ENDURANCE sports training, COMPARATIVE studies, ATHLETIC ability, FASTING
Abstract

There are conflicting reports both within the lay media and scientific literature regarding the use and benefit of dietary practices that aim to reduce CHO intake in endurance athletes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intentional reduction of CHO intake and fasted training in elite endurance‐based athletes using a semi‐quantitative questionnaire. Bone is a nutritionally modulated tissue; therefore, this study also aimed to explore if these dietary practices are potentially associated with bone injury incidence. The reported reduction of CHO intake was prevalent (28%) with the primary motivation being maintenance or manipulation of body composition. However, discrepancies in athletes' awareness of CHO intake were identified providing a potential avenue of intervention especially within applied practice. The use of fasted training was more prevalent (38%) with athletes using this practice for both body composition manipulation and promoting a desired adaptive response. Forty‐four per cent of participants had suffered a radiographically confirmed bone injury at some point in their career. There was no association between reduction in CHO intake and bone injury incidence; however, the incidence of bone injury was 1.61 times higher in those who currently use fasted training compared to those who have never used it or who have used it in the past. Although a direct causal link between these dietary practices and the incidence of bone injury cannot be drawn, it provides robust justification for future investigations of the potential mechanisms that could explain this finding. Highlights: The self‐reported use of reductions in CHO intake (28%) and fasted training (38%) is prevalent in elite endurance‐based athletes and comparable to previous investigations in this area. Controlling body composition and promoting adaptive responses were common rationales for use.The incidence of bone injury is also high (44%) and there may be some association between bone injury incidence and fasted training. Further controlled experimental studies are required to determine the direct effect of nutritional strategies commonly adopted by endurance athletes on bone metabolism both acutely and chronically.There appears to be a gap in some athlete's knowledge and awareness of CHO rich foods and appropriate consumption of CHO to support endurance training and performance according to current guidelines. Future work should aim to explore and address this area further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Apolipoprotein ɛ4 Is Associated With Increased Risk of Fall- and Fracture-Related Hospitalization: The Perth Longitudinal Study of Ageing Women.

Author

Pratt, Jedd, Via, Jack Dalla, Sale, Craig, Gebre, Abadi K, Stephan, Blossom C M, Laws, Simon, Zhu, Kun, Lim, Wai H, Prince, Richard L, Lewis, Joshua R, and Sim, Marc

Subjects
BONE density, OLDER women, VITAMIN K, GRIP strength, HIP fractures
Abstract

Apolipoprotein ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) may be a genetic risk factor for reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle function, which could have implications for fall and fracture risk. We examined the association between APOE ɛ4 status and long-term fall- and fracture-related hospitalization risk in older women. A total of 1 276 community-dwelling women from the Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging Women (mean age ±  SD  = 75.2 ± 2.7 years) were included. At baseline, women underwent APOE genotyping and detailed phenotyping for covariates including prevalent falls and fractures, as well as health and lifestyle factors. The association between APOE ɛ4 and fall-, any fracture-, and hip fracture-related hospitalizations, obtained over 14.5 years from linked health records, was examined using multivariable-adjusted Cox-proportional hazard models. Over 14.5 years, 507 (39.7%) women experienced a fall-related hospitalization and 360 (28.2%) women experienced a fracture-related hospitalization, including 143 (11.2%) attributed to a hip fracture. In multivariable-adjusted models, compared to noncarriers, APOE ɛ4 carriers (n  = 297, 23.3%) had greater risk for a fall- (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48, 95% CI: 1.22–1.81), fracture- (HR 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63), or hip fracture-related hospitalization (HR 1.83, 95% CI: 1.29–2.61). The estimates remained similar when specific fall and fracture risk factors (fear of falling, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, grip strength, timed up-and-go, hip BMD, vitamin K status, prevalent diabetes, HbA1c, cholesterol, and abbreviated mental test score) were added to the multivariable model. In conclusion, APOE ɛ4 is a potential risk factor for fall- and fracture-related hospitalization in community-dwelling older women. Screening for APOE ɛ4 could provide clinicians an opportunity to direct higher-risk individuals to appropriate intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. Substituting carbohydrate at lunch for added protein increases fat oxidation during subsequent exercise in healthy males

Author

Slater, Tommy, primary, Mode, William J A, additional, Bonnard, Louise C, additional, Sweeney, Cian, additional, Funnell, Mark P, additional, Smith, Harry A, additional, Hough, John, additional, James, Ruth M, additional, Varley, Ian, additional, Sale, Craig, additional, Betts, James A, additional, James, Lewis J, additional, and Clayton, David J, additional

Published
2024
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25. Large-scale GWAS identifies multiple loci for hand grip strength providing biological insights into muscular fitness.

Author

Willems, Sara M, Wright, Daniel J, Day, Felix R, Trajanoska, Katerina, Joshi, Peter K, Morris, John A, Matteini, Amy M, Garton, Fleur C, Grarup, Niels, Oskolkov, Nikolay, Thalamuthu, Anbupalam, Mangino, Massimo, Liu, Jun, Demirkan, Ayse, Lek, Monkol, Xu, Liwen, Wang, Guan, Oldmeadow, Christopher, Gaulton, Kyle J, Lotta, Luca A, Miyamoto-Mikami, Eri, Rivas, Manuel A, White, Tom, Loh, Po-Ru, Aadahl, Mette, Amin, Najaf, Attia, John R, Austin, Krista, Benyamin, Beben, Brage, Søren, Cheng, Yu-Ching, Cięszczyk, Paweł, Derave, Wim, Eriksson, Karl-Fredrik, Eynon, Nir, Linneberg, Allan, Lucia, Alejandro, Massidda, Myosotis, Mitchell, Braxton D, Miyachi, Motohiko, Murakami, Haruka, Padmanabhan, Sandosh, Pandey, Ashutosh, Papadimitriou, Ioannis, Rajpal, Deepak K, Sale, Craig, Schnurr, Theresia M, Sessa, Francesco, Shrine, Nick, Tobin, Martin D, Varley, Ian, Wain, Louise V, Wray, Naomi R, Lindgren, Cecilia M, MacArthur, Daniel G, Waterworth, Dawn M, McCarthy, Mark I, Pedersen, Oluf, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Kiel, Douglas P, GEFOS Any-Type of Fracture Consortium, Pitsiladis, Yannis, Fuku, Noriyuki, Franks, Paul W, North, Kathryn N, van Duijn, Cornelia M, Mather, Karen A, Hansen, Torben, Hansson, Ola, Spector, Tim, Murabito, Joanne M, Richards, J Brent, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Langenberg, Claudia, Perry, John RB, Wareham, Nick J, and Scott, Robert A

Subjects
GEFOS Any-Type of Fracture Consortium, Hand, Humans, Actins, Transforming Growth Factor alpha, Membrane Proteins, Neoplasm Proteins, Nuclear Proteins, Repressor Proteins, Hand Strength, Cohort Studies, Genetics, Population, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, European Continental Ancestry Group, Female, Male, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Loci, United Kingdom, Prevention, Genetics, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Musculoskeletal
Abstract

Hand grip strength is a widely used proxy of muscular fitness, a marker of frailty, and predictor of a range of morbidities and all-cause mortality. To investigate the genetic determinants of variation in grip strength, we perform a large-scale genetic discovery analysis in a combined sample of 195,180 individuals and identify 16 loci associated with grip strength (P

Published
2017

26. Substituting carbohydrate at lunch for added protein increases fat oxidation during subsequent exercise in healthy males

Author

Slater, Tommy, Mode, William JA, Bonnard, Louise C, Sweeney, Cian, Funnell, Mark P, Smith, Harry A, Hough, John, James, Ruth M, Varley, Ian, Sale, Craig, Betts, James A, James, Lewis J, Clayton, David J, Slater, Tommy, Mode, William JA, Bonnard, Louise C, Sweeney, Cian, Funnell, Mark P, Smith, Harry A, Hough, John, James, Ruth M, Varley, Ian, Sale, Craig, Betts, James A, James, Lewis J, and Clayton, David J

Abstract

Context How pre-exercise meal composition influences metabolic and health responses to exercise later in the day is currently unclear. Objective Examine the effects of substituting carbohydrate for protein at lunch on subsequent exercise metabolism, appetite, and energy intake. Methods Twelve healthy males completed three trials in randomized, counterbalanced order. Following a standardized breakfast (779 ± 66 kcal; ∼08:15), participants consumed a lunch (1186 ± 140 kcal; ∼13:15) containing either 0.2 g·kg-1 carbohydrate and ∼2 g·kg-1 protein (LO-CARB), 2 g·kg-1 carbohydrate and ∼0.4 g·kg-1 protein (HI-CARB), or fasted (FAST). Participants later cycled at ∼60% V̇O2peak for 1 h (∼16:15) and post-exercise ad-libitum energy intake was measured (∼18:30). Substrate oxidation, subjective appetite, and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and acylated ghrelin (AG) were measured for 5 h post-lunch. Results Fat oxidation was greater during FAST (+11.66 ± 6.63 g) and LO-CARB (+8.00 ± 3.83 g) than HI-CARB (p < 0.001), with FAST greater than LO-CARB (+3.67 ± 5.07 g; p < 0.05). NEFA were lowest in HI-CARB and highest in FAST, with insulin demonstrating the inverse response (all p < 0.01). PYY and GLP-1 demonstrated a stepwise pattern, with LO-CARB greatest and FAST lowest (all p < 0.01). AG was lower during HI-CARB and LO-CARB versus FAST (p < 0.01). Energy intake in LO-CARB was lower than FAST (-383 ± 233 kcal; p < 0.001) and HI-CARB (-313 ± 284 kcal; p < 0.001). Conclusion Substituting carbohydrate for protein in a pre-exercise lunch increased fat oxidation, suppressed subjective and hormonal appetite, and reduced post-exercise energy intake.

Published
2024

27. Brazilian Nationalism in the Piano Sonatas of César Guerra-Peixe, Cláudio Santoro, and Edino Krieger

Author

Lin, Fanya, Sale, Craig, Macedo, Jocir Pereira Lima de, Lin, Fanya, Sale, Craig, and Macedo, Jocir Pereira Lima de

Abstract

This study investigates Brazilian musical nationalism in the piano sonatas of César Guerra-Peixe, Cláudio Santoro, and Edino Krieger, composed throughout the 1950s. During this period, the composers collectively transitioned away from the twelve-tone technique they had adopted under the guidance of the composer Hans-Joachim Koellreutter, towards a nationalist approach that embraced elements of Brazilian cultural identity. This study aims to address the lack of scholarly comparison focusing on the nationalist elements within the piano works of César Guerra-Peixe, Cláudio Santoro, and Edino Krieger by uncovering the composers' solutions in imbuing their sonatas with Brazilianness. Ultimately, this research aims to inform performers' interpretive choices and foster a deeper understanding of the composers' artistic intent by analyzing form, rhythm, texture, harmony, and melody. Guerra-Peixe's Piano Sonata No. 1 prominently features recognizable Brazilian genres, skillfully integrated within the Classical sonata structure, imbuing the composition with a discernible Brazilian essence. Conversely, Santoro’s Piano Sonata No. 4 adopts a subtler approach, weaving rhythmic patterns and modal passages reminiscent of Brazilian music into his compositions. Krieger’s Piano Sonata No. 1 blends Classical and Baroque techniques with tonal-modal writing and rhythmic patterns inspired by Brazilian folk and popular music. While acknowledging the inherent limitations of this study, such as the necessity for further analysis and exploration of specific compositional aspects, the research aims to enrich the broader understanding of Brazilian musical nationalism. It endeavors to provide valuable insights for scholars and performers alike, fostering a deeper appreciation for these seminal works within the rich tapestry of Brazilian cultural identity.

Published
2024

30. Effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptive pill phase on aspects of exercise physiology and athletic performance in female athletes: protocol for theFeminaeinternational multisite innovative project

Author

Elliott Sale, Kirsty J, primary, Flood, Tessa R, additional, Arent, Shawn M, additional, Dolan, Eimear, additional, Saunders, Bryan, additional, Hansen, Mette, additional, Ihalainen, Johanna K, additional, Mikkonen, Ritva S, additional, Minahan, Clare, additional, Thornton, Jane S, additional, Ackerman, Kathryn E, additional, Lebrun, Constance M, additional, Sale, Craig, additional, Stellingwerff, Trent, additional, Swinton, Paul A, additional, and Hackney, Anthony C, additional

Published
2023
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33. Fasting Before Evening Exercise Reduces Net Energy Intake and Increases Fat Oxidation, but Impairs Performance in Healthy Males and Females.

Author

Slater, Tommy, Mode, William J.A., Pinkney, Mollie G., Hough, John, James, Ruth M., Sale, Craig, James, Lewis J., and Clayton, David J.

Subjects
FASTING, ENERGY metabolism, REGULATION of body weight, CARBOHYDRATE metabolism, TIME, LUNCHEONS, OXYGEN consumption, MOTIVATION (Psychology), TREATMENT effectiveness, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, CYCLING, EXERCISE, BODY movement, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, BREAKFASTS, MEALS, DIETARY fats, EVALUATION
Abstract

Acute morning fasted exercise may create a greater negative 24-hr energy balance than the same exercise performed after a meal, but research exploring fasted evening exercise is limited. This study assessed the effects of 7-hr fasting before evening exercise on energy intake, metabolism, and performance. Sixteen healthy males and females (n = 8 each) completed two randomized, counterbalanced trials. Participants consumed a standardized breakfast (08:30) and lunch (11:30). Two hours before exercise (16:30), participants consumed a meal (543 ± 86 kcal; FED) or remained fasted (FAST). Exercise involved 30-min cycling (∼60% VO2peak) and a 15-min performance test (∼85% VO2peak; 18:30). Ad libitum energy intake was assessed 15 min postexercise. Subjective appetite was measured throughout. Energy intake was 99 ± 162 kcal greater postexercise (p <.05), but 443 ± 128 kcal lower over the day (p <.001) in FAST. Appetite was elevated between the preexercise meal and ad libitum meal in FAST (p <.001), with no further differences (p ≥.458). Fat oxidation was greater (+3.25 ± 1.99 g), and carbohydrate oxidation was lower (−9.16 ± 5.80 g) during exercise in FAST (p <.001). Exercise performance was 3.8% lower in FAST (153 ± 57 kJ vs. 159 ± 58 kJ, p <.05), with preexercise motivation, energy, readiness, and postexercise enjoyment also lower in FAST (p <.01). Fasted evening exercise reduced net energy intake and increased fat oxidation compared to exercise performed 2 hr after a meal. However, fasting also reduced voluntary performance, motivation, and exercise enjoyment. Future studies are needed to examine the long-term effects of this intervention as a weight management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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