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Migrant workers are the most vulnerable groups during the Covid-19 outbreak. The study aims to discuss the current legal framework governing migrant workers in Malaysia during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The discussion covers the effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on migrant workers focusing on job termination and access to social security protection. It also makes recommendations on policy guidelines to ensure migrant worker’s safety against job termination and zero access to social security during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The study employed a doctrinal approach. It used primary and secondary data that included desktop research, with a particular emphasis on journals, documents, and official reports. Policymakers tended to neglect migrant workers during the pandemic because the migrant workers had less access to adequate security, particularly in terms of job termination and living conditions. The Covid-19 pandemic and the Movement Control Order imposed in Malaysia have affected migrant workers in various ways. It puts workers who are unable to work and who want to work in vital services in jeopardy. In conclusion, a national approach policy is impractical for migrant workers because the workers are short of access to social security and urgent assistance.

Industri perlombongan mineral telah berkembang dengan pesat dan berlakunya peningkatan permintaan terhadap sumber ini. Terdapatnya keperluan untuk mencari sumber mineral baru terutamanya dari laut dalam bagi menggantikan sumber mineral berasaskan tanah yang semakin berkurang. Mineral laut dalam mempunyai kepekatan logam yang tinggi berbanding dengan mineral berasaskan tanah. Sehingga kini, terdapat banyak negara yang mula menerokai dan mengeksploitasi sumber mineral daripada aktiviti perlombongan dasar laut dalam. Sepertimana perlombongan berasaskan tanah, persekitaran laut turut menerima kesannya seperti kemusnahan alam sekitar disebabkan aktiviti perlombongan dasar laut dalam. Terdapatnya keperluan untuk menyemak semula undang-undang yang sedia ada bagi memulihara persekitaran laut daripada menerima kesan daripada aktiviti perlombongan dasar laut dalam. Malaysia sebagai salah satu negara di bawah Konvensyen Undang-Undang Laut Antarabangsa 1982 (KUULA 1982) perlu untuk memulakan penerokaan perlombongan dasar laut dalam untuk memperoleh faedah dari segi ekonomi dan teknologi. Malaysia masih tidak mempunyai satu set undang-undang, dasar dan peraturan yang seiring dengan peruntukan konvensyen tersebut bagi mentadbir aktiviti perlombongan dasar laut dalam termasuk perlindungan terhadap persekitaran laut. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti ketersediaan negara Malaysia untuk terlibat dalam perlombongan dasar laut dalam dan mengkaji kesan aktitiviti ini terhadap alam sekitar.

This article examines two questions: first, whether the Malaysian law regarding admission of asylum-seekers into its territory is consistent with international law, and second, whether the asylum-seekers who are already residing in Malaysia can be deported back to their places of origins. In answering these questions, this article analyses the legal aspects of the right to seek asylum under international law and its relation to the rule on non-refoulement. Additionally, it also examines the relevant provisions in the Malaysian legislations that regulate the admission of non-citizens into the country. This study is doctrinal legal research which is qualitative. The data used in this research was collected from library-based resources. These data were then analysed by using methods of content analysis as well as critical analysis. The article found that there are inconsistencies between international law and Malaysian law in matters concerning asylum-seeker’s admission and those asylum-seekers in Malaysia should not be deported. Therefore, this study suggests that Malaysia should amend the provisions in the Immigration Acts 1959/1963 and the Passports Act 1966. However, if the amendment of these legislations is not practical, it suggests that the Minister in charge of immigration affairs to make an order of exemption to the asylum-seekers so that their entry at the border would not be denied. This article shows that despite states’ firm belief that they are entitled to use domestic law to deny the admission of asylum-seekers into their territory, international law provides a few mechanisms to remedy the legal loopholes.

The delimitation of maritime areas between neighbors is of vital importance as it provides stable and long-lasting relations. Maritime boundary delimitation has been enriching the international law with a new chapter that has developed steadily in proportion with the related challenges and expectations. However, many maritime boundaries in the world are not delimited. This implies that disputes relating to maritime delimitation have many issues in future. In this case, State shall have to negotiate among them or to use dispute resolution mechanism. Under Article 74 and Article 83 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides for the delimitation of the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the economic exclusive zone. However, maritime delimitation disputes reveal that these provisions hardly occupy the central place they are expected to. This paper examines the issue of undelimited maritime areas where involved the Article 74(3) and Article 83(3) of UNCLOS and of vital importance in that it provides for stable and long-lasting relations among States.

Initially, the Government of Malaysia (GOM) agreed to consider deploying nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy in Peninsular Malaysia and planned to build a 2 gigawatts nuclear power plant (NPP) to be operational post 2030. However, after the 2018 General Election (GE), the GOM decided that it will no longer proceed with its nuclear energy program. Despite the GOM’s decision, there is a necessity to further strengthen the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) particularly regarding nuclear liability issues. Nuclear incidents are transboundary in nature, it can easily spread highly radioactive materials into the environment through water and air, and cause damage to neighboring States. Therefore, this paper aims to explore Act 304, its present and future prospects in dealing with nuclear liability issues. References shall be made to the principles of the global nuclear liability regimes (liability regime). This paper finds that the provisions of Act 304 are consistent with the principles of the liability regime such as the definition of important terms like “nuclear damage”, “nuclear incident” and “nuclear installation”; “strict and exclusive liability”; liability limited in amount and time; compulsory financial security; and exoneration. Nonetheless, there are also several shortfalls in Act 304. As for the future prospect, this paper hopes that Act 304 will be amended in accordance with the revised liability regimes which provide enhanced protection to the people, their property and environment. Furthermore, Malaysia should also consider adhering to the liability regime.

Malaysia is a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). This paper will explore whether the provisions in the CRC is sufficient in protecting the interest of refugee children in Malaysia due to the fact that Malaysia is not a party to The United Nations Convention on the Status Relating to Refugees 1951. The paper adopts doctrinal analysis as to who are refugees, the current issue surrounding refugees and to identify the problems due to the non - ratification of Malaysia to the 1951 Refugee Convention and to suggest any solutions to resolve the issue in hands. The paper concludes that despite that Malaysia is not a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention, CRC is suffice to protect refugee children in Malaysia as Malaysia already incorporated the articles of CRC in the Child’s Act 2001. As there were no reservation on Article 22 of the CRC which touches on the protection accorded to refugee children, it is the contention of the writer that the government are being put in an obligatory position to provides what are necessary to refugee children be it in the form of education, health or the well-being of refugee children that is tantamount to their best interest as a child.

In 2011, Japan was hit by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami, and later was followed by the nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). As a result of the nuclear accident, many victims living within the vicinity of the NPP had to evacuate their homes. Japan decided to adopt several mechanisms to compensate the victims that suffered nuclear damage – firstly through the mechanisms adopted by the Government of Japan (GOJ), secondly through TEPCO’s compensation system, and lastly litigation in courts. This paper shall focus only on the mechanisms adopted by GOJ. This paper aims to critically analyze the compensation mechanisms adopted by Japan, and to explore whether such compensation mechanisms can be adopted in Malaysia under the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304). This paper is qualitative in nature and was conducted through a doctrinal study of existing literature such as articles, journals and reports regarding compensation mechanisms for nuclear damage. This paper finds that Act 304 does provide for the compensation mechanisms such as “Government indemnity”, “financial security” and “partial payments”. However, these provisions are very general, not as detailed and structured as Japan. Therefore, this paper recommends that Malaysia consider adopting Japan’s compensation mechanisms into its national legislation, and take into consideration the lessons learnt especially regarding the special litigation procedure; scope of nuclear damage; simplified claim procedures; easy access to mediation; type of assistances; and the right to legal representatives.

The current flow of human beings escaping their countries’ turmoil is not a temporary surge or a passing crisis. Mass migration, accompanied by sudden surges of people, will be a permanent challenge to 21st century states and world order. Recent surges of refugee and asylum claimants are testing the capacity of states and eroding traditions of welcome in receiving countries for refugee and migrants alike. At the same time, the intersection of forced migration, human rights, and conflict presents a unique challenge for world foreign policy in this 21st century. These three factors are already beginning to combine in ways that undermine traditional understandings of national security and offer ample reason to revisit traditional divisions of labour between diplomacy, defence, economic social development policy around the world. Accordingly, this paper has three objectives. Firstly, this paper provides a brief overview of refugee issues in the 21st century with major issue of forced migration, human rights, and conflict and its implications. Secondly, this paper highlights emergent issues and challenge faced by the countries around the world regarding refugees and humanity. Thirdly, this paper discusses the challenge of world diplomacy when it comes to the issue of refugee and humanity. Finally, the paper will highlights the ways in which world foreign policy must adapt to meet the challenges they facing today regarding this issue.

In the era of integration, media plays a crucial role not only limited to conveying information and progress but also important to potray the image of an integration such as ASEAN COMMUNITY. While ASEAN is known for its diversity, media landscapes in ASEAN countries are also diverse and uneven. This had actually explained why it is extremely difficult to offer a general image of the regional media. In addition to that, this has been the main attribute hampering discussions and closer collaboration throughout these years in media-related activities, especially in setting common norms and standards of media practice. Although it was claimed under the charter, and the region's political-and-security and social-and-cultural blueprints, the need to promote the free flow of and access to information as well as the role of media in promotion of ASEAN identity and awareness in community-building and integration efforts, ASEAN leaders have yet to make serious efforts to push forward this platform. ASEAN community had always been ‘a work in progress’ and this is mainly due to the fact that ASEAN itself carries 10 different set of rules and laws thus making the road to achieve the integration of an ASEAN Community remains a big challenge. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of the diversity of media landscape which includes the Freedom of Expression and the Right to Information in ASEAN member countries and the barriers in achieving media diplomacy for the sake of the development of regional integration.

Foreign Direct Investment resulted in the disclosure of different investment chances and opportunities through active investment promotion agencies. A country must execute various reforms capable of improving the fundamental determinants of FDI for achieving a high percentage of Foreign Direct Investment. These reforms among others include improving investment laws, reducing political risk and level of corruption, establishing a consistent legitimate and regulatory environment, freeing repatriation of funds and capital, as well as opening up to international trade. Saudi Arabia adopted generous incentive policies for attracting foreign capital and invite Foreign Direct Investment during king Abdullah regime. These policies present positive incentives while eliminating negative disincentives. Positive incentives consist free custom duties, reductions of tax and export zones, by the government of Saudi Arabia. Disincentives elimination to investments indicates the removal of overlong and rigid systems as they can delay visas issuance, restraint travel and complicate the licensing and registration of a project. This paper discusses the impact of FDI on Saudi economy during King Abdullah regime and finally, ascertains the contribution of FDI to Saudi Economy during King Abdullah regime.

Nation resides on its own history, culture, religions and legal traditions. Though globalization and liberalization have brought Western legal culture into economic activities and business relationships in Asia, the way Asians view and practice business law remains predominantly Asian. With the growing economic power, Asian experience is portrayed as to offer an alternative model of capitalism. The idea of the Western legalism in many instances is limited to the required formality, taken to be less important than society's harmony, long-term relationships, networks, trust and informal contacts. In legal practice, influx of foreign firms due to liberalization will create competition for legal jobs in Asia. At this juncture, foreign firms seem to have leverage and greater advantage as they can provide better service on account of better resources and capabilities and larger network. To prepare for great challenges ahead for law practice at homegrown legal firms, students have to be exposed to not only legal skills and capabilities, but also to the reality of Asian business culture, ethics and integrity. Law in action business and economic law clinic will allow student to get comprehensive practical training now, rather than wait to learn from scratch on the job. In this way, future lawyers are prepared and could help maintain stability in Asian businesses by promoting strong ethics and integrity in the increasingly aggressive business environment.

ECO member states are among a big producer of opium and heroin in the world and all trafficking routes used for trafficking illicit drugs to the world pass through ECO countries. On the other hand many insurgent groups are actively involved in illicit drug trafficking. ECO’s Main objective is economic development in its region and directly unproductive profit seeking activities such as drug trafficking and insurgency is tight barrier to reach this goal. The aim of this research is to investigate the correlation between drug trafficking and insurgency in ECO region and identify the reasons for this connection to cope with this problem. There are various theories, which attempt to explain the relationship between drug trafficking and insurgency. Generally speaking, it appears that it is not sensible to lump organized crime groups, who conduct drug trafficking, and terrorist groups together in ECO area. Although there are some links between them, they have essential motivational and operational discrepancies.

The main objective of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is economic development in its region but directly unproductive profit seeking activities such as drug trafficking is the prominent barrier to reach this goal. All members spend lots of money to fight against drug trafficking, as all of them suffer from drug addiction and drug related problems. The first step to cope with this problem is to identify the factors and incentives that make this region vulnerable for drug trafficking activities and to unearth what makes this region a haven for drug traffickers. A bulk of literature supports the concept that organized criminal organizations are not able to operate when there are not any forms of corruption since they are strongly interrelated. In this paper, we analyze the link between drug trafficking and corruption in ECO region in order to develop ECO strategies to hamper and interrupt these transnational crimes. Corruption has posed major challenges to the efforts taken to control drug and also has seriously damaged the ECO members’ image in international community. One of the practical solutions is the responsibility of ECO organization in implementing rule of law in the region. Undoubtedly, fighting against corruption in ECO region is a joint responsibility of international and intercontinental community and this responsibility requires collective action and cooperation among countries in the region.