1,410 results on '"Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics"'
Search Results
2. Consultants in Northern Ireland accept pay offer from government.
- Author
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Wangmo D
- Subjects
- Northern Ireland, Humans, State Medicine economics, Consultants, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Salary Equity-Progress, but not Quite There.
- Author
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Bredella MA and Avrin D
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A hike of postdoc salary alone will not retain the best researchers in low- or middle-income countries.
- Author
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Bayry J
- Subjects
- Developing Countries economics, Research Personnel economics, Research Personnel supply & distribution, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. GPs and hospital doctors in England get 6% pay increase for 2024-25.
- Author
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Kmietowicz Z
- Subjects
- England, Humans, General Practitioners economics, COVID-19 economics, COVID-19 epidemiology, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, State Medicine economics
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Paying care workers properly could cost £40bn but would lead to NHS savings, says strategy.
- Author
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Limb M
- Subjects
- Humans, United Kingdom, Health Personnel economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, COVID-19 economics, COVID-19 prevention & control, State Medicine economics, Cost Savings
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Consultants in Northern Ireland to vote on new pay offer.
- Author
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Wise J
- Subjects
- Northern Ireland, Humans, Politics, State Medicine economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Consultants
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Junior doctors in England to enter formal pay negotiations with government.
- Author
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Iacobucci G
- Subjects
- England, Humans, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Negotiating, State Medicine economics, Medical Staff, Hospital economics
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The Economic Value of Caregiving in Chile.
- Author
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Villalobos Dintrans P, Gazmuri J, and Velasco C
- Subjects
- Humans, Chile, Long-Term Care economics, Male, Female, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Aged, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Caregivers economics
- Abstract
Population aging will increase the demand for long-term care services. Many countries, including Chile, have not implemented comprehensive responses to address these demands, relying on informal care. This article aims to estimate the economic value of caregiving in Chile, contributing to filling a gap in the literature and the policy debate. Economic value is estimated using replacement and opportunity cost approaches using two nationally representative databases: one survey on time use (to estimate hours of caregiving) and one on socioeconomic characterization (to identify caregivers and wages). Regressions for the determinants of caregiving effort and wages in the formal labor market are used to calculate the market value of caregiving time. Results show that the yearly value of caregiving ranges between US$266 million (when assuming a wage equal to the minimum wage for all caregivers) and US$4,946 million (when replacing all caregivers with nurses), i.e. between 0.11% and 1.95% of the country's gross domestic product. The analysis provides several estimations of the economic value of caregivers in Chile and, even considering these calculations can be underestimated, the results show the need to highlight and value the contribution of caregivers and implement policies to address the increase in long-term care needs in the country.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Hospital doctors in Wales vote to accept pay offers.
- Author
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Wise J
- Subjects
- Wales, Humans, Medical Staff, Hospital economics, Politics, State Medicine economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. SAS doctors in England accept government's pay offer.
- Author
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Iacobucci G
- Subjects
- England, Humans, Physicians economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence, State Medicine economics
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Effect of financial incentives on the cost and duration of sickness absence.
- Author
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Timp S, Foreest NDV, and Rhenen WV
- Subjects
- Humans, Absenteeism, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Male, Sick Leave economics, Motivation
- Abstract
Sickness absence is a major concern in public health, affecting individuals, businesses, and society. Developing efficient sickness absence policies could help reduce sickness absence. A key aspect of these policies concerns the financial compensation provided to absent employees, including its amount and the length of time it is offered. This study addresses how financial incentives, like salary reductions, might influence sickness absence. For this purpose, we first develop a model to estimate the sensitivity of employees to a financial incentive using a large dataset consisting of approximately six million sickness cases. We then perform a simulation study to determine the effect of similar incentives at different moments and for varying sensitivities. Our findings indicate that financial incentives can notably shorten the duration of sickness absence and decrease its associated costs, particularly when such incentives are implemented early in the absence period. Incentives implemented later have less impact on absence duration, but can still reduce the overall cost. The results of this study can be used by healthcare professionals and employers in the design and evaluation of diverse sickness absence policies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Timp et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2024
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13. Hospital doctors in Wales to vote on enhanced pay deal for 2023-24.
- Author
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Torjesen I
- Subjects
- Wales, Humans, Politics, State Medicine economics, Medical Staff, Hospital economics, COVID-19 economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2024
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14. SAS doctors in England set to vote on new pay deal.
- Author
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Mahase E
- Subjects
- England, Humans, Politics, Physicians economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence, State Medicine economics
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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15. COUNTERPOINT: Intensivists Should Be Compensated by Salary, Not Productivity. No.
- Author
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Ahya VN and De Luca D
- Subjects
- Humans, Critical Care economics, Efficiency, Intensive Care Units economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Financial/Nonfinancial Disclosures None declared
- Published
- 2024
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16. Canadian science gets biggest boost to PhD and postdoc pay in 20 years.
- Author
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Owens B
- Subjects
- Canada, Research Support as Topic economics, Research Support as Topic legislation & jurisprudence, Education, Graduate, Research Personnel economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits trends
- Published
- 2024
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17. US Postgraduate Trainee Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Representation and Faculty Compensation By Specialty.
- Author
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Mensah MO, Owda D, Ghanney Simons EC, Holaday LW, Bonner SN, Mangurian C, and Ross JS
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- Humans, Faculty, Minority Groups education, Racial Groups education, Racial Groups statistics & numerical data, United States, Sex Factors, Male, Female, Education, Medical, Graduate economics, Education, Medical, Graduate statistics & numerical data, Economics, Medical statistics & numerical data, Ethnicity statistics & numerical data, Faculty, Medical economics, Faculty, Medical statistics & numerical data, Medicine statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Internship and Residency economics, Internship and Residency statistics & numerical data
- Published
- 2023
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18. Racial Disparities in Compensation Among US Anesthesiologists: Results of a National Survey of Anesthesiologists.
- Author
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Vandenberg MT, Kraus M, Misra L, Hertzberg L, Buckner-Petty S, Padmanabhan A, Tollinche LE, and Milam AJ
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, United States epidemiology, Race Factors economics, Race Factors statistics & numerical data, Black or African American, White, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Anesthesiologists, Ethnicity statistics & numerical data, Minority Groups, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Anesthesiology economics, Anesthesiology statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: A racial compensation disparity among physicians across numerous specialties is well documented and persists after adjustment for age, sex, experience, work hours, productivity, academic rank, and practice structure. This study examined national survey data to determine whether there are racial differences in compensation among anesthesiologists in the United States., Methods: In 2018, 28,812 active members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists were surveyed to examine compensation among members. Compensation was defined as the amount reported as direct compensation on a W-2, 1099, or K-1, plus all voluntary salary reductions (eg, 401[k], health insurance). Covariates potentially associated with compensation were identified (eg, sex and academic rank) and included in regression models. Racial differences in outcome and model variables were assessed via Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Pearson's χ 2 tests. Covariate adjusted ordinal logistic regression estimated an odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between race and ethnicity and compensation while adjusting for provider and practice characteristics., Results: The final analytical sample consisted of 1952 anesthesiologists (78% non-Hispanic White). The analytic sample represented a higher percentage of White, female, and younger physicians compared to the demographic makeup of anesthesiologists in the United States. When comparing non-Hispanic White anesthesiologists with anesthesiologists from other racial and ethnic minority groups, (ie, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander), the dependent variable (compensation range) and 6 of the covariates (sex, age, spousal work status, region, practice type, and completed fellowship) had significant differences. In the adjusted model, anesthesiologists from racial and ethnic minority populations had 26% lower odds of being in a higher compensation range compared to White anesthesiologists (OR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.91)., Conclusions: Compensation for anesthesiologists showed a significant pay disparity associated with race and ethnicity even after adjusting for provider and practice characteristics. Our study raises concerns that processes, policies, or biases (either implicit or explicit) persist and may impact compensation for anesthesiologists from racial and ethnic minority populations. This disparity in compensation requires actionable solutions and calls for future studies that investigate contributing factors and to validate our findings given the low response rate., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: See Disclosures at the end of the article., (Copyright © 2023 International Anesthesia Research Society.)
- Published
- 2023
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19. Cancer Screening after the Adoption of Paid-Sick-Leave Mandates.
- Author
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Callison K, Pesko MF, Phillips S, and Sosa JA
- Subjects
- Humans, Mammography statistics & numerical data, Mandatory Programs economics, Mandatory Programs legislation & jurisprudence, Mandatory Programs statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, United States epidemiology, Urban Population statistics & numerical data, Health Services Accessibility economics, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Breast Neoplasms diagnosis, Breast Neoplasms economics, Colorectal Neoplasms diagnosis, Colorectal Neoplasms economics, Early Detection of Cancer economics, Early Detection of Cancer statistics & numerical data, Sick Leave economics, Sick Leave legislation & jurisprudence, Sick Leave statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: By the end of 2022, nearly 20 million workers in the United States have gained paid-sick-leave coverage from mandates that require employers to provide benefits to qualified workers, including paid time off for the use of preventive services. Although the lack of paid-sick-leave coverage may hinder access to preventive care, current evidence is insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions about its relationship to cancer screening., Methods: We examined the association between paid-sick-leave mandates and screening for breast and colorectal cancers by comparing changes in 12- and 24-month rates of colorectal-cancer screening and mammography between workers residing in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) that have been affected by paid-sick-leave mandates (exposed MSAs) and workers residing in unexposed MSAs. The comparisons were conducted with the use of administrative medical-claims data for approximately 2 million private-sector employees from 2012 through 2019., Results: Paid-sick-leave mandates were present in 61 MSAs in our sample. Screening rates were similar in the exposed and unexposed MSAs before mandate adoption. In the adjusted analysis, cancer-screening rates were higher among workers residing in exposed MSAs than among those in unexposed MSAs by 1.31 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 2.34) for 12-month colorectal cancer screening, 1.56 percentage points (95% CI, 0.33 to 2.79) for 24-month colorectal cancer screening, 1.22 percentage points (95% CI, -0.20 to 2.64) for 12-month mammography, and 2.07 percentage points (95% CI, 0.15 to 3.99) for 24-month mammography., Conclusions: In a sample of private-sector workers in the United States, cancer-screening rates were higher among those residing in MSAs exposed to paid-sick-leave mandates than among those residing in unexposed MSAs. Our results suggest that a lack of paid-sick-leave coverage presents a barrier to cancer screening. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute.)., (Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.)
- Published
- 2023
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20. Costs of polish county hospitals-A behavioral panel function.
- Author
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Sielska A
- Subjects
- Humans, Poland, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Emergency Service, Hospital economics, Health Services Needs and Demand, Hospital Costs organization & administration, Hospitals, County economics, Ownership economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Abstract
In the paper the costs of Polish county hospitals in 2015-2018 are studied using behavioral cost function. The set of variables combines hospitals' characteristics which may determine their level of costs, such as the form of ownership, bed turnover rate, number of patient-days and share of beds in emergency department with environment characteristics which may influence both outsourcing costs and patients' health. In 2017 the system of basic hospital service provision (hospital network) was introduced in Poland. Dummy variables included in the model represent the category of hospital in the system. The results show that the costs may be described using fixed effect panel model. Positive impact of percentage of emergency department patients transferred to other departments and of wages is found. Higher ratio of residents and interns to doctors is found to decrease costs. Dummy variable for the period after the introduction of hospital network assumed a negative sign with costs, but the parameter remained insignificant., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AS was conducting quantitative analysis for Polish Association of Employers of Poviat Hospitals (OZPSP – Ogólnopolski Związek Pracodawców Szpitali Powiatowych) who provided data for the study. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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21. Paid parental leave for surgeons in the United States.
- Author
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Slama EM, Johnson HM, Yu YR, Sumra H, and Altieri MS
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- Female, Humans, Male, Parental Leave economics, Parental Leave statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Surgeons economics, Surgeons statistics & numerical data, United States, Parental Leave legislation & jurisprudence, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence, Surgeons legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2022
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22. Do unions contribute to creative destruction?
- Author
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Dale-Olsen H
- Subjects
- Efficiency, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Income trends, Labor Unions history, Norway, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits trends, Labor Unions economics, Labor Unions trends, Workplace economics
- Abstract
We apply a shift-share approach and historical unionisation data from 1918 to study the impact of regional unionisation changes in Norway on regional wage and productivity growth, job-creation and -destruction and social security uptake during the period 2003-2012. As unionisation increases, wages grow. Lay-offs through plant closures and shrinking workplaces increase, causing higher retirement rates, while job creation, plant entry and other social security uptakes are unaffected. Productivity grows, partly by enhanced productivity among surviving and new firms and partly by less productive firms forced to close due to increased labour costs. Thus, unions promote creative destruction., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
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23. Center Reputation and Experience Relate to Industry Payments to Congenital Heart Disease Providers.
- Author
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Woo JL, Butler A, Jayaram N, Karamlou T, LaPar D, and Anderson BR
- Subjects
- Conflict of Interest economics, Databases, Factual, Heart Defects, Congenital economics, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United States, Health Care Sector economics, Heart Defects, Congenital surgery, Industry economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Surgeons economics
- Abstract
Background: The Physician Payments Sunshine Act was enacted to understand financial relationships with industry that might influence provider decisions. We investigated how industry payments within the congenital heart community relate to experience and reputation., Methods: Congenital cardiothoracic surgeons and pediatric cardiologists were identified from the Open Payments Database. All payments from 2013 through 2017 were matched to affiliated hospitals' U.S. News & World Report (USNWR) rankings, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Congenital Heart Surgery Public Reporting Star Ratings, and Optum Center of Excellence (COE) designation. Surgeon payments were linked to years since terminal training. Univariable analyses were conducted., Results: The median payment amount per surgeon ($71; interquartile range [IQR], $41-$99) was nearly double the median payment amount per cardiologist ($41; IQR, $18-$84; P < .05). For surgeons, median individual payment was 56% higher to payees at USNWR top 10 children's hospitals ($100; IQR, $28-$203) vs all others ($64; IQR, $23-$140; P < .001). For cardiologists, median individual payment was 26% higher to payees at USNWR top 10 children's hospitals ($73; IQR, $28-$197) vs all others ($58; IQR, $19-$140; P < .001). Findings were similar across The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Congenital Heart Surgery star rankings and Optum Center of Excellence groups. By surgeon experience, surgeons 0 to 6 years posttraining (first quartile) received the highest number of median payments per surgeon (17 payments; IQR, 6.5-28 payments; P < .001). Surgeons 21 to 44 years posttraining (fourth quartile) received the lowest median individual payment ($51; IQR, $20-132; P < .001)., Conclusions: Industry payments vary by hospital reputation and provider experience. Such biases must be understood for self-governance and the delineation of conflict of interest policies that balance industry relationships with clinical innovation., (Copyright © 2021 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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24. The influence that Spanish Labour Reform represents on Madrid Stock Market: An empirical analysis.
- Author
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Sabater Marcos AM, Duarte Atoche T, and Laffarga Briones J
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- Employment economics, Humans, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Spain, Investments economics, Marketing economics
- Abstract
Empirical evidence for Spanish Stock Market shows that labour events, like a firm level collective agreement, have informative content for the market due to the loss of wealth that it implies for the investor. Labour Reforms which Spain experienced between the years 2010 and 2012 have allowed the jeopardising of employment and the destruction of jobs, substituting one well paid by another of lower cost for the firm, the cost of dismissal, or the proposals of substituting payoffs by the so-called Austrian backpack, and the elimination of the distinction between temporary and permanent contracts. These Labour Reforms affect many of the accounting and financial variables, which are the subject of analysis and follow-up by investors and analysts, next to the idiosyncrasy of the Open Shop System that is followed in Spain, the present article means to explore the effect on Madrid Stock Market. Our results, applying analysis techniques with decision trees where we control the effect of the economic crisis on the market reaction, show that the Labour Reforms of 2010 to 2012 are incorporated as negative, or positive, information when the investor perceives a possible decrease, or increase, in its future cash flows., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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25. Gender Gaps in Salary and Representation in Academic Internal Medicine Specialties in the US.
- Author
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Wang T, Douglas PS, and Reza N
- Subjects
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, United States, Faculty, Medical statistics & numerical data, Internal Medicine organization & administration, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Low-wage migrant workers during coronavirus disease 2019: a social determinants analysis.
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Saparamadu AADNS, Sharpe A, Kim S, Barbosa BLFA, and Pereira A
- Subjects
- Brazil epidemiology, Humans, Policy, Republic of Korea epidemiology, Singapore epidemiology, COVID-19 epidemiology, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Social Determinants of Health, Transients and Migrants
- Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has had disproportionate effects on economically and socially marginalized people. We explore the effects on low-wage migrant workers (migrant workers) in three countries: Singapore, South Korea and Brazil, through the lens of the social determinants of health. Our analysis shows that governments missed key opportunities to mitigate pandemic risks for migrant workers. Government measures demonstrate potential for effective and sustainable policy reform, including universal and equitable access to healthcare, social safety nets and labour rights for migrant workers-key concerns of the Global Compact for Migration. A whole-of-society and a whole-of-government approach with Health in All Policies, and migrant worker frameworks developed by the World Health Organization could be instrumental. The current situation indicates a need to frame public health crisis responses and policies in ways that recognize social determinants as fundamental to health., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
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- 2021
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27. Temperature and work: Time allocated to work under varying climate and labor market conditions.
- Author
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Neidell M, Graff Zivin J, Sheahan M, Willwerth J, Fant C, Sarofim M, and Martinich J
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- Humans, United States, Agriculture economics, Climate, Employment economics, Hot Temperature, Models, Economic, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Abstract
Workers in climate exposed industries such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing face increased health risks of working on high temperature days and may make decisions to reduce work on high-heat days to mitigate this risk. Utilizing the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for the period 2003 through 2018 and historical weather data, we model the relationship between daily temperature and time allocation, focusing on hours worked by high-risk laborers. The results indicate that labor allocation decisions are context specific and likely driven by supply-side factors. We do not find a significant relationship between temperature and hours worked during the Great Recession (2008-2014), perhaps due to high competition for employment, however during periods of economic growth (2003-2007, 2015-2018) we find a significant reduction in hours worked on high-heat days. During periods of economic growth, for every degree above 90 on a particular day, the average high-risk worker reduces their time devoted to work by about 2.6 minutes relative to a 90-degree day. This effect is expected to intensify in the future as temperatures rise. Applying the modeled relationships to climate projections through the end of century, we find that annual lost wages resulting from decreased time spent working on days over 90 degrees across the United States range from $36.7 to $80.0 billion in 2090 under intermediate and high emission futures, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2021
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28. On the value(s) of time: Workers' value of their time depends on mode of valuation.
- Author
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Smitizsky G, Liu W, and Gneezy U
- Subjects
- Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Motivation, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Workplace economics, Workplace psychology
- Abstract
In this paper, we investigate how individuals make time-money tradeoffs in labor contexts in which they are either asked to work to earn money or to pay money to avoid work. Theory predicts that exchange rates between time and money are invariant to the elicitation method. Results from our experiments, however, show otherwise, highlighting inconsistencies in how individuals consider their time. In the first two experiments, participants work to earn money, and we compare two incentivized elicitation methods. In the first, "Fixed-Time mode," we fix the amount of time participants need to work and elicit the minimum dollar amount they require to do the job. In the second, "Fixed-Money mode," we fix the amount of money we pay participants and ask for the maximum amount of time they are willing to work for that pay. We similarly vary elicitation procedures in Experiment 3 for paying money to avoid work. Translating the results into pay per hour, we find that in Fixed-Time mode, valuation of time is stable across durations, based on an analytical approach. By contrast, in Fixed-Money mode, participants increase their pay-per-hour demand when the amount of money increases, indicating a less calculated and more emotional view of time. Our results demonstrate that individuals' value of their time of labor can be fluid and dependent on the compensation structure. Our findings have implications for theories of time valuation in the labor market., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
- Published
- 2021
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29. Trends in gender pay gaps of scientists and engineers in academia and industry.
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Ding WW, Ohyama A, and Agarwal R
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- Female, Humans, Male, Gender Equity, Industry economics, Industry organization & administration, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Science economics, Science organization & administration, Universities economics, Universities organization & administration
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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30. What costs half a year's pay for African scholars? Open access.
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Mekonnen A, Downs C, Effiom EO, Razafindratsima O, Stenseth NC, and Chapman CA
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- Africa, Ecology, Economic Factors, Journal Impact Factor, Open Access Publishing economics, Periodicals as Topic economics, Research Personnel economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Working conditions of Nursing professionals in coping with the Covid-19 pandemic.
- Author
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Backes MTS, Higashi GDC, Damiani PDR, Mendes JS, Sampaio LS, and Soares GL
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- Brazil epidemiology, Humans, Nursing Theory, Personal Protective Equipment supply & distribution, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, COVID-19 epidemiology, Nursing Staff economics, Nursing Staff supply & distribution, Pandemics, Workload, Workplace standards
- Abstract
Objective: To trigger a reflection on the current working conditions of Nursing professionals in coping with the Covid-19 pandemic., Method: A theoretical-reflective study supported by studies from the Marxist perspective, national and international scientific articles, and official documents from the World Health Organization and the Federal Nursing Council., Results: The daily work of Nursing professionals in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic presents unfavorable working conditions in Brazil and worldwide, with emphasis on the deficit of professionals, overload of activities, low pay, and personal protective equipment, often insufficient and inadequate, conditions that can lead to exhaustion, illness and death., Conclusion: This study can contribute to raising discussions about the need for improvements in the working conditions of Nursing professionals, especially in pandemic times and the impact on the health of these professionals.
- Published
- 2021
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32. Gender-Based Pay Discrimination in Otolaryngology.
- Author
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Lindsay R
- Subjects
- Cultural Diversity, Female, Humans, Leadership, Male, Organizational Culture, Otolaryngologists statistics & numerical data, Otolaryngology statistics & numerical data, Physicians, Women statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Sexism statistics & numerical data, United States, Otolaryngologists economics, Otolaryngology economics, Physicians, Women economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Sexism economics
- Abstract
Male and female otolaryngologists all attend the same accredited medical schools, complete the same accredited residency programs, and take the same board certification exams; however, female otolaryngologist are paid 77 cents on the dollar compared to their male colleagues. Even after accounting for age, experience, faculty rank, research productivity, and clinical revenue, significant gender pay gaps exist across all professor levels. The goal of this review is to improve our understanding of how and why the gender pay gap and discrimination exists, the harm caused by tolerance of policies that perpetuate gender pay inequity, and what is and can be done to correct gender-based pay gaps and discrimination. The review presents the current status of gender pay inequity in the United States and reports on how otolaryngology compares to other professions both within and outside of healthcare. The gender pay gap is shown to have a negative impact on economic growth, institutional reputation and financial success, retention and recruitment of faculty, and patient care. Many historically incorrect reasons used to explain the causes of the gender pay gap, including that women work less, have less research productivity, or produce lower-quality care, have been be disproved by evaluation of current research. Potential causes of gender pay inequities, such as gender bias, organization culture, fear of retaliation, promotions inequalities, lack of transparency, and senior leadership not being held accountable for equity and diversity concerns, will be explored. Finally, examples of best practices to achieve pay equity will be presented. Laryngoscope, 131:989-995, 2021., (© 2021 American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society Inc, "The Triological Society" and American Laryngological Association (ALA).)
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- 2021
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33. Financial Support of Medical Schools.
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- Education, Medical history, Faculty, Medical economics, Financial Support, Financing, Government history, History, 20th Century, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Schools, Medical economics, United States, Faculty, Medical history, Salaries and Fringe Benefits history, Schools, Medical history
- Published
- 2021
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34. Are You Ready to Negotiate Your First Employment Contract? Experience of More Than 700 Plastic Surgeons.
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Hollier LH Jr, Davis MJ, Abu-Ghname A, Patel NB, Pacitti S Esq, and Reece EM
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Contracts legislation & jurisprudence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Employment legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Malpractice economics, Malpractice legislation & jurisprudence, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits legislation & jurisprudence, Surgeons economics, Surgeons legislation & jurisprudence, Surgeons statistics & numerical data, Surgery, Plastic legislation & jurisprudence, Surveys and Questionnaires statistics & numerical data, United States, Contracts economics, Employment economics, Negotiating, Surgeons psychology, Surgery, Plastic economics
- Abstract
Background: Plastic surgeons have been shown to be unprepared to negotiate their first employment contracts. Previous survey studies have attempted to assess plastic surgeons' first employment contracts to outline common pitfalls in contract negotiation. With this study, the authors aim to expand these previous studies and help plastic surgeons become prepared to negotiate their employment contracts., Methods: A seven-question, cross-sectional survey was sent to attending-level surgeon members of the California Society of Plastic Surgeons, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the Texas Society of Plastic Surgeons, and the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. Questions investigated plastic surgeons' first contracts. Correlations were determined using a two-sample Wilcoxon rank sum test in an attempt to link these questions with overall satisfaction., Results: From the 3908 distributed surveys, 782 (20 percent) responses were collected, and 744 were included for analysis. The majority of respondents were found to join a group-centered, private practice following residency. Surprisingly, 69 percent of surgeons did not use attorney assistance when negotiating their contract. Although greater than 70 percent of respondents reported a salary of $200,000 or less, satisfaction with one's contract was most strongly correlated with a salary of greater than $300,000 (p < 0.0001). However, only 12 percent of respondent surgeons were able to secure such a salary., Conclusions: This study examined the largest, most diverse plastic surgeon cohort to date regarding surgeons' first employment contract. Although the authors' findings indicate that certain factors should be prioritized when approaching a first employment contract, they ultimately recommend that all surgeons take into account their personal priorities and attempt to proactively define their terms of employment before signing a contract., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)
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- 2021
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35. Industry-Sponsored Research Payments in Neurosurgery-Analysis of the Open Payments Database From 2014 to 2018.
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Vanood A, Sharrak A, Karabon P, and Fahim DK
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- Biomedical Research trends, Disclosure trends, Drug Industry trends, Humans, Neurosurgeons trends, Neurosurgery trends, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits trends, United States, Biomedical Research economics, Databases, Factual trends, Drug Industry economics, Neurosurgeons economics, Neurosurgery economics
- Abstract
Background: The Open Payments Database (OPD) started in 2013 to combat financial conflicts of interest between physicians and medical industry., Objective: To evaluate the first 5 yr of the OPD regarding industry-sponsored research funding (ISRF) in neurosurgery., Methods: The Open Payments Research Payments dataset was examined from 2014 to 2018 for payments where the clinical primary investigator identified their specialty as neurosurgery., Results: Between 2014 and 2018, a $106.77 million in ISRF was made to 731 neurosurgeons. Fewer than 11% of neurosurgeons received ISRF yearly. The average received $140 000 in total but the median received $30,000. This was because the highest paid neurosurgeon received $3.56 million. A greater proportion ISRF was made to neurosurgeons affiliated with teaching institutions when compared to other specialties (26.74% vs 20.89%, P = .0021). The proportion of the total value of ISRF distributed to neurosurgery declined from 0.43% of payments to all specialties in 2014 to 0.37% in 2018 (P < .001), but no steady decline was observed from year to year., Conclusion: ISRF to neurosurgeons comprises a small percentage of research payments made to medical research by industry sponsors. Although a greater percentage of payments are made to neurosurgeons in teaching institutions compared to other specialties, the majority is given to neurosurgeons not affiliated with a teaching institution. A significant percentage of ISRF is given to a small percentage of neurosurgeons. There may be opportunities for more neurosurgeons to engage in industry-sponsored research to advance our field as long as full and complete disclosures can always be made., (© Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2021.)
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- 2021
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36. RN Salaries Hold Steady; LPNs Gain.
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- Humans, Licensed Practical Nurses economics, Nurses economics, Workforce economics, Licensed Practical Nurses trends, Nurses trends, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits trends
- Abstract
Male nurses continue to earn more than female counterparts., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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37. Estimate cost of providing methadone maintenance treatment at a methadone clinic in Nairobi Kenya: direct costs.
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Mogaka B, Kiburi SK, Mutinda M, and Kendagor M
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- Ambulatory Care Facilities economics, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Drug Costs, Humans, Kenya, Methadone administration & dosage, Opiate Substitution Treatment methods, Opioid-Related Disorders economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Health Care Costs statistics & numerical data, Methadone economics, Opiate Substitution Treatment economics, Opioid-Related Disorders rehabilitation
- Abstract
Methadone maintenance treatment is reported as cost-effective in treatment of opioid use disorder. Estimated cost of providing methadone varies widely in different regions but there is no data regarding cost of methadone treatment in Kenya. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of methadone maintenance treatment at a methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Nairobi, Kenya from the perspective of the government, implementing partner and the clients. Data was collected for the period of February 2017 to September 2018 for 700 enrolled clients. The cost of providing methadone treatment was estimated as the sum of salaries, laboratory test, methadone and other commodities costs. The outcome was daily cost of methadone per client. The costs are given in Kenya Shillings (Ksh). The cost of treating one client is approximately Ksh. 149 (US$1.49) per day which amounts to Ksh 4500 (US$ 45) per month. This is from the estimated direct costs such as salaries which accounted for 86.4%, methadone 9.6%, tests and other consumables at 4%. The estimated average dose per patient per day is 60mg.This excludes indirect costs such as capital and set up cost, maintenance cost, training, drug import and distribution and other bills. The findings of this study show that the estimate cost of providing methadone at Nairobi, Kenya is comparable to that in other centers. This can help to inform policy makers on continued provision of methadone treatment in the country., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Brenda Mogaka et al.)
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- 2021
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38. Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings.
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Jia L, Meng Q, Scott A, Yuan B, and Zhang L
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- Ambulatory Care Facilities statistics & numerical data, Capitation Fee, Controlled Before-After Studies statistics & numerical data, Costs and Cost Analysis, Delivery of Health Care economics, Delivery of Health Care standards, Delivery of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Fee-for-Service Plans economics, Fee-for-Service Plans standards, Fee-for-Service Plans statistics & numerical data, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Physicians, Primary Care economics, Physicians, Primary Care statistics & numerical data, Quality of Health Care economics, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data, Reimbursement Mechanisms classification, Reimbursement Mechanisms statistics & numerical data, Reimbursement, Incentive economics, Reimbursement, Incentive standards, Reimbursement, Incentive statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Treatment Outcome, Ambulatory Care Facilities economics, Health Personnel economics, Reimbursement Mechanisms economics
- Abstract
Background: Changes to the method of payment for healthcare providers, including pay-for-performance schemes, are increasingly being used by governments, health insurers, and employers to help align financial incentives with health system goals. In this review we focused on changes to the method and level of payment for all types of healthcare providers in outpatient healthcare settings. Outpatient healthcare settings, broadly defined as 'out of hospital' care including primary care, are important for health systems in reducing the use of more expensive hospital services., Objectives: To assess the impact of different payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings on the quantity and quality of health service provision, patient outcomes, healthcare provider outcomes, cost of service provision, and adverse effects., Search Methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase (searched 5 March 2019), and several other databases. In addition, we searched clinical trials platforms, grey literature, screened reference lists of included studies, did a cited reference search for included studies, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. We screened records from an updated search in August 2020, with any potentially relevant studies categorised as awaiting classification., Selection Criteria: Randomised trials, non-randomised trials, controlled before-after studies, interrupted time series, and repeated measures studies that compared different payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient care settings., Data Collection and Analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We conducted a structured synthesis. We first categorised the payment methods comparisons and outcomes, and then described the effects of different types of payment methods on different outcome categories. Where feasible, we used meta-analysis to synthesise the effects of payment interventions under the same category. Where it was not possible to perform meta-analysis, we have reported means/medians and full ranges of the available point estimates. We have reported the risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and the relative difference (as per cent change or mean difference (MD)) for continuous outcomes., Main Results: We included 27 studies in the review: 12 randomised trials, 13 controlled before-and-after studies, one interrupted time series, and one repeated measure study. Most healthcare providers were primary care physicians. Most of the payment methods were implemented by health insurance schemes in high-income countries, with only one study from a low- or middle-income country. The included studies were categorised into four groups based on comparisons of different payment methods. (1) Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods compared with existing payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings P4P incentives probably improve child immunisation status (RR 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 1.36; 3760 patients; moderate-certainty evidence) and may slightly increase the number of patients who are asked more detailed questions on their disease by their pharmacist (MD 1.24, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.54; 454 patients; low-certainty evidence). P4P may slightly improve primary care physicians' prescribing of guideline-recommended antihypertensive medicines compared with an existing payment method (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12; 362 patients; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain about the effects of extra P4P incentives on mean blood pressure reduction for patients and costs for providing services compared with an existing payment method (very low-certainty evidence). Outcomes related to workload or other health professional outcomes were not reported in the included studies. One randomised trial found that compared to the control group, the performance of incentivised professionals was not sustained after the P4P intervention had ended. (2) Fee for service (FFS) compared with existing payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings We are uncertain about the effect of FFS on the quantity of health services delivered (outpatient visits and hospitalisations), patient health outcomes, and total drugs cost compared to an existing payment method due to very low-certainty evidence. The quality of service provision and health professional outcomes were not reported in the included studies. One randomised trial reported that physicians paid via FFS may see more well patients than salaried physicians (low-certainty evidence), possibly implying that more unnecessary services were delivered through FFS. (3) FFS mixed with existing payment methods compared with existing payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings FFS mixed payment method may increase the quantity of health services provided compared with an existing payment method (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.76; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain about the effect of FFS mixed payment on quality of services provided, patient health outcomes, and health professional outcomes compared with an existing payment method due to very low-certainty evidence. Cost outcomes and adverse effects were not reported in the included studies. (4) Enhanced FFS compared with FFS for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Enhanced FFS (higher FFS payment) probably increases child immunisation rates (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.48; moderate-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether higher FFS payment results in more primary care visits and about the effect of enhanced FFS on the net expenditure per year on covered children with regular FFS (very low-certainty evidence). Quality of service provision, patient outcomes, health professional outcomes, and adverse effects were not reported in the included studies., Authors' Conclusions: For healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings, P4P or an increase in FFS payment level probably increases the quantity of health service provision (moderate-certainty evidence), and P4P may slightly improve the quality of service provision for targeted conditions (low-certainty evidence). The effects of changes in payment methods on health outcomes is uncertain due to very low-certainty evidence. Information to explore the influence of specific payment method design features, such as the size of incentives and type of performance measures, was insufficient. Furthermore, due to limited and very low-certainty evidence, it is uncertain if changing payment models without including additional funding for professionals would have similar effects. There is a need for further well-conducted research on payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings in low- and middle-income countries; more studies comparing the impacts of different designs of the same payment method; and studies that consider the unintended consequences of payment interventions., (Copyright © 2021 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
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- 2021
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39. How do state policies shape experiences of household income shocks and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic?
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Donnelly R and Farina MP
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Unemployment psychology, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Anxiety epidemiology, COVID-19 psychology, Depression epidemiology, Family Characteristics, Income statistics & numerical data, Public Policy, State Government
- Abstract
The tremendous job loss and wage cuts during the COVID-19 pandemic raises concerns about the mental health of the population. The impacts of income shocks on mental health may differ across U.S. states during the pandemic, as states have different policy contexts that likely influence mental health. The present study uses survey data from the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey (April-July 2020) to examine whether mental health outcomes vary across U.S. states and to what extent specific state-level contexts moderate the associations between household income shocks and depression (n = 582,440) and anxiety (n = 582,796). We find that the prevalence of depression and anxiety differs across states by household income shock status. For individuals, living in a state with supportive social policies - primarily those related to Medicaid, unemployment insurance, and suspended utility shut offs during the pandemic - weakens the association between household income shocks and mental health. Findings suggest that the lack of a strong federal response to the pandemic alongside the devolution of federal power to states over the past 40 years contributes to inequalities in mental health across states. We provide insight about how specific existing and emergency-related policies can reduce adverse mental health consequences of household income shocks., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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40. Employment and Contract Considerations for Family Physicians in the Era of COVID-19.
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Miller P and Singleton T
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- Contract Services economics, Humans, Physicians, Family organization & administration, United States, COVID-19 epidemiology, Contracts economics, Employment organization & administration, Physicians, Family education, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Published
- 2021
41. Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. neuropsychologists: The AACN, NAN, SCN 2020 practice and "salary survey".
- Author
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Sweet JJ, Klipfel KM, Nelson NW, and Moberg PJ
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- Adult, Employment economics, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychology statistics & numerical data, Professional Practice statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Workplace, Attitude of Health Personnel, Income statistics & numerical data, Neuropsychology economics, Professional Practice economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Abstract
Objective: This portion of the 2020 survey updates practice information, beliefs, and income data of clinical neuropsychologists who practice within the United States. Methods: Doctoral-level neuropsychology practitioners were invited via numerous methods, with multiple reminders, to participate in a web-based survey from January 17 through April 2, 2020. The useable U.S. sample of 1677 doctoral-level practitioners was 6.2% larger than the comparable group in the prior 2015 practice survey. Results: Whereas women practitioners predominate, which continues a steeply increasing trend across time, increases in overall ethnic/racial diversity continue at a slow pace. Median age has remained very similar over the last 30 years, reflecting a continuous influx of young practitioners. A relatively small minority of neuropsychologists work part time. The proportion of board-certified neuropsychologists continues to show meaningful increase; interest in subspecialization certification is relatively high. Reliance on technicians remains popular, especially for neuropsychologists who work in institutions or are board certified. Although implementation of new CPT codes in 2019 and related payor policies appear to have had more negative than positive effects, psychology-related annual incomes of neuropsychologists have again increased compared to prior surveys. Variables such as specific work setting, state, region, years in practice, forensic practice hours, board certification, and basis for determining income (e.g. hours billed, revenue collected, relative value units) have an impact on income. More than half of practitioners engage in forensic neuropsychology, with the number of related practice hours per week again increasing. There is very high agreement regarding the use of response validity measures in clinical practice and forensic practice. Neurologists remain the number one referral source whether working in an institution, private practice, or a combination of both, and regardless of maintaining a pediatric, adult, or lifespan practice. Career satisfaction ratings for income, job, and work-life balance remain high, with the majority of ratings regarding the future of the specialty in the positive range. Additional data summaries related to a wide range of professional and practice topics are provided. Conclusions: Updating and comparing survey information at five-year intervals continues to provide insights and perspectives regarding relative stabilities and changes in practice activities, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. clinical neuropsychologists. Such information also provides guidance regarding the future of the specialty.
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- 2021
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42. Secure the availability of labor: Extension of annual paid leave settlement between healthcare workers and employers is good for post COVID-19 recovery.
- Author
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Wang CL, Hung CY, Lin FJ, and Hsiao SH
- Subjects
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Contracts, Health Personnel psychology, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Taiwan, Coronavirus Infections, Health Personnel economics, Health Workforce economics, Pandemics economics, Pneumonia, Viral, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
- Published
- 2020
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43. Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Comparison of Stereotactic Radiosurgery to Multiple Brain Lesions Using Single-Isocenter Versus Multiple-Isocenter Technique.
- Author
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Parikh NR, Kundu P, Levin-Epstein R, Chang EM, Agazaryan N, Hegde JV, Steinberg ML, Tenn SE, and Kaprealian TB
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Brain Neoplasms economics, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Humans, Linear Models, Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital economics, Neoplasms, Multiple Primary economics, Particle Accelerators economics, Radiosurgery instrumentation, Radiosurgery methods, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted economics, Radiotherapy, Image-Guided economics, Radiotherapy, Image-Guided instrumentation, Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated economics, Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated methods, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Time Factors, Brain Neoplasms radiotherapy, Cost Savings economics, Health Care Costs, Neoplasms, Multiple Primary radiotherapy, Radiosurgery economics
- Abstract
Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) historically has been used to treat multiple brain lesions using a multiple-isocenter technique-frequently associated with significant complexity in treatment planning and long treatment times. Recently, given innovations in planning algorithms, patients with multiple brain lesions may now be treated with a single-isocenter technique using fewer total arcs and less time spent during image guidance (though with stricter image guided radiation therapy tolerances). This study used time-driven activity-based costing to determine the difference in cost to a provider for delivering SRS to multiple brain lesions using single-isocenter versus multiple-isocenter techniques., Methods and Materials: Process maps, consisting of discrete steps, were created for each phase of the SRS care cycle and were based on interviews with department personnel. Actual treatment times (including image guidance) were extracted from treatment record and verify software. Additional sources of data to determine costs included salary/benefit data of personnel and average list price/maintenance costs for equipment., Results: Data were collected for 22 patients who underwent single-isocenter SRS (mean lesions treated, 5.2; mean treatment time, 30.2 minutes) and 51 patients who underwent multiple-isocenter SRS (mean lesions treated, 4.4; mean treatment time, 75.2 minutes). Treatment time for multiple-isocenter SRS varied substantially with increasing number of lesions (11.8 minutes/lesion; P < .001), but to a much lesser degree in single-isocenter SRS (1.8 minutes/lesion; P = .029). The resulting cost savings from single-isocenter SRS based on number of lesions treated ranged from $296 to $3878 for 2 to 10 lesions treated. The 2-mm planning treatment volume margin used with single-isocenter SRS resulted in a mean 43% increase of total volume treated compared with a 1-mm planning treatment volume expansion., Conclusions: In a comparison of time-driven activity-based costing assessment of single-isocenter versus multiple-isocenter SRS for multiple brain lesions, single-isocenter SRS appears to save time and resources for as few as 2 lesions, with incremental benefits for additional lesions treated., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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44. Visiting Professorship in Academic Radiation Oncology.
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Beeler WH, Griffith KA, Evans SB, Golden DW, and Jagsi R
- Subjects
- Chi-Square Distribution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Decision Making, Faculty, Medical classification, Faculty, Medical economics, Female, Humans, Internship and Residency, Male, Prospective Studies, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires statistics & numerical data, Time Factors, United States, Faculty, Medical statistics & numerical data, Radiation Oncology education
- Abstract
Purpose: Visiting professorship is an enjoyable activity that is also influential in academic promotional processes as evidence of the invitee's national reputation. Little is known, however, about the factors considered when selecting visiting professors (VPs) or whether this practice reflects objective criteria. We sought to characterize the process and diversity of participants in visiting professorships within academic radiation oncology (RO) to determine whether opportunities are equitably distributed., Methods and Materials: Surveys were distributed to program directors (PDs) of every 2018 RO residency program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. PDs were asked to identify all VPs over the past 2 years and to describe their departments' decision-making processes. Publicly available demographic and academic characteristics were obtained for each VP, and results were compared by VP gender and hosting program (HP) 2019 Doximity rank using the χ
2 test for categorical data and t test for continuous data., Results: The PD response rate was 60 of 93 (65%); 6 surveys were ≥50% incomplete and were excluded. Over a 2-year timeframe, 51 of 54 departments hosted 233 VPs, of whom 29% were women. The mean number of hosted VPs (5; range, 1-19) and gender distribution (35% women; range, 0-100%) did not significantly differ by HP rank (P = .17 and 0.65, respectively), nor did the selection criteria by which VPs were primarily chosen (subject matter expertise, teaching reputation, and resident interest). Women received significantly lower honoraria amounts than men (P = .035) despite no significant differences by gender in academic rank (P = .71), VP department rank (0.19), or M-index (0.83)., Conclusion: Although sample size is limited, this study suggests that academic RO programs have a relatively equitable approach to selecting VPs that emphasizes trainee education and reflects the gender diversity of RO faculty more generally. Care should be taken to ensure that these similarly qualified women are offered the same monetary amount of honoraria as their male colleagues., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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45. Reexamining the persisting wage gap between male and female PAs.
- Author
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McCall TC and Smith NE
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Physician Assistants statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Sex Factors, Sexism statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Workers' Compensation statistics & numerical data, Workplace statistics & numerical data, Physician Assistants economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Sexism economics, Workers' Compensation economics, Workplace economics
- Abstract
Objective: To determine the magnitude of any difference in total compensation between male and female physician assistants (PAs) after controlling for personal and workplace factors related to compensation., Methods: Using data from the 2019 AAPA Salary Survey, the authors conducted a sequential regression analysis to examine the relationship between a variety of personal and practice demographics and total compensation., Results: After controlling for compensation-related factors, a wage gap between male and female PAs persisted: female PAs were paid almost $0.93 for every $1 male PAs were paid in the first year of work ($9,010 less). This wage gap widened by $201 for every year of work experience., Conclusions: A wage gap between male and female PAs persists even after including all compensation types and controlling for compensation-related factors that may differ between male and female PAs. Proposed policy implications could begin to mitigate the gap.
- Published
- 2020
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46. Integration of cardiologists with hospitals: Effects on physician compensation and productivity.
- Author
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Chunn VM, Sen B, O'Connor SJ, Jessee WF, Sasson J, and Landry AY
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Ownership statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, United States, Cardiologists economics, Cardiologists statistics & numerical data, Hospitals statistics & numerical data, Physician Incentive Plans economics, Relative Value Scales, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Hospital-physician vertical integration involving employment of physicians has increased considerably over the last decade. Cardiologists are one group of specialists being increasingly employed by hospitals. Although hospital-physician integration has the potential to produce economic and societal benefits, there is concern that this consolidation may reduce competition and concentrate bargaining power among providers. In addition, hospitals may be motivated to offer cardiologists higher compensation and reduced workloads as an incentive to integrate., Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine if there are differences in compensation and clinical productivity, measured by work relative value units (RVUs), for cardiologists as they transition from being independent practitioners to being employed by hospitals., Methodology/approach: This study was a quantitative, retrospective, longitudinal analysis, comparing the compensation and work RVUs of integrated cardiologists to their compensation and work RVUs as independent cardiologists. Data from the MedAxiom Annual Survey from 2010 to 2014 were used. Participants included 4,830 unique cardiologists that provided 13,642 pooled physician-year observations, with ownership status, compensation, work (RVUs), and other characteristics as variables for analysis., Results: Results from the multivariate regressions indicate that average compensation for cardiologists increases by $129,263.1 (p < .001) when they move from independent to integrated practice. At the same time, physician work RVUs decline by 398.04 (p = .01)., Conclusion: Our findings support the conjecture that hospitals may be offering higher pay and lower workloads to incentivize cardiologists to integrate., Practice Implications: Although hospitals may have goals of quality improvement and lower costs, such goals may presently be secondary to service line growth and increased market power. There is reason to be cautious about some of the implications of hospital integration of cardiologists.
- Published
- 2020
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47. Private money-making indulgence and inefficiency of primary healthcare in Nigeria: a qualitative study of health workers' absenteeism.
- Author
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Agwu P, Ogbozor P, Odii A, Orjiakor C, and Onwujekwe O
- Subjects
- Adult, Efficiency, Organizational economics, Efficiency, Organizational statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nigeria, Qualitative Research, Absenteeism, Health Workforce economics, Health Workforce statistics & numerical data, Primary Health Care economics, Primary Health Care statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: Generating additional personal income is common with primary healthcare (PHC) workforce in Nigeria, which could be because of the inconsistencies marring their monthly salaries. Therefore, this study investigates the drivers of private economic activities of PHC providers in the public sector, and the links to absenteeism, as well as inefficiency of PHC facilities in Nigeria., Methods: A qualitative study design was used to collect data from 30 key-informants using in-depth interviews. They were selected from 5 PHC facilities across three local government areas in Enugu state, south-eastern Nigeria. Data were analysed thematically, and guided by phenomenology., Results: Findings showed that majority of the health workers were involved in different private money-making activities. A main driver was inconsistencies in salaries, which makes it difficult for them to routinely meet their personal and household needs. As a result, PHC facilities were found less functional., Conclusions: Absenteeism of PHC providers can be addressed if efforts are made to close justifiable gaps that cause health workers to struggle informally. Such lesson can be instructive to low- and middle-income countries in strengthening their health systems.
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- 2020
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48. Medical labour under neoliberalism: an ethnographic study in Colombia.
- Author
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Ardila-Sierra A and Abadía-Barrero C
- Subjects
- Adult, Anthropology, Cultural statistics & numerical data, Colombia, Delivery of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Personnel statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, Social Security statistics & numerical data, Anthropology, Cultural economics, Delivery of Health Care economics, Health Personnel economics, Income statistics & numerical data, Politics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Social Security economics
- Abstract
Objectives: In order to increase the knowledge about the impacts of neoliberal market forces on physician's labour, this article's objectives are to analyse how and why the labour of physicians is transformed by neoliberalism, and the implications of these transformations for patient care., Methods: Ethnographic investigation is carried out through semi-structured interviews with 20 general practitioners at public and private facilities in Colombia. The interviews were contrasted with national studies of physician's labour since the 1960s. A "mock" job search was also simulated. The analysis was guided by Marxian frameworks. The study was approved by a Human Research Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants., Results: The overpowering for-profit administration of the Colombian healthcare system imposes productivity mechanisms on physicians as a result of a deregulated labour market characterized by low salaries, reduced and self-funded social security benefits, and job insecurity. Overworked physicians with reduced autonomy become frustrated for not being able to provide the care their patients need according to clinical standards., Conclusions: Under neoliberal conditions, medical labour becomes exploitable and directly productive through its formal and real subsumption to Capital. The negative consequences of a progressive loss in physician's autonomy unveil the incompatibility between neoliberal health systems and people's health.
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- 2020
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49. Cost-utilization of peripheral intravenous cannulation in hospitalized adults: An observational study.
- Author
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van Loon FH, Leggett T, Bouwman AR, and Dierick-van Daele AT
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Catheterization, Peripheral adverse effects, Catheterization, Peripheral instrumentation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Hospitalists economics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Staff, Hospital economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Time Factors, Catheterization, Peripheral economics, Hospital Costs, Inpatients, Vascular Access Devices economics
- Abstract
Aim: In modern healthcare there is increased focus on optimizing efficiency for every treatment or performed procedure, of which reduction of costs is an important part. With this study, authors aimed to calculate the cost of peripheral intravenous cannulation including all components that influence its price., Methods: This observational cost-utilization study was conducted between May and October 2016. Hospitalized adults were included in this study, who received usual care. Peripheral intravenous cannulation was carried out according to current hospital protocols, based on international standards for peripheral intravenous catheter insertion. Device costs were assumed equal to the number of attempts multiplied by the fixed supply costs and applicable costs for additional attempts, whereas personnel costs for both nurses and physicians were based on their hourly salary., Results: A total of 1512 patients were included in this study, with a mean of 1.37 (±0.77) attempts and a mean time of 3.5 (±2.7) min were needed for a successful catheter insertion. Adjusted mean costs for peripheral intravenous cannulation were estimated to be €11.67 for each patient, but costs increase as the number of attempts for successful cannulation increases. The cost for patients with a successful first attempt was lower, at approximately €9.32 but increased markedly to €65.34 when five attempts were needed., Conclusion: Prevention of multiple attempts may lower the costs, and furthermore, additional technologies applied by nurses to individual patients based on predicted difficult intravenous access will make the application of these additional technologies, in turn, more efficient.
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- 2020
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50. Sustainability, Business, and Health.
- Author
-
Serafeim G, Rischbieth AM, and Koh HK
- Subjects
- Administrative Personnel economics, Administrative Personnel ethics, Automobiles standards, COVID-19, Commerce economics, Disclosure, Goals, Humans, Organizational Innovation economics, Organizational Objectives, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Betacoronavirus, Commerce organization & administration, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Sustainable Development
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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