Search

Most emulsifiers are molecules with both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties that can interact with both oil and water, thereby stabilizing the mixtures and preventing their separation. Common emulsifiers used in the animal feed industry include lecithin, lysolecithin, mono-and diglycerides, and carrageenan. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effects of emulsifiers on gross energy (GE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in chick diets. A total of six hundred Hy-Line W-80 chicks at 12 weeks old was randomly assigned to ten test groups. Each group was composed of six replicates, with ten birds per cage. The study employed a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangements, encompassing ten treatments. The treatments consisted of two levels of monoglycerides (0% and 0.05%, referred to as emulsifier A) and five levels of lecithin (0%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, and 0.06%, referred to as emulsifier B). Hy-Line chicks fed diets supplemented with emulsifier B had significantly higher AME and AMEn compared with chicks offered the control diet. The levels of 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06% of emulsifier B improved the AME and AMEn. Linear and quadratic effects and the orthogonal contrast between the diets without and with emulsifiers B showed that addition of emulsifiers increased AME and AMEn in the diet. The interaction between emulsifiers A and B were observed on ATTD of Ca, P and ether extract (EE). The addition of emulsifiers A and B resulted in an increase in the ATTD of EE. In conclusion, the addition of lecithin at the 0.04% level can improve metabolizable energy levels by increasing fat digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The digestibility of animal fats and oils is limited by a reduction in the production and secretion of lipase and bile salts in young chickens. The addition of a natural emulsifier (lysophospholipids [LPL]) in poultry diet may increase the emulsification of lipids and their digestibility. Objectives: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed LPLs supplementation with different fat sources on performance, serum lipid composition, small intestine morphology and caeca microflora in broiler chickens. Methods: A completely randomized factorial design (2 × 3 × 2) was used to evaluate the effect of LPL supplementation (0 and 0.25 g/kg) and three different fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and a 50:50 mixture of the two) in corn and soybean meal diets containing two levels of fat (1.5 and 3%), providing 12 isocaloric and isonitrogenous grower diets. Each experimental diet was fed to six replications of 10 birds from 15 to 28 days of age. Average growth performance during this period and small intestine morphology, serum lipid composition and caeca microflora were evaluated on day 28. Results: The interaction effects of LPL supplementation, source and/or level of fats were not significant for the performance parameters measured during the 15 to 28 days. The treatment effects were significant for the villus width and crypt depth measured in the jejunum on day 28. The LPL supplementation significantly increased crypt depth. The interaction effect of fat source and level of fat were significant for villus width. The addition of a 3% blend of soybean oil/tallow (50/50) reduced the serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The Lactobacillus population was increased by the addition of LPL, or a 1.5% blend of soybean oil and tallow, to the diet. Conclusions: Our study showed that LPL supplementation of diet containing a 1.5% blend of soybean oil and tallow can improve serum lipid indices and caeca Lactobacillus populations in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrazine derivatives are important class of compounds with diverse biological and ytotoxic activities and clinical applications. In this study, B3 p 86 / 6 - 31++ G * was used to compute and map the molecular surface electrostatic potentials of a group of substituted amides of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acids to identify common features related to their subsequent cytotoxicities. Several statistical properties including potentials extrema (Vs, min,Vs, max), the average of positive electrostatic potential on the surface (Vs+ ), the average of V(r) over the surface (Vs) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) and system cytotoxicities were computed. Statistically, the most signiicant correlation is a ive -parameter equation with correlation coeficient, R² values of 0.922 and R²adj = 0.879. The adj obtained models allowed us to reveal cytotoxic activity of substituted amides of Pyrazine2-carboxcylic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]