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Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is considered to be one of the most common peripheral nerve disorders with female preponderance which significantly reduces work efficacy and needs further research on its preventable factors, especially obesity. We studied the effects of obesity indices on Phalen’s test duration and median nerve conduction study (NCS) parameters in patients presenting with CTS. Methods: We examined 229 female patients presenting with clinical features of CTS. Clinical examinations including Phalen’s test, median NCSs, and body composition were evaluated. Obesity indices and electrophysiological parameters were compared. Results: There were significant associations of both body mass index (BMI) degrees and body fat percent (BF%) with clinical and NCS parameters with a linear relationship. BF% and BMI were strongly negatively correlated with Phalen’s test duration (BF%; r = -0.334, BMI; r = -0.270 P = 0.001). On the other hand, BF% and BMI were positively correlated with median distal latency (BF%; r = 0.338, BMI; r = 0.372, P value = 0.001), M-latency (BF%; r = 0.264, BMI; r = 0.285, P = 0.001), median motor conduction velocity (MMCV) (BF%; r = 0.119, P = 0.072, BMI; r = 0.173, P = 0.009), median sensory conduction velocity (MSCV) (BF%; r = -0.195, P = 0.003, BMI; r = 0.327, P = 0.001), and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP amplitude) (BF%; r = -.239, BMI; r = -0.350, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Nerve conduction parameters are significantly affected by obesity degree defined by BMI and BF%. Therefore, combining BMI and BF% assessments gives more clinical information regarding CTS severity and management. The true predictive value of these indices needs to be elucidated further.

ObjectiveWe assessed the direct and indirect relationships between sleep quality, mental health, and physical activity with quality of life (QOL) in college and university students.MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, 3,380 college students (60% females; age = 22.7 ± 5.4) from four continents (Africa: 32%; America: 5%; Asia: 46%; and Europe: 15%; others: 2%) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Insomnia Severity Index (ISI); Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS); the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS); the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short-form (IPAQ); and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-Brief).ResultsWe showed that sleep quality, insomnia, and depression had direct negative effects on the physical domain of QOL (β = −0.22, −0.19, −0.31, respectively, p

Background: Low back pain (LBP) has been shown to have various biological, psychological, and social factors that affect prognosis. However, it is unclear how personality may influence self-reported outcome measures and therapeutic alliance (TA). Methods: Eysenck’s personality inventory was used to assess personality, while the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), Global Rating of Change (GROC), and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) measured patient progress and relationship strength. All outcome measures were formulated in a single survey that both the therapist and patient completed electronically. Results: Sixty-seven patients with LBP and twenty-two licensed physical therapists participated. For personality measures, there was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and GROC (rho = 0.295, p = 0.015) and a significant negative correlation between extraversion and WAI (rho = −0.243, p = 0.048). Significant correlations were found between ODI and TSK (rho = 0.462, p ≤ 0.001) and between ODI and GROC (rho = −0.416, p ≤ 0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between TSK and GROC (rho = −0.301, p = 0.013). Conclusions: Patients with higher levels of disability seemed to report higher levels of kinesiophobia and less overall improvement in physical therapy. Patients classified as neurotic reported higher levels of improvement while extraverted patients demonstrated a weaker therapeutic alliance with their therapist.

# Background Up to 67% of adults experience shoulder pain in their lifetime. Numerous factors are related to the etiology of shoulder pain, one of which is thought to be scapular dyskinesis (SD). Given the prevalence of SD among the asymptomatic population a concern is that the condition is being medicalized (clinical findings suggested to require treatment but is ultimately a normal finding). Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence of SD among both symptomatic and asymptomatic populations. # Methods A systematic review of the literature up to July of 2021. Relevant studies identified from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and CINAHL were screened utilizing the following inclusion and exclusion criteria; inclusion: (a) individuals being assessed as having SD, including reliability and validity studies (b) subjects aged 18 or older; (c) sport and non-sport participants; (d) no date restriction; (e) symptomatic, asymptomatic, or both populations; (f) all study designs except case reports. Studies were excluded if: (a) they were not published in the English language; (b) they were a case report design; (c) the presence of SD was part of the studies inclusion criteria; (d) data were not present distinguishing the number of subjects with or without SD; (e) they did not define participants as having or not having SD. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. # Results The search resulted in 11,619 after duplicates were removed with 34 studies ultimately retained for analysis after three were removed due to low quality. A total of 2,365 individuals were studied. Within the studies for the symptomatic athletic and general orthopedic population there were 81% and 57% individuals with SD, respectively, and a total of 60% among both symptomatic groups (sport and general orthopedic population). Within the studies for the asymptomatic athletic and general population there were 42% and 59% individuals with SD, respectively, and a total of 48% among both asymptomatic groups (sport and general orthopedic population). # Limitation A strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to identify studies that provided the appropriate data for the purpose of this study. There was a lack of consistency for measuring SD across studies. # Conclusion A considerable number of individuals with shoulder symptoms do not present with SD. More revealing is the number of asymptomatic individuals who do present with SD, suggesting that SD may be a normal finding among nearly half of the asymptomatic population. # Level of Evidence 2a

Ramadan intermittent fasting during the COVID-19 lockdown (RIFL) may present unique demands. We investigated training practices (i.e., training load and training times) of athletes, using pre-defined survey criteria/questions, during the ‘first’ COVID-19 lockdown, comparing RIFL to lockdown-alone (LD) in Muslim athletes. Specifically, a within-subject, survey-based study saw athletes (n = 5,529; from 110 countries/territories) training practices (comparing RIFL to LD) explored by comparative variables of: sex; age; continent; athlete classification (e.g., world-class); sport classification (e.g., endurance); athlete status (e.g., professional); and level of training knowledge and beliefs/attitudes (ranked as: good/moderate/poor). During RIFL (compared to LD), athlete perceptions (ranges presented given variety of comparative variables) of their training load decreased (46–62%), were maintained (31–48%) or increased (2–13%). Decreases (≥ 5%, p < 0.05) affected more athletes aged 30–39 years than those 18–29 years (60 vs 55%); more national than international athletes (59 vs 51%); more team sports than precision sports (59 vs 46%); more North American than European athletes (62 vs 53%); more semi-professional than professional athletes (60 vs 54%); more athletes who rated their beliefs/attitudes ‘good’ compared to ‘poor’ and ‘moderate’ (61 vs 54 and 53%, respectively); and more athletes with ‘moderate’ than ‘poor’ knowledge (58 vs 53%). During RIFL, athletes had different strategies for training times, with 13–29% training twice a day (i.e., afternoon and night), 12–26% at night only, and 18–36% in the afternoon only, with ranges depending on the comparative variables. Training loads and activities were altered negatively during RIFL compared to LD. It would be prudent for decision-makers responsible for RIFL athletes to develop programs to support athletes during such challenges.

Background: Baseball has specific sport and positional demands that may modify joint pain compared with other sports. Persistent joint pain reduces function and is an underlying reason for seeking medical care. The pain and functional status of players after they stop competitive play are unknown. Such knowledge can assist clinicians in creating personalized physical examinations and interventions for baseball players as they transition to retirement. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate persistent joint pain and arm function in former baseball players and (2) determine whether playing position is associated with increased odds of joint pain and reduced arm function in former baseball players. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed. Eligibility criteria consisted of (1) played ≥1 collegiate baseball season, (2) aged ≥18 years, and (3) formerly played baseball (currently retired). Outcomes assessed included persistent joint pain and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). Explanatory variables included playing position (position, two-way, or pitcher). Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were performed. Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, arm dominance, playing standard, years played baseball, and injury and surgery history. Results: A total of 117 former baseball players participated (age: 36.8 [13.7] years). The mean dominant SANE score was 70.2 (standard deviation 24.1), and the mean nondominant SANE score was 85.2 (standard deviation 19.4). There was no difference in dominant arm SANE scores when stratified by arm injury history (4.6 [95% confidence interval: −14.9, 5.8]) or arm surgery history (−3.8 [95% confidence interval: 13.4, 5.8]). The shoulders had the greatest persistent joint pain prevalence (28% of all participants) and elbows (21% of all participants). There was no relationship between dominant arm pain or function and playing position. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate an increase in dominant arm disability in former baseball players. The high prevalence of persistent arm pain and poor arm function among former baseball players is concerning considering participants were younger than 40 years of age. No differences were observed in arm function when stratifying by arm history, surgery, or position demonstrating the potential relationship between baseball participation and arm disability after cessation of play. Clinicians should consider working with baseball players to develop long-term strategies to maintain joint health, especially in the throwing arm, when baseball players are transitioning to retirement. Future research is needed to understand the long-term effectiveness of clinical treatments and the implications of specific arm injuries such as ulnar collateral ligament tears on persistent arm pain and function.

هدف البحث الحالي إلى تعرّف مدى امتلاك تلاميذ الصف الرابع أساسي لمهارة الحوار من وجهة نظر معلميهم، وكذلك التعرف إلى الفروق في وجهات نظر أفراد العينة من المعلمين حول امتلاك تلاميذ الصف الرابع أساسي لمهارة الحوار تبعاً لمتغيرات: المؤهل العلمي والتربوي، وعدد سنوات الخبرة. استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي، وكانت الأداة استبانة (معدة من قبل الباحث ومحكمة من قبل اختصاصيين ومدروسة الخصائص السيكومترية)، حيث طبقت على عينة مؤلفة من (214) معلماً ومعلمةً في مدارس الحلقة الأولى من التعليم الأساسي. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن أنّ امتلاك تلاميذ الصف الرابع لمهارة الحوار من وجهة نظر معلميهم جاءت متوسطة، وأنه لا يوجد اختلاف في وجهات نظر المعلمين حول مدى امتلاك التلاميذ لمهارة الحوار بحسب متغير المؤهل العلمي والتربوي، في حين يوجد اختلاف في وجهات نظرهم بحسب متغير سنوات الخبرة (لصالح من لديهم خبرة أكثر من 10 سنوات)

Personality type can influence pain perception and prognosis. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to consider personality factors that may influence outcomes and understand personality inventories to garner a better understanding of how an individual may perceive pain. This paper explores different elements that contribute to low back pain (LBP) and evaluates a personality inventory reported in the medical literature. Understanding how to evaluate personality type as well as how to approach clinical interactions based on personality may help to provide context for the unique needs of individual patients when developing a plan of care to treat LBP.

In the digital forensics discipline, the lack of comprehensive research that addresses investigative challenges and opportunities for newer mobile Operating Systems (OSs) such as Android and iOS keeps continuing. These two OSs are currently widely operated by millions of smartphones and used by millions of users; therefore, forensic investigators need to be prepared to analyze these OSs during an investigation giving consideration to mobile app updates. The current research efforts focus on the forensic analysis of individual applications of certain OSs. In this study, we conducted a detailed forensic investigation of both Android and iOS OSs to (1) elucidate their structures for investigators, (2) identify pertinent forensic artifacts, (3) highlight any privacy and security concerns in popular applications present on both OSs, and (4) validate the forensic investigation on the selected tools for reproducibility and verification purposes. This work aims to analyze 27 Android and 33 iOS mobile applications comprehensively.

In soccer (football), dominant limb kicking produces higher ball velocity and is used with greater frequency than the non-dominant limb. It is unclear whether limb dominance has an effect on injury incidence. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to examine the relationship between limb dominance and soccer injuries. Studies were identified from four online databases according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies of soccer players that reported lower extremity injuries by limb dominance. Relevant studies were assessed for inclusion and retained. Data from retained studies underwent meta-analyses to determine relative risk of dominant versus non-dominant limb injuries using random-effects models. Seventy-four studies were included, with 36 of them eligible for meta-analysis. For prospective lower extremity injury studies, soccer players demonstrated a 1.6 times greater risk of injury to the dominant limb (95% CI [1.3–1.8]). Grouped by injury location, hamstring (RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1–1.4]) and hip/groin (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3–2.7]) injuries were more likely to occur to the dominant limb. Greater risk of injury was present in the dominant limb across playing levels (amateurs RR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1–3.2]; youths RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.26–1.67]; professionals RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.14–1.46]). Both males (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.33–1.68)] and females (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.14–1.89]) were more likely to sustain injuries to the dominant limb. Future studies investigating soccer injury should adjust for this confounding factor by using consistent methods for assigning limb dominance and tracking use of the dominant versus non-dominant limb.

# Background Range of motion (ROM) impairments of the overhead athletes' shoulder are commonly addressed through mobility-based treatments, however, adaptations from humeral torsion (HT) are not amenable to such interventions. A clinical measurement to quantify HT has been proposed, however, the validity is not conclusive. # Purpose The primary aim of this study is to determine the intrarater reliability and standard error of measurement (SEM) of the biceps forearm angle (BFA) measurement. The secondary aim of this study is to investigate the convergent validity of the BFA compared to diagnostic ultrasound. # Study Design Cross Sectional Reliability and Validity Study # Methods HT measurements, utilizing diagnostic ultrasound, were compared to BFA in 74 shoulders (37 subjects) over two sessions. Each measurement was performed three times and a third investigator recorded measures to ensure blinding. Reliability was investigated using utilizing an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,k) # Results Intrarater reliability values were 0.923 and 0.849 for diagnostic ultrasound and BFA methods respectively. Convergent validity was *r* = 0.566. The standard error of measurement for diagnostic ultrasound and BFA was 3° and 5°, respectively. The 95% limits of agreement between the two measurement methods were -24.80° and 19.80° with a mean difference of -2.50° indicating that on average the diagnostic ultrasound measurement was lower than that of the BFA method. # Conclusion The BFA is a reliable clinical method for quantifying HT, however, demonstrates moderate to poor convergent validity when compared to diagnostic ultrasound. # Level of Evidence 2b

هدف البحث الحالي إلى تعرّف درجة مساهمة المعلّم في تنميّة بعض المهارات الاجتماعية (مهارة التعاون، مهارة المشاركة، مهارة الالتزام بالقوانين) لدى تلاميذ الحلقة الأولى من التّعليم الأساسيّ من وجهة نظرهم، وكذلك التعرف إلى الفروق في وجهات نظر أفراد العينة من المعلمين حول دورهم في تنمية بعض المهارات الاجتماعيّة لدى التلاميذ تبعاً لمتغيرات: الجنس، المؤهل العلمي والتربوي، وعدد سنوات الخبرة. استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي، وكانت الأداة استبانة (معدة من قبل الباحث ومحكمة من قبل اختصاصيين ومدروسة الخصائص السيكومترية)، حيث طبقت على عينة مؤلفة من (194) معلماً ومعلمةً في مدارس الحلقة الأولى من التعليم الأساسي. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن درجة مساهمة المعلّم في تنميّة بعض المهارات الاجتماعية (مهارة التعاون، مهارة المشاركة، مهارة الالتزام بالقوانين) لدى تلاميذ الحلقة الأولى من التّعليم الأساسيّ من وجهة نظرهم جاءت متوسطة على محور (مهارة التعاون، مهارة المشاركة) بينما جاءت مرتفعة على محور الالتزام بالقوانين والأنظمة. وأنه لا يوجد اختلاف في وجهات نظر المعلمين حول درجة مساهمتهم في تنميّة بعض المهارات الاجتماعية بحسب متغير الجنس، في حين يوجد اختلاف في وجهات نظرهم بحسب متغير المؤهل العلمي (لصالح حملة دبلوم التأهيل التربوي)، وبحسب متغير سنوات الخبرة (لصالح من لديهم خبرة أكثر من 10 سنوات).

في هذه الدراسة تم إجراء نمذجة ومحاكاة باستخدام طريقة العناصر المنتهية FEM على برنامجCATIA V5 لوصلة لحامية من سبيكة ألمنيوم- مغنيزيوم عند تيارات لحام (80, 100, 110, 120) أمبير وأزمنة لحام مختلفة (6, 7, 8) ثانية وأظهرت النتائج أنه عند تيار لحام 110 أمبير وزمن 6 ثانية كان توزع الإجهادات الحرارية بشكل أفضل خلال قطر وعمق منطقة اللحام حيث تم مقارنة النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها باستخدام برنامج CATIA V5 مع نتائج دراسات مرجعية في هذا المجال وباستخدام برامج مختلفة.

# Purpose Kinesiology taping is a common intervention used to treat individuals with shoulder pain. While there have been several studies published to date evaluating the effectiveness of this intervention, a systematic review with meta-analysis synthesizing the collective effectiveness of kinesiology taping is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis investigating the efficacy and treatment fidelity of kinesiology taping (KT) in combination with conservative interventions for shoulder pain. # Methods Databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SportDiscus, CINAHL) of studies published in English meeting criteria were searched to October 2019. Methodologic quality was assessed utilizing the Modified Downs and Black checklist. Treatment fidelity was evaluated using a modified fidelity tool. Random effects meta-analyses were performed when an outcome (disability, pain, range of motion (ROM)) was reported by two or more studies. Overall effect size (pooled random effects) was estimated for studies with acceptable clinical homogeneity. # Results When KT was used with conservative treatments, meta-analysis revealed large effect sizes for improvements in disability (standard mean difference (SMD) = -1.35; 95% CI, -2.09 to -0.60) and ROM (SMD = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.60-1.33) with no significant effects for pain. The average Modified Downs & Black score for bias was 11.5 ± 3.9. Of 10 retained studies, only two had good treatment fidelity. # Conclusions Adding KT to interventions performed in clinical settings appears to demonstrate efficacy regarding disability and ROM when compared to conservative interventions alone. However, despite reasonably good methodologic quality, fidelity was lacking in a majority of studies. Because of its impact on the implementation of evidence-based practice, lower fidelity should be considered when interpreting results.

تأتي أهمية هذه الدراسة كونها قامت بدراسة نوع من التوضعات العائدة إلى الحجر الكلسي المرخم ذات الأهمية الإقتصادية، ومن خلال القيام بدراسة جيولوجية للصخور الكربوناتية في منطقة البدروسية، والتي شملت النواحي البترولوجية، الترسيبية ، تحديد الخصائص البتروفيزيائية كنسبة التشرب والمسامية لتحديد جودة الصخر. ولهذه الغاية تم إجراء 3 جولات حقلية لموقع الدراسة (جبهة 6)، كما تم تحضير10 شرائح. بينت الدراسة البترولوجية أن الصخور الموجودة هي حجر كلسي معرض لعملية الدلمتة (شبه رخامي) مما زاد قساوته، كما بينت الدراسة البتروفيزيائية انخفاض نسب المسامية وتفاوت في نسب التشرب بين العينات المأخوذة مما دل على طبقة الأمل الحاوية على الصخور القابلة للاستثمار وفقاً للمواصفات القياسية السورية هي طبقة من الحجر الكلسي المدلمت ذات اللون البيجي الفاتح. وبمقارنة نتائج الدراسة البترولوجية والدراسة البتروفيزيائية لنطاق حاوي على مجموعة من العينات تبين تطابق في جودة هذه العينات لاستخدامها كمواد بناء.

The chest Computer Tomography (CT scan) is used in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is an important complement to the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test. The paper aims to improve the radiological diagnosis in the case of coronavirus disease COVID-19 pneumonia on forms of noninvasive approaches with conventional and high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT) scan images upon chest CT images of patients confirmed with mild to severe findings. The preliminary study is to compare the radiological findings of COVID-19 pneumonia in conventional chest CT images with images processed by a new tool and reviewed by expert radiologists. The researchers used a new filter called Golden Key Tool (GK-Tool) which has confirmed the improvement in the quality and diagnostic efficacy of images acquired using our modified images. Further, Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) architecture called VGG face was used to classify chest CT images. The classification has been performed by using VGG face on various datasets which are considered as a protocol to diagnose COVID-19, Non-COVID-19 (other lung diseases), and normal cases (no findings on chest CT). Accordingly, the performance evaluation of the GK-Tool was fairly good as shown in the first set of results, where 80–95% of participants show a good to excellent assessment of the new images view in the case of COVID-19 patients. The results, in general, illustrate good recognition rates in the diagnosis and, therefore, would be significantly higher in normal cases with COVID-19. These results could reduce the radiologist’s workload burden and play a major role in the decision-making process.

The current article investigates teachers' metaphoric modeling of foreign language teaching and learning at the College of Languages and Translation, King Saud University. It makes use of teaching philosophy statements as a corpus. Our objective is to analyze the underlying conceptualizations of teaching/learning, the teachers' perception of the students, and the teachers' self-perception. To do so, we have adopted a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. The framework adopted is Lakoff and Johnson's cognitive theory of metaphor, in particular the primacy of the conceptual over the linguistic, the power of metaphor to highlight and hide experience, and metaphor's inferential system of entailments. The conceptualizations of the domain of foreign language teaching and learning are then measured against concepts in the philosophy of education such as teacher centeredness, student centeredness, and learning centeredness, using cost-benefit analyses.

Background: Anosmia has been reported as an early presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the pathophysiological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction is still unclear.Aim: The aim of this study to evaluate the knowledge regarding common symptoms, anosmia, treatment options, and PPE among medical students in three different universities of Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional survey conducted among medical students in Saudi Arabia. Google Forms was used to create the survey. The questionnaire included demographic information, knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms, sources of information, and the level of awareness of specific symptoms (loss of smell and taste).Results: A total of 494 students completed the questionnaire. The majority of the participants were aware of common COVID-19 symptoms like fever and cough (79.8 and 67.2%, respectively), but less than half were aware that smell or taste dysfunction might be a symptom of COVID-19 (44.3 and 30.2%, respectively). The present study revealed that the source of information also plays a critical role in medical students' awareness regarding the symptoms of COVID-19. Students using international organization's websites, medical databases, or published research had better knowledge of anosmia as a COVID-19 symptom compared to those who used WhatsApp, Google, or unofficial social media pages. In our study, a minority (11.9%) of the participants relied on unofficial social media pages as the main source of their information.Conclusion: Saudi medical students understand that smell or taste dysfunction can be a potential symptom of COVID-19, but this knowledge was not as widespread as the knowledge regarding the most common COVID-19 symptoms.

Background and Objectives: Table tennis represents one of the fastest ball games in the world and, as such, is characterized by unique physiological demands. Despite its popularity, there is a dearth of data related to table-tennis-related risk factors and injuries. Therefore, the present review was conducted to fill in this gap of knowledge. Material and Methods: The present review was designed as a scoping review. Eleven online databases were searched with no language/date limitations. Results: Forty-two investigations were retained in the present review. These studies indicated that tenosynovitis, benign muscle injuries, strains, and sprains were the most common injury types. In order, the most commonly affected anatomical regions were the lower limb, shoulder, spine, knee, upper limb, and trunk. When comparing the injury occurrence between training and competition, the results were contradictory. National/international athletes had higher indices of injury than regional players, even though other investigations failed to replicate such findings. According to some scholars, there was a difference between female and male athletes: in females, more injuries involved the upper limbs when compared to men who had more injuries to the lower limbs, while other studies did not find differences in terms of gender. Conclusions: Table tennis is generally considered at lower risk for injuries than other sports. However, the present scoping review showed that injuries can occur and affect a variety of anatomic regions. Sports scientists/physicians could utilize the information contained in the current review for devising ad hoc programs to adopt an effective/appropriate prevention strategy and to monitor table tennis players’ training load and to achieve maximal fitness, as these will reduce the risk of injuries. However, most of the studies included in our scoping review are methodologically weak or of low-to-moderate evidence, being anecdotal or clinical case reports/case series, warranting caution when interpreting our findings and, above all, further high-quality research in the field is urgently needed.

The chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs. Lack of patient education and knowledge about these complications can worsen the quality of a patient’s life. Hence, more efforts are needed to improve patient’s education especially in rural areas. Aim. Our objective is to explore the association between demographic variables and the knowledge of self-care practices in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. We used observational cross-sectional descriptive study using a validated self-administered questionnaire in both Arabic and English languages as well. A descriptive correlation design analyzed the questionnaire completed by a convenience sample meeting the inclusion criteria. Results. A total of 100 patients met the inclusion criteria for the analysis out of 3251 patients who completed the questionnaire. The study population has low moderate knowledge in diabetes, moderate knowledge in self-care practices, and good knowledge about complications of nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. No significant association between demographic variables. However, better knowledge observed in male (p=0.028) and self-care practices with female (p=0.020). Further, educational status is significantly influencing the knowledge of diabetic patients. Conclusion. The study emphasizing irrespective of demographic variable and the importance of patient education to achieve well glycemic control.

Many financial and economic time series exhibit nonlinear patterns or relationships. However, most statistical methods for time series analysis are developed for mean-stationary processes that require transformation, such as differencing of the data. In this paper, we study a dynamic regression model with nonlinear, time-varying mean function, and autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic errors. We propose an estimation approach based on the first two conditional moments of the response variable, which does not require specification of error distribution. Strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator is established under strong-mixing condition, so that the results apply to both stationary and mean-nonstationary processes. Moreover, the proposed approach is shown to be superior to the commonly used quasi-likelihood approach and the efficiency gain is significant when the (conditional) error distribution is asymmetric. We demonstrate through a real data example that the proposed method can identify a more accurate model than the quasi-likelihood method.

The raising accessibility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), colloquially known as drones, is rapidly increasing. Recent studies have discussed challenges that may come in tow with the growing use of this technology. These studies note that in-depth examination is required, especially when addressing challenges that carry a high volume of software data between sensors, actuators, and control commands. This work underlines static and live digital evidence traceability challenges to further enhance the UAV incident response plan. To study the live UAV forensic traceability issues, we apply the ‘purple-teaming’ exercise on small UAVs while conducting UAV forensic examination to determine technical challenges related to data integrity and repeatability. In addition, this research highlights current static technical challenges that could pose more challenges in justifying the discovered digital evidence. Additionally, this study discusses potential drone anti-forensic techniques and their association with the type of use, environment, attack vector, and level of expertise. To this end, we propose the UAV Kill Chain and categorize the impact and complexity of all highlighted challenges based on the conducted examination and the presented scientific contribution in this work. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any contribution that incorporates ‘Purple-Teaming’ tactics to evaluate UAV-related research in cybersecurity and digital forensics. This work also proposes a categorization model that classifies the discovered UAV static and live digital evidence challenges based on their complexity and impact levels.

Purpose The primary aim of this study was to develop a survey addressing an individual’s non-cognitive traits, such as emotional intelligence, interpersonal skills, social intelligence, psychological flexibility, and grit. Such a tool would provide beneficial information for the continued development of admissions standards and would help better capture the full breadth of experience and capabilities of applicants applying to doctor of physical therapy (DPT) programs. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey study involving learners in DPT programs at 3 academic institutions in the United States. A survey was developed based on established non-proprietary, non-cognitive measures affiliated with success and resilience. The survey was assessed for face validity, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify subgroups of factors based on responses to the items. Results A total of 298 participants (90.3%) completed all elements of the survey. EFA yielded 39 items for dimensional assessment with regression coefficients < 0.4. Within the 39 items, 3 latent constructs were identified: adaptability (16 items), intuitiveness (12 items), and engagement (11 items). Conclusion This preliminary non-cognitive assessment survey will be able to play a valuable role in DPT admissions decisions following further examination and refinement.

This research aim to identify therole of teachers in enhance the health awareness concepts to First Cycle Schools of Basic Teaching in Tartous City , and exploration the effect the variables (gender, educational qualification, experience) about the Role of Teachers in enhance the Health Awareness concepts to First. To achieve the object of the research a questionnaire has been included (25) methods, then applied to a sample of (304) teachers for the academic year 2016/2017. The present research used the descriptive analytical approach. Validity of the questionnaire was established though a jury of (7) of the teaching staff of educational at Tishreen University. Pilot sample consisted of (36) teachers, Reliability was established by Cronbach – Alpha Reliability at least (0.914), and (0.946) at Spearman-Brown. The research ended up with the following results: The Role of Teachers in enhance the Health Awareness concepts First Cycle Schools of Basic Teaching in Tartous City was middle degree. Also No statistically significant differences regarding the role of teachers in enhance the health awareness concepts to First Cycle Schools of Basic Teaching in Tartous City according to (gender, experience), but there are statistically significant differences regarding according to (educational qualification). Among these suggestions having intensive training courses of teachers in the Health education programs, and raising the level of Health Awareness to students.

The rapid pace of invention in technology and the evolution of network communication has produced a new lifestyle with variety of opportunities and challenges. Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS) technology, which includes drones, is one example of a recently invented technology that requires the collection of a solid body of defensible and admissible evidence to help eliminate potential real-world threats posed by their use. With the advent of smartphones, there has been an increase in digital forensic investigation processes developed to assist specialized digital forensic investigators in presenting forensically sound evidence in the courts of law. Therefore, it is necessary to apply digital forensic techniques and procedures to different types of RPASs in order to create a line of defense against new challenges, such as aerial-related incidents, introduced by the use of these technologies. Drone operations by bad actors are rapidly increasing and these actors are constantly developing new approaches. These criminal operations include invasion of privacy, drug smuggling, and terrorist activities. Additionally, drone crashes and incidents raise significant concerns. In this paper, we propose a technical forensic process consisting of ten technical phases for the analysis of RPAS forensic artifacts, which can reduce the complexity of the identification and investigation of drones. Using the proposed technical process, we analyze drone images using the Computer Forensics Reference Datasets (CFReDS) and present results for the Typhoon H aerial vehicle manufactured by Yuneec, Inc. Furthermore, this paper explores the availability and value of digital evidence that would allow a more practical digital investigation to be able to build an evidence-based experience. Therefore, we particularly focus on developing a technical drone investigation process that can be applied to various types of drones.

Background Up to 67% of adults experience shoulder pain in their lifetime. Numerous factors are related to the etiology of shoulder pain, one of which is thought to be scapular dyskinesis (SD). Given the prevalence of SD among the asymptomatic population a concern is that the condition is being medicalized (clinical findings suggested to require treatment but is ultimately a normal finding). Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence of SD among both symptomatic and asymptomatic populations. Methods A systematic review of the literature up to July of 2021. Relevant studies identified from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and CINAHL were screened utilizing the following inclusion and exclusion criteria; inclusion: (a) individuals being assessed as having SD, including reliability and validity studies (b) subjects aged 18 or older; (c) sport and non-sport participants; (d) no date restriction; (e) symptomatic, asymptomatic, or both populations; (f) all study designs except case reports. Studies were excluded if: (a) they were not published in the English language; (b) they were a case report design; (c) the presence of SD was part of the studies inclusion criteria; (d) data were not present distinguishing the number of subjects with or without SD; (e) they did not define participants as having or not having SD. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results The search resulted in 11,619 after duplicates were removed with 34 studies ultimately retained for analysis after three were removed due to low quality. A total of 2,365 individuals were studied. Within the studies for the symptomatic athletic and general orthopedic population there were 81% and 57% individuals with SD, respectively, and a total of 60% among both symptomatic groups (sport and general orthopedic population). Within the studies for the asymptomatic athletic and general population there were 42% and 59% individuals with SD, respectively, and a total of 48% among both asymptomatic groups (sport and general orthopedic population). Limitation A strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to identify studies that provided the appropriate data for the purpose of this study. There was a lack of consistency for measuring SD across studies. Conclusion A considerable number of individuals with shoulder symptoms do not present with SD. More revealing is the number of asymptomatic individuals who do present with SD, suggesting that SD may be a normal finding among nearly half of the asymptomatic population. Level of Evidence 2a [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SETTING: National Tuberculosis Program, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). OBJECTIVE: To summarize data on the incidence of tuberculosis and associated risk factors for cases reported during 2010-2011. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of routinely collected data through an established national disease notification system of the Ministry of Health in KSA. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of all forms of tuberculosis fell from 15.8/100000 (95% CI: 15.3/100,000-16.3/100,000) in 2010 to 13.8/100,000 (95% CI: 13.4/100,000-14.2/100,000) in 2011. Saudis experienced a decrease from 11.8/100,000 (95% CI: 11.3/100,000 to 12.3/100,000) in 2010 to 9.9/100,000 (95% CI: 9.5/100,000-10.4/100,000) in 2011 while the incidence in non-Saudis declined from 24.7/100,000 (95% CI: 23.6/100,000 to 25.7/100,000) in 2010 to 22.5/100,000 (95% CI: 21.5/100,000 to 23.4/100,000) in 2011. The proportion of Extra Pulmonary TB (EPTB) which increased minimally from 30% in 2010 to 32% in 2011 was higher than global figures and strongly associated with age, sex, nationality and occupation. CONCLUSION: The current estimated incidence of about 14/100,000 in 2011 is less than half its estimated value of 44/100000 in 1990. Without prejudice to any under-reporting, the KSA appeared to be on the course for TB elimination by 2050 having reached the first milestone set by WHO. The proportion of EPTB remains higher than global figure and age, sex, nationality and occupation were significant independent predictors of EPTB.

Ramadan intermittent fasting during the COVID-19 lockdown (RIFL) may present unique demands. We investigated training practices (i.e., training load and training times) of athletes, using pre-defined survey criteria/questions, during the 'first' COVID-19 lockdown, comparing RIFL to lockdown-alone (LD) in Muslim athletes. Specifically, a within-subject, survey-based study saw athletes (n = 5,529; from 110 countries/territories) training practices (comparing RIFL to LD) explored by comparative variables of: sex; age; continent; athlete classification (e.g., world-class); sport classification (e.g., endurance); athlete status (e.g., professional); and level of training knowledge and beliefs/attitudes (ranked as: good/moderate/poor). During RIFL (compared to LD), athlete perceptions (ranges presented given variety of comparative variables) of their training load decreased (46--62%), were maintained (31--48%) or increased (2--13%). Decreases (≥ 5%, p < 0.05) affected more athletes aged 30--39 years than those 18--29 years (60 vs 55%); more national than international athletes (59 vs 51%); more team sports than precision sports (59 vs 46%); more North American than European athletes (62 vs 53%); more semi-professional than professional athletes (60 vs 54%); more athletes who rated their beliefs/attitudes 'good' compared to 'poor' and 'moderate' (61 vs 54 and 53%, respectively); and more athletes with 'moderate' than 'poor' knowledge (58 vs 53%). During RIFL, athletes had different strategies for training times, with 13--29% training twice a day (i.e., afternoon and night), 12--26% at night only, and 18--36% in the afternoon only, with ranges depending on the comparative variables. Training loads and activities were altered negatively during RIFL compared to LD. It would be prudent for decision-makers responsible for RIFL athletes to develop programs to support athletes during such challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for secure, accurate and reliable identification of individuals using facial recognition has attracted considerable interest in education, security and many other sectors, not limited because it is robust, secure and authentic. Recently, the demand for distance learning has increased dramatically. This increase is due to various barriers to learning that arise from enforced conditions such as seclusion and social distancing. Facial feature extraction in distance education is valuable in supporting face authenticity as it prevents the position of participants from changing, especially during the examination phase. In the field of face recognition, there is a mismatch between research and practical application. In this paper, we present a novel but highly efficient Deep Learning model for improving face recognition and registration in distance education. The technique is based on a combination of sequential and residual identity blocking. This makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of using deeper blocks than other models. The new model has proven to be able to extract features from faces in a high and accurate manner in compared with other state-of-the-art methods. In registration processing, there are several challenges related to training data limitation, face recognition and verification. We present a new architecture for face recognition and registration. Experiments have shown that our registration model is capable of recognizing almost all faces and registering the corresponding labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the effectiveness of shoulder injury prevention programs in overhead athletes. Systematic Review. CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched from database inception through December 2020 for randomized controlled or prospective cohort studies that implemented shoulder injury prevention programs in overhead athletes and reported shoulder injury incidence rates. Seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two studies reported on odds ratios (OR) that resulted in a reduction of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes following shoulder strengthening and flexibility exercises (OR, 0.72; 95% CI; 0.52, 0.98; OR, 0.22; 95% CI; 0.06, 0.75). One study reported on hazard ratio (HR) that resulted in a reduction of shoulder injuries following stretching of the posterior capsule (HR, 0.36; 95% CI; 0.13, 0.95). There is limited research surrounding the effectiveness of shoulder injury prevention programs in overhead athletes specific to injury reduction. Only three studies reported a favorable effect in terms of injury prevention, with only one study at low risk of bias. At present, no conclusions can be made regarding the effectiveness of shoulder injury prevention programs in the overhead athlete. • Research is lacking regarding the effectiveness of shoulder injury prevention programs and overall injury incidence rate. • The effectiveness of shoulder injury prevention programs is inconclusive due to conflicting results. • Further research is needed to develop international guidelines on best prevention strategies for overhead athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In soccer (football), dominant limb kicking produces higher ball velocity and is used with greater frequency than the non-dominant limb. It is unclear whether limb dominance has an effect on injury incidence. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to examine the relationship between limb dominance and soccer injuries. Studies were identified from four online databases according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies of soccer players that reported lower extremity injuries by limb dominance. Relevant studies were assessed for inclusion and retained. Data from retained studies underwent meta-analyses to determine relative risk of dominant versus non-dominant limb injuries using random-effects models. Seventy-four studies were included, with 36 of them eligible for meta-analysis. For prospective lower extremity injury studies, soccer players demonstrated a 1.6 times greater risk of injury to the dominant limb (95% CI [1.3-1.8]). Grouped by injury location, hamstring (RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.4]) and hip/groin (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3-2.7]) injuries were more likely to occur to the dominant limb. Greater risk of injury was present in the dominant limb across playing levels (amateurs RR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1-3.2]; youths RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.26-1.67]; professionals RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.14-1.46]). Both males (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.33-1.68)] and females (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.14-1.89]) were more likely to sustain injuries to the dominant limb. Future studies investigating soccer injury should adjust for this confounding factor by using consistent methods for assigning limb dominance and tracking use of the dominant versus non-dominant limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]