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A total of 180 samples were taken from diseased and freshly dead broiler chickens of various ages from various farms in El-Minya and Beni-Suef governorates and transferred to the lab for bacterial isolation and further molecular examination targeting E. coli. The results showed that 91 of 180 samples (50.6%) tested positive for E. coli. The prevalence of some in vitro virulence markers of avian pathogenic E. coli was Congo red binding (CRB) (95.6% positivity) and moderate to strong biofilm production (92%). On 5% sheep blood agar, (67%) of examined isolates showed alpha hemolysis, while (27%) showed gamma hemolysis and (5.5%) showed beta hemolysis. All the tested isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern. E. coli isolates demonstrated various degrees of resistance against, amoxicillin-sulbactam (82%) followed by streptomycin (76%), cefotaxime and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (73%), tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (68%), chloramphenicol (66%), cefaclor (65%), cefixime (62%) respectively. Five MDR selected isolates were examined using PCR. The intended virulence genes were iss, tsh, fimH, and iroN genes. The genes iss and fimH were detected in all of the isolates investigated, whereas iroN was present in four isolates but tsh was found in only one isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of essential plant oils and extracts have been shown to be fungal inhibitors and could provide attempting alternative for treating animal infections. The current study screened the in-vitro antifungal properties of propolis in addition to Eucalyptus and Moringa essential oils on some fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates recovered from cases of bovine and ovine mycotic mastitis through determination of their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). Propolis recorded MIC and MFC ranged from 44 mg/mL to 175 mg/mL and the isolates of C. albicans were the most sensitive. Eucalyptus was the most effective essential oil with MIC and MFC ranged from 2 mg/mL to 16 mg/mL and was mostly effective against C. tropicalis, C. albicans and C. kefyr. Regarding Moringa essential oil, the recorded MIC and MFC ranged from 31.25 mg/mL to 125 mg/mL and the most sensitive isolates were C. tropicalis and C. kefyr. The molecular characterization of azole-resistance genes revealed that all tested isolates harbored CDR gene 100%, while MDR1 and ERG11 genes were represented as 80% and 40%, respectively. Therefore, the antifungal effect of propolis and essential oils of Eucalyptus and Moringa against fluconazole-resistant Candida species were highlighted in the current study and can be employed as useful alternatives for the treatment of bovine and ovine mycotic mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating bovine and ovine mycotic mastitis was the study's goal. A total of 250 milk samples were collected from cows, ewes and does suffering from mastitis, not responding for antibiotic therapy, to determine the prevalence of fungal pathogens associated with mastitis. For the isolated yeasts, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done through disc diffusion method, and biofilm formation was evaluated phenotypically by cultivation on Congo Red Agar (CRA) medium. Also, MDR1, CDR and ERG11 genes were detected by PCR. Out of the collected milk samples, 53 samples (21.2%) were positive for the presence of fungal pathogens. Out of them, 54 fungal pathogens were recovered, including 49 Candida species, 2 A. niger, in addition to one of A. fumigatus, A. flavus and Penicillium species. The yeast isolates included 18 C. guilliermondii, 16 C. parapsilosis, 7 C. tropicalis, 4 C. albicans, and 4 C. kefyr. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Candida isolates showed that all isolates were resistant to nystatin. Regarding to fluconazole, 25 isolates were sensitive, 2 isolates were intermediately sensitive and 22 isolates were resistant. Nine yeast isolates were biofilm former. All tested isolates harbored MDR1 gene, 4 isolates contained CDR gene and only 1 isolate was positive for ERG11 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in our food can threaten our life. Thus, great attention was paid to find a potentially effective, safe, and natural antimicrobial agent. Therefore, this study carried out this study to in-vitro investigate the potential use of Origanum majorana and Curcuma longa as natural antimicrobial food additives to control multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens isolated from minced beef and beef burger samples. Herein, we examined 100 raw meat product samples, i.e., 50 each of fresh minced beef and frozen beef burger samples, randomly collected from butcher's shops in Egypt, for the presence of pathogenic E. coli and S. aureus. Pathogenic E. coli was detected in 36 % of examined minced beef samples, while we failed to isolate it from beef burger. On the other hand, coagulase-positive S. aureus was found in 26 and 10 % of minced beef and beef burger samples, respectively. The multiple-drug resistant (MDR) isolates of E. coli and S. aureus were identified using 11 and 6 commercial antimicrobial discs, respectively. MDR isolates were selected for molecular identification based on virulence and anti-microbial resistance genes. Molecularly, eaeA gene was detected in 100% of identified pathogenic E. coli strains, while stx1 was detected in one strain only. Whereas mecA and coa were detected in 100% of coagulase-positive S. aureus isolates, The antimicrobial effectiveness of Origanum majorana (OM) and Curcuma longa (CL) ethanolic extracts against isolated MDR pathogens were evaluated. OM and CL were potentially effective against MDR coagulase-positive S. aureus with variable inhibition zones ranged from 2mm to25mm. While they did not inhibit pathogenic E. coli strains (O158, O157, O114, O142, O44, O86, O25). Extracts of OM and CL were proved to be potentially effective against MDR coagulase-positive S. aureus, and can be used as a natural alternative food preservative to control S. aureus growth in food in place of chemical antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the prevalence of virulent and antibiotic resistant Salmonella (S) in retail chicken meat (CM) and pooled giblets (PG) in Egypt. Seventy-two and 64 % of examined CM and PG samples harbored Salmonellae, respectively. When S. Infantis was the most predominant serovar, followed by S. Kentucky, and then S. Virchow. The antibiotic resistance experiment showed a high rate of multiple drug resistant (MDR) Salmonellae. Remarkably, 64.7% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (the drug of choice for Salmonella infection). Molecularly, a noteworthy correlation between the MDR and the presence of integrons class 1 and 3. When, integrons 1 and 3 were detected in 100 and 92 % of identified MDR isolates, respectively, while class 2 integrons were not found. Surprisingly, 53.8 and 100% of the molecularly identified isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, despite the absence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-associated genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA) from all MDR isolates. This indicates that other genetic factors could be incriminated in this pattern. Beta-lactam resistance was explored by the existence of blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaCMY-2 genes in most MDR isolates. Additionally, 4 virulence genes were detected in almost all serovars. Concerning virulence genes, invA, hilA, sopB, and stn were detected in 100, 100, 100 and 94.7 % of MDR serovars, respectively. While, spvC was detected in only 7.6 %, and pef was absent. The high prevalence of MDR virulent Salmonella strains in retail chicken meat and giblets in Egypt should be faced with a great worry, as consumers could be under a great public health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma bovis infection of cattle tends to persist in affected herds and can be resistant to treatment. Given that the level of shedding of the organism can reflect the state of ongoing infection, a study was established to quantify the degree of such shedding in milk samples from infected herds using a novel real-time PCR technique. While the M. boris load in herds with clinical disease was significantly higher than in disease-free herds (P < 0.001 ), infection persisted in the latter. Similarly, M. boris was detected more frequently in conjunctival swabs from calves with respiratory disease when compared with samples from animals that did not exhibit such clinical signs. This novel real-time PCR assay is specific for M. boris and can detect bacterial loads as low as 100 colony forming units/mL of milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of our study was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the genes responsible for the multiple antibiotic resistance S. aureus isolated from food of animal origin in Egypt., Materials and Methods: A total of 125 samples were randomly collected from milk, meat, and their products from Giza and Beni-Suef Governorates markets. The S. aureus isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity tests using four antibacterial disks (Oxoid), and then the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for detection of antibiotic resistance genes., Results: Out of 125 samples, 19 S. aureus isolates were detected. All detected isolates were multiple drug resistance (MDR). The penicillin-, erythromycin-, kanamycin-, and tetracycline-resistant isolates were examined by PCR for resistance genes blaZ , ( msrA, ermB , and ermC) , aac(6')aph (2") , and tetK . The isolates harbored these resistance genes with percentage of 100% (100%, 0%, and 100%), 62.5%, and 100%, respectively., Conclusion: Contaminated foods of animal origin may represent a source of MDR S. aureus that can be a major threat to public health.