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Background: Purpose of the present systematic review is to investigate preclinical evidence in favor of the working hypothesis of efficacy of cannabinoids in ocular pain treatment. Methods: Literature search includes the most relevant repositories for medical scientific literature from inception until November, 24 2021. Data collection and selection of retrieved records adhere to PRISMA criteria. Results: In agreement with a priori established protocol the search retrieved 2471 records leaving 479 results after duplicates removal. Eleven records result from title and abstract screening to meet the inclusion criteria; only 4 results are eligible for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis impeding meta-analysis. The qualitative analysis highlights the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and its derivative HU-308 and of new racemic CB1 allosteric ligand GAT211 and its enantiomers GAT228 and GAT229. Moreover, CB2R agonists RO6871304 and RO6871085 and CB2R ligand HU910 provide evidence of anti-inflammatory efficacy. CB2 agonist HU308 reduces of 241% uveitis-induced leukocyte adhesion and changes lipidome profile. Methodological and design issues raise concern of risk of bias and the amount of studies is too small for generalization. Furthermore, the ocular pain model used can resemble only inflammatory but not neuropathic pain. Conclusions: The role of the endocannabinoid system in ocular pain is underinvestigated, since only two studies assessing the effects of cannabinoid receptors modulators on pain behavior and other two on pain-related inflammatory processes are found. Preclinical studies investigating the efficacy of cannabinoids in ocular inflammatory and neuropathic pain models are needed to pave the way for clinical translation.

Ageing of the world population makes of dementia a challenge for health systems worldwide. The cognitive disturbance is a serious but not the only issue in dementia; behavioural and psychological syndromes known as neuropsychiatric or behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia remarkably reduce the quality of life of patients. Rising evidence is unraveling the pathophysiology of these symptoms in which all the neurotransmitter systems in the Central Nervous System (CNS) are implicated, with a pivotal role of alterations of the glutamatergic neurotransmission. Pharmacological agents for the treatment of these disorders endowed with efficacy and safety are not available yet; aromatherapy provides the best evidence in the control of agitation, the most resistant symptom. Basic research effort demonstrates that the essential oil of bergamot induces anxyolitic-like effects, devoid of sedation, typical of benzodiazepines, with noteworthy advantage for demented patients. People suffering from dementia often cannot verbalize pain, thus resulting unrelieved and contributing to agitation. Bergamot essential oil provides extensive evidence of analgesic properties independent from the route of administration. Among other mechanisms, modulation of autophagy, a process involved in neuropathic pain, seems to be implicated in the analgesic activity of bergamot essential oil. These data, together with the reported safety profile form the rational basis for bergamot as a neurotherapeutic to be trialed for the control of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.

Comprehensive analysis of the divertor tile surface and dust produced by the 1st campaign (2011-2012) of the JET ITER-Like-Wall (ILW) experiment has been performed in QST Rokkasho as a part of the Broader Approach (BA) DEMO R&D activity. The R&D facility is a unique facility where tritium, beryllium and activation materials can be handled. Plasma-Wall-Interaction analyses on these samples were carried out by NIFS, universities and QST collaboration with strong support by JET and EU. Microstructure, atomic composition and chemical states of the surfaces on the tiles and dust have been analysed. The divertor target in JET-ILW is made partly of tungsten (W) bulk lamellar plates and mainly of W-coating on the carbon fiber composite (CFC) bulk tiles by Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) process. In this analysis, W-coating tile samples (diameter of 17mm) were used, retracted from the inboard and outboard vertical targets and at the divertor floor. Two bottles of dust samples were collected by a vacuum cleaner on the inner and oud outer divertor surfaces. In JET-ILW, most of the first wall surface is covered by Be, and Be impurity is transported with the plasma from the first wall to the divertor with repeating the deposition and erosion processes. Recently, some unique analysis results were obtained, in addition to standard surface analysis. Microstructure analysis of tile and dust cross-sections as well as their surfaces have been performed, using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) after the focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication. In particular, in the thick Be-deposition layers on the inner W-target, nano-size bubbles-like structure was generated, and the deposition layers were composed by mixture of W, Be, C, Ni and O, evaluated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). These deposition layers might be affected by various plasma operations in the experiment campaign. Local pattern of the Be-deposition on a rough VPS-W surface against the plasma incident angle was investigated. The micro-structure analysis of dust particles showed that bubble-like structure was also generated inside a Be dominant dust (large 100 μm size dusts were so far analyzed), and chemical components and state analysis showed that BeO in a Be dominant dusts and some W and/or C dusts were determined. The analysis method of the tile and dust samples were established. Evaluations of hydrogen isotope retention and Tritium-specific activity (Bq/g) in JET-ILW tile surface and dust particles will be also presented., 13th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology

Results of the comprehensive surface analyses of divertor tiles and dusts retrieved from JET after the first ITER-like wall campaign (2011–2012) are presented. The samples cored from the divertor tiles were analyzed. Numerous nano-size bubble-like structures were observed in the deposition layer on the apron of the inner divertor tile, and a beryllium dust with the same structures were found in the matter collected from the inner divertor after the campaign. This suggests that the nano-size bubble-like structures can make the deposition layer to become brittle and may lead to cracking followed by dust generation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of chemical states of species in the deposition layers identified the formation of beryllium-tungsten intermetallic compounds on an inner vertical tile. Different tritium retention profiles along the divertor tiles were observed at the top surfaces and at deeper regions of the tiles by using the imaging plate technique.

28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2299-2301, In order to investigate important factors required of N-type dopants for CIGS, various divalent ions, namely Mg, Ca, Mn Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd, were doped as N-type dopants in CIGS thin films with the liquidphase doping method and homojunction cells were fabricated. A maximum conversion efficiency of 17.7% was obtained for Cd-doped homojunction cell but no photocurrents were observed for Co-, Ni- and Cu-doped cells. Comparison with conversion efficiency and formal valence (V; estimated by bond valence sum calculation, BVS) revealed that conversion efficiency depends on formal valence and shows a peak at V = +3. Ions applied in a highefficiency cell seem to act as an effective N-type dopant. The above results indicate that the important factors required of N-type dopants are the electronic configuration of the outermost electron shell and the coordination environment determining the formal valence.

Glaucoma, is a progressive optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and characterized by progressive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). High acute rise of IOP is a model for retinal ischemia and may represent a model of acute angle closure glaucoma. Here we have used this experimental model in combination with a neurochemical and neuropathological approach to gain more insight in the neuroprotective profile of 17beta-estradiol (E2), a steroid hormone, which has been shown to increase the viability, survival, and differentiation of primary neuronal cultures from different brain areas including amygdala, hypothalamus, and neocortex. Our data demonstrate that systemic administration of E2 significantly reduces RGC loss induced by high IOP in rat. In addition, pretreatment with E2, 30 min before ischemia, minimizes the elevation of glutamate observed during the reperfusion period. These effects seem to be in part mediated by the activation of the estrogen receptor, since a pretreatment with ICI 182-780, a specific estrogen receptor antagonist, partially counteracts the neuroprotection afforded by the estrogen.