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Development of intracellular delivery methods for antisense DNA and siRNA is important. Previously reported methods using liposomes or receptor-ligands take several hours or more to deliver oligonucleotides to the cytoplasm due to their retention in endosomes. Oligonucleotides modified with low molecular weight disulfide units at a terminus reach the cytoplasm 10 minutes after administration to cultured cells. This rapid cytoplasmic internalization of disulfide-modified oligonucleotides suggests the existence of an uptake pathway other than endocytosis. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the modified oligonucleotides are efficiently internalized into the cytoplasm through disulfide exchange reactions with the thiol groups on the cellular surface. This approach solves several critical problems with the currently available methods for enhancing cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and may be an effective approach in the medicinal application of antisense DNA and siRNA.

Background Recently, claudin-4 (CL4) immunocytochemistry was reported to be useful for differential diagnosis in effusion cytology. We wondered whether CL4 might be useful for “single-shot” identification of metastatic carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of CL4 in effusion cytology. Methods In total, 266 cases (169 metastatic carcinomas, eight malignant mesotheliomas, and 89 reactive mesothelial cells) were selected. Immunocytochemical examinations of cell-block sections were performed for CL4, Ber-EP4, and MOC-31. We used an arbitrary 4-tiered scale based on both staining intensity and positive-cell percentage among all target cells, and calculated a staining index score (sum of the above two scores). Results In a ROC-curve analysis, higher area-under-curve values were found for CL4 than for Ber-EP4 or MOC-31 (0.982, 0.942, and 0.926, respectively). Conclusions Since CL4 exhibited similar or superior usefulness to Ber-EP4 and MOC-31, it could become the first choice for the above differential diagnosis in effusion cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the numbers of visitors by their characteristics on rambling route and purchasing behavior by using 2008 and 2011 survey, in order to propose some plans to vitalize the city center. In the first part of this paper, the authors classified city center visitors into the 4 groups in each year (2008 and 2011) by rambling route and consumption indices. In the Second part of this paper, Multiple regression analysis was employed to estimate the numbers of visitors into the city center by using results of behavioral survey and traffic volumes survey. The authors considered several proposals revitalizing the city center based on the characteristics of each group.

Although extremely rare, pancreatic SFT does occur. ICC is effective, and indeed essential, for diagnosing such a mesenchymal tumor, especially when there is extensive myxoid change.

Recently, claudin-4 (CL4) immunocytochemistry was reported to be useful for differential diagnosis in effusion cytology. We wondered whether CL4 might be useful for "single-shot" identification of metastatic carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of CL4 in effusion cytology.In total, 266 cases (169 metastatic carcinomas, eight malignant mesotheliomas, and 89 reactive mesothelial cells) were selected. Immunocytochemical examinations of cell-block sections were performed for CL4, Ber-EP4, and MOC-31. We used an arbitrary 4-tiered scale based on both staining intensity and positive-cell percentage among all target cells, and calculated a staining index score (sum of the above two scores).In a ROC-curve analysis, higher area-under-curve values were found for CL4 than for Ber-EP4 or MOC-31 (0.982, 0.942, and 0.926, respectively).Since CL4 exhibited similar or superior usefulness to Ber-EP4 and MOC-31, it could become the first choice for the above differential diagnosis in effusion cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:499-504. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.