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The article presents information on a study of an unknown epizootic infection that was noted in 250 fallen sea fans after the 2004 tsunami in Thailand. Under the study, a microbial analysis was conducted by taking tissue samples from the gorgonian Annella species in October 2005. It is found that the epizootic infection is distinguished by white matter which extends over the axial skeleton which cause tissue disintegration. According to one hypothesis, the weakening of the sea fan immune system is caused by pollution and rising sea temperatures which increase the occurrence of Aspergillosis.

A new species of Helicascus satunensis sp. nov. was collected on mature dead fruits of the Nypa palm in Satun Province, southern Thailand. Its morphological characteristics are similar to those of the genus Helicascus . Recently, a genus Helicascus with three species from marine habitats worldwide was studied. The morphology of this fungus was investigated and combined with multigene sequence analyzes of small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1 α ) and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes. Morphologically, H. satunensis sp. nov. is characterized by semi-immersed, lenticular ascomata, multilocules, a bitunicate ascus and smooth, obovoid, dark brown ascospores that are one-septate and unequally two-celled. In addition, 3D visualization using synchrotron X-ray tomography was performed to investigate the interaction between fruiting body and substrata. Molecular phylogeny with multigene revealed that H. satunensis sp. nov. belongs to the family Morosphaeriaceae, order Pleosporales, class Dothideomycetes. Furthermore, H. satunensis sp. nov. forms a well-supported clade with Helicascus species described from marine habitats. Based on the unique morphological and molecular evidence, we propose this fungus, H. satunensis sp. nov., as a new species for Helicascus ., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2024 Preedanon et al.)

Three new isochroman derivatives, penicitrisochromans A-C ( 1 - 3 ), together with 25 known polyketides were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum PSU-MF100. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by comparison of specific rotations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data with those of the known co-metabolite whereas those of 3 were assigned based on the ECD calculation and biosynthetic consideration. Among the isolated polyketides, three known anthraquinone derivatives, ω -hydroxyemodin, penicillanthranin A and emodin, displayed moderate to strong antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 32, 16 and 4  µ g/mL, respectively. For antifungal activity, two known benzopyranones, coniochaetones A and C, exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans NCPF3153 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90112 with the respective MIC values of 16 and 64  µ g/mL.

The soil-derived fungus Talaromyces thailandensis PSU-SPSF059 produced one new vermistatin derivative, talarostatin, and seven known compounds including two vermistatins, two chrodrimanins, two diphenyl ethers and one penicillide derivative. Extensive spectroscopic analysis was performed to identify their structures. The absolute configuration of talarostatin was determined by comparing the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated secondary metabolites were also evaluated.

Three new compounds including one furanone, one morpholinone and one tetrahydrofuran together with three known compounds were isolated from the broth extract of the marine-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. PSU-MF07. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The relative configuration was assigned using NOEDIFF data whereas the absolute configurations were established by Mosher's method, specific rotations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Some isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity. Only known penioxalicin exhibited weak antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SK1 with an MIC value of 200  µ g/mL.

One new nonadride enantiomer, ent -epiheveadride, along with five known dioxopiperazine derivatives were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus chevalieri PSU-AMF79. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of ent -epiheveadride was determined by comparison of the specific rotation and electronic circular dichroism data with those of related known compounds. It exhibited antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90113 flucytosine-resistant and Candida albicans NCPF3153 with the MIC values of 128 and 200  µ g/mL, respectively. In addition, the known L -alanyl- L -tryptophan anhydride displayed TMEM16A inhibitory activity with 65.0% inhibition at a concentration of 5  µ g/mL.

Two new compounds, one α -pyrone (trichoharzianone) and one decalin (trichoharzianin), along with eight known compounds including three decalins, two δ -lactones, two carboxylic acids and one isochroman were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum PSU-MF79. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The relative configuration of trichoharzianin was assigned based on NOEDIFF data and coupling constants whereas the absolute configurations were established by comparison of electronic circular dichroism data with those of the co-metabolites. Known (-)-massoia lactone exhibited mild antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90113 flucytosine-resistant, Candida albicans ATCC90028 and C. albicans NCPF3153 with MIC values of 128, 200 and 200 µg/mL, respectively, and weak cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines with the respective IC 50 values of 17 and 32 µM. In addition, it was noncytotoxic against noncancerous Vero cells with an IC 50 value of >100 µM.

Four new aromatic polyketides including two diphenyl ethers (pseudopithoethers A-B, 1 - 2 ), one benzofuranone (pseudopithonone, 3 ) and one xanthone (pseudopithoxanthone, 4 ), along with two known compounds ( 5 - 6 ) and one new naturally occurring hydroquinone (α,2,5-trihydroxyacetophenone, 7 ) were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Pseudopithomyces maydicus PSU-AMF350. Their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data. All isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity. Only compound 7 displayed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC value of 128  µ g/mL and against S. aureus , Acinetobacter baumannii NPRC005 and A. baumannii NPRC007 with the same MIC value of 200  µ g/mL.[Formula: see text].

One new 2-oxaspiro[4.5]decane, roussoellide, and one new α- pyrenocine, 2 ' ,3 ' -dihydropyrenocine A, together with nine known compounds including known arthropsolide A, and pyrenocines A and E, were obtained from the culture broth of the endophytic fungus Roussoella sp. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of known arthropsolide A was assigned on the basis of X-ray diffraction data using Cu K α radiation. Known pyrenocine A displayed weak cytotoxic activity against breast cancer (MCF-7) cells with an IC 50 value of 27.1   µ M and weak antifungal activity against Microsporum gypseum SH-MU-4 with an MIC value of 615.2   µ M.[Formula: see text].

Fusarium infections in humans (fusariosis) and in economically important plants involve species of several Fusarium species complexes. Species of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are the most frequent cause of human fusariosis. The FSSC comprises more than 60 closely related species that can be separated into three major clades by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) using translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( TEF1-α ) and RNA polymerase II ( RPB2 ) DNA sequences. The MLST nomenclature for clade 3 of the FSSC assigns numbers to species types (e.g., FSSC 2) and lowercase letters to identify unique haplotypes. The aim of this study was to analyse the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of 15 environmental and 15 clinical FSSC isolates from Malaysia. MLST was used for the genotypic characterisation of FSSC isolates from various locations within Malaysia, which was complemented by their morphological characterisation on potato dextrose and carnation leaf agar. MLST identified eight different FSSC species: thirteen Fusarium keratoplasticum (i.e., FSSC 2), six Fusarium suttonianum (FSSC 20), five Fusarium falciforme (FSSC 3+4), two Fusarium cyanescens (FSSC 27) , and one each of Fusarium petroliphilum (FSSC 1), Fusarium waltergamsii (FSSC 7), Fusarium sp. (FSSC 12), and Fusarium striatum (FSSC 21). Consistent with previous reports from Malaysia, most (11 of 15) clinical FSSC isolates were F. keratoplasticum and the majority (9 of 15) of environmental isolates were F. suttonianum (5) or F. falciforme (4) strains. The taxonomic relationships of the isolates were resolved phylogenetically. The eight Fusarium species also showed distinct morphological characteristics, but these were less clearly defined and reached across species boundaries. Although TEF1-α and RPB2 sequences were sufficient for the species identification of most FSSC isolates, a more precise MLST scheme needs to be established to reliably assign individual isolates of the species-rich FSSC to their geographically-, epidemiologically-, and host-associated sub-lineages.

Two new sesquiterpenes, trichocitrinovirenes A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), and five known compounds including four structurally related sesquiterpenes and one γ-lactone were isolated from the soil-derived fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride PSU-SPSF346. The structures were identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data. The relative configuration was assigned based on NOEDIFF data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established according to specific rotations and ECD data while that of compound 2 was proposed based on biosynthetic considerations. Compound 2 possesses a rare bicyclic sesquiterpene skeleton. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated., (Copyright © 2022, Yaosanit et al.)

Investigation of the soil-derived fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae NSTRU-PN1.4 resulted in the isolation of five dimeric γ-lactones including two new botryosphaerilactones D and E ( 4 and 5 ) and three known structurally related analogoues ( 1-3 ) along with seven known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of 1-5 was determined by comparison of the ECD data with those of the structurally related monomeric γ-lactones. For biological evaluation, this is the first report on antifungal activity of the known (3  R ,4 R )-4-acetyl-3-methyl-2(3 H )-dihydrofuranone which displayed weak antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with an MIC value of 200 µg/mL.

Seven new polyketides including a phenol ( 1 ), two diphenyl ethers ( 2 and 3 ), two depsidones ( 4 and 5 ), and two phthalides ( 6 and 7 ) were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus unguis PSU-MF16 along with 27 known compounds. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 4 - 7 were established using comparative analyses of calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Among the new metabolites, 2 exhibited the best antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus , and Microsporum gypseum with equal MIC values of 16 μg/mL. In addition, known emeguisin A displayed potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus , and Cryptococcus neoformans with equal MIC values of 0.5 μg/mL, compared with the standard drugs, vancomycin and amphotericin B. The structure-activity relationship study of the isolated compounds for antimicrobial activity is discussed.

Three previously undescribed limonoids, fulvifomins A-C, together with two known compounds, 6-deoxydetigloyl-swietenine acetate and methyl angolensate, were isolated from fruiting bodies of the wood-rot fungus Fulvifomes xylocarpicola (Hymenochaetaceae), growing on the mangrove tree Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae). The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data, and X-ray crystallographic analysis (for fulvifomin A). A number of similar limonoids have been isolated from higher plants of the family Meliaceae, including X. granatum. The present study represents a unique evidence that the associated basidiomycete also contains these limonoids. Fulvifomin B exhibited moderate antimalarial and antitubercular activites., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Three new compounds including two depsidones (simplicildones J and K) and one dihydroxanthenone (globosuxanthone E) together with nine known compounds were obtained from the crude extracts of two endophytic fungi Simplicillium lanosoniveum (J.F.H. Beyma) Zare & W. Gams PSU-H168 and PSU-H261 which were isolated from the leaves of Hevea brasiliensis. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configuration of globosuxanthone E was established by means of experimental and calculated TDDFT ECD data. Simplicildone K exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with equal MIC values of 128 μg/mL. Simplicildone K and globosuxanthone E displayed antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90113 with the same MIC values of 32 μg/mL. In addition, known botryohordine C and simplicildone A showed phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitory activity with the IC 50 values of 5.69 and 9.96 μM, respectively, and were noncytotoxic toward noncancerous Vero cells., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Six new (1-6), together with seven known (7-13), trichothecenes were isolated from the soil-derived Trichoderma brevicompactum PSU-RSPG27. Their structures were established using spectroscopic data. The structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray data. Trichodermin (7) exhibited the most potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) with an IC 50 value of 0.1 μM, while other trichothecenes (1, 8, 9, and 12) were much less active, with IC 50 values in the range of 7.1-9.6 μM. Compound 7 displayed activity against noncancerous Vero cells with an IC 50 value of 0.4 μM. The remaining compounds showed moderate to weak activity, with IC 50 values in the range of 6.9-15.3 μM. Compounds 7 and 12 were active against human oral carcinoma (KB) cells with IC 50 values of 2.4 and 3.7 μM, respectively. Additionally, compounds 7 and 12 displayed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with the respective MIC values of 1 and 2 μg/mL and were active against Cryptococcus neoformans with equal MIC values of 4 μg/mL.

One new pyrrolidine derivative, asperidine A (1), and two new piperidine derivatives, asperidines B (2) and C (3), were isolated from the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178 together with two known alkaloids. Compound 3 possessed an unprecedented 7-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton with four chiral centers. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were established using Mosher's method and further confirmed for compound 3 by X-ray crystallographic data. Compound 2 dose-dependently inhibited the CFTR-mediated chloride secretion in T84 cells with an IC 50 value of 0.96 μM whereas 3 displayed the same activity with the IC 50 value of 58.62 μM. Compounds 2 and 3 also significantly reduced intracellular ROS under both normal and H 2 O 2 -treated conditions compared with their respective controls in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells. In addition, compound 3 was inactive against noncancerous Vero cells whereas compound 2 was considered to be inactive with the IC 50 value of >10 μM., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Nine previously undescribed depsidones (simplicildones A-I) and one previously undescribed α-pyrone (simplicilopyrone) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Simplicillium sp. PSU-H41 along with 11 known compounds. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Simplicildone A and known botryorhodine C displayed weak antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus with equal MIC values of 32 μg/mL. Additionally, botryorhodine C was active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus with the same MIC value. Simplicildone C exhibited weak antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with an MIC value of 32 μg/mL. In addition, simplicildones A and C and botryorhodine C were noncytotoxic against noncancerous Vero cells., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Chromatographic separation of the broth extract of the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178 resulted in isolation of four γ-butenolide-furanone dimers, aspersclerotiorones A-D, a furanone derivative, aspersclerotiorone E, and two γ-butenolide derivatives, aspersclerotiorones F and G, together with six known compounds, penicillic acid, dihydropenicillic acid, 5,6-dihydro-6-hydroxypenicillic acid, 6-methoxy-5,6-dihydropenicillic acid, coculnol and (4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic evidence. For aspersclerotiorones A and B, the structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography. Penicillic acid displayed weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with equal MIC values of 128 μg/mL, and it was noncytotoxic towards African green monkey kidney fibroblast cells., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Three new lovastatin analogues (1, 4, and 5) together with four known lovastatin derivatives, namely, lovastatin (2), α,β-dehydrolovastatin (3), α,β-dehydrodihydromonacolin K (6), and α,β-dehydro-4a,5-dihydromonacolin L (7), were isolated from the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178. Their structures were established using spectroscopic evidence. Compound 5 exhibited the most potent activity against HMG-CoA reductase, with an IC50 value of 387 μM. In addition, the present study indicated the direct interaction of compound 5 with HMG-CoA reductase. Compound 5 was considered to be noncytotoxic against noncancerous Vero cells, with an IC50 value of 40.0 μM, whereas compound 2 displayed much stronger activity, with an IC50 value of 2.2 μM.

Investigation of the fungus Phoma herbarum PSU-H256 isolated from a leaf of Hevea brasiliensis resulted in the isolation of eight terezine derivatives (E-L) together with four known compounds. Their structures were established by analysis of spectroscopic evidence. For terezines E and H, their structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography. In addition, the absolute configuration at C-7 in terezine E was established by Mosher's method. Terezines K and L were tested for antibacterial, antimalarial, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activities, but were inactive., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

One new azaphilone derivative, named xylariphilone (1), along with 10 known compounds was isolated from the seagrass-derived fungus Xylariales sp. PSU-ES163. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute and relative configurations of 1 were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and NOEDIFF data. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.

Four new compounds including two eremophilane sesquiterpenes, penicilleremophilanes A (1) and B (2), as well as two sulfur-containing biphenols, penicillithiophenols A (3) and B (4), were isolated from the soil fungus Penicillium copticola PSU-RSPG138 together with 16 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Known sporogen AO-1 exhibited significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 1.53 μM and cytotoxic activity to noncancerous (Vero) cell lines with an IC50 value of 4.23 μM. Although compound 1 was approximately half as active against P. falciparum with the IC50 value of 3.45 μM, it showed much weaker cytotoxic activity.

One new hydronaphthalenone derivative (1) was isolated from the broth extract of the endophytic fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii PSU-STD57 together with five known compounds, isosclerone (2), 8-methoxy-1-naphthol, 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene, 2,6-dihydroxyphenyl-1-butan-1-one and tyrosol. The structures were assigned by spectroscopic methods. All the compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Microsporum gypseum.

Purification of an extract from the broth of the soil fungus Aspergillus sp. PSU-RSPG185 resulted in the isolation of two new cyclic carbonate derivatives, aspergillusols A (1) and B (2), and one new eutypinic acid derivative, aspergillusic acid (3), along with six known secondary metabolites. Compounds 1 and 2 contain an unusual cyclic-carbonate functionality. In addition, the mycelial extract afforded two new phenalenones, aspergillussanones A (4) and B (5), one new cytochalasin, aspergilluchalasin (6), and one new γ-butyrolactone, aspergillulactone (7). Their structures were established by interpretation of spectroscopic evidence. Compound 4 exhibited weak activity toward KB and Vero cells with IC50 values of 48.4 and 34.2 μM, respectively.

One new phenalenone derivative, peniciherqueinone (1), together with five known phenalenone derivatives (2-6), one known anthraquinone (7) and two known acetophenones (8 and 9) were isolated from the soil fungus Penicillium herquei PSU-RSPG93. Their structures were established by spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by anisotropic effect and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compound 2 exhibited mild antioxidant activity and is noncytotoxic to Vero (African green monkey kidney fibroblasts) cell lines.

Endophytic fungi from three commonly found seagrasses in southern Thailand were explored for their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. One hundred and sixty endophytic fungi derived from Cymodoceaserrulata (Family Cymodoceaceae), Halophilaovalis and Thalassiahemprichii (Family Hydrocharitaceae) were screened for production of antimicrobial compounds by a colorimetric broth microdilution test against ten human pathogenic microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and NCPF 3153, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 and ATCC 90113 and clinical isolates of Microsporumgypseum and Penicilliummarneffei. Sixty-nine percent of the isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one test strain. Antifungal activity was more pronounced than antibacterial activity. Among the active fungi, seven isolates including Hypocreales sp. PSU-ES26 from C. serrulata, Trichoderma spp. PSU-ES8 and PSU-ES38 from H. ovalis, and Penicillium sp. PSU-ES43, Fusarium sp. PSU-ES73, Stephanonectria sp. PSU-ES172 and an unidentified endophyte PSU-ES190 from T. hemprichii exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of less than 10 µg/ml. The inhibitory extracts at concentrations of 4 times their MIC destroyed the targeted cells as observed by scanning electron microscopy. These results showed the antimicrobial potential of extracts from endophytic fungi from seagrasses.

One new difuranylmethane derivative, flavodonfuran (1), together with tremulenolide A (2) was isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Flavodon flavus PSU-MA201.The difuranylmethane derivative based on 1 is rare in natural products. Their structures were established by spectroscopic evidence. Compound 2 exhibited mild antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90113, respectively.

Nine new fungal metabolites, one phthalide derivative, acremonide (1), and eight isocoumarin derivatives, acremonones A-H (2-9), were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Acremonium sp. PSU-MA70 together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were determined by NMR analysis. The known 8-deoxytrichothecin and trichodermol exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformanns, respectively.

Trichodermaquinone (1) and trichodermaxanthone (2) were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma aureoviride PSU-F95 together with eleven known compounds. The structures were interpreted by spectroscopic methods. Known coniothranthraquinone 1 and emodin displayed strong antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC values of 8 and 4 μg/mL, respectively.

A new β-resorcylic macrolide, 5'-hydroxyzearalenone (1), and six known β-resorcylic macrolides were isolated from the seagrass-derived fungus Fusarium sp. PSU-ES73. Their structures were established by analysis of spectral data. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, both standard and methicillin-resistant strains, as well as their antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Only the known compound zearalenone (2) displayed weak antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Three new sesquiterpenes, named aspergillusenes A and B and (+)-(7S)-7-O-methylsydonic acid, and two new hydrogenated xanthone derivatives, named aspergillusones A and B, were isolated from the sea fan-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii PSU-F154 together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.

Investigation of secondary metabolites from the sea fan-derived fungus Curvularia sp. PSU-F22 resulted in isolation of three new metabolites, curvulapyrone (1), curvulalide (2) and curvulalic acid (3) together with six known compounds, modiolides A (4) and B (5), pyrenolide A (6), stagonolide E (7), mycoepoxydiene (8), and deacetylmycoepoxydiene (9). Their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Microsporum gypseum SH-MU-4 were examined.

Five new metabolites, fusaranthraquinone (1), fusarnaphthoquinones A-C (2-4), and fusarone (5), were isolated from the sea fan-derived fungi Fusarium spp. PSU-F14 and PSU-F135 along with 18 known compounds. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Their antibacterial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities were examined.

Two new azaphilone derivatives, penicilazaphilones A (1) and B (2), and one new isocoumarin, penicilisorin (3), together with six known compounds were isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum PSU-A13. Their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans as well as the inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 integrase and protease were examined.