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Charge state and energy distributions of ions generated by a 3 J/30 ns Nd-glass laser were measured at a distance of 3.7 m from the target for seven different elements of the Periodic Table and for two different laser power densities (of the order of 1011 and 1012 W/cm2). Two groups of elements were found: highly charged ions with ionization potentials in the range of 500–1000 eV were registered for all elements between 12C and 56Fe; at the same time, ions with about-one-order-less ionization potentials were registered for elements between 74Ge and 181Ta. The most probable reason for such a big difference is the recombination losses of ions during laser-produced plasma expansion into vacuum. Verification of recombination losses in the case of 181Ta target has shown no losses at distances longer than 32.5 cm from the target, so recombination processes should take place at shorter distances. Current densities, pulse durations, energy ranges, and numbers of ions with different charge states were found for all elements by normalizing charge state distributions to total ion currents. Two different ion groups exist for all elements and laser power densities used in experiments: the faster group has a very weak dependence of energy on ion charge state, and the energies of the slower group are proportional to the charge states with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The renewal of conventional energy systems is important countermeasures against global warming effects and natural hazards. A self‐sustainable decentralized energy system is one of the promising solutions for future sustainable and resilient societies. In this paper, a mathematical programming model is formulated and design and utilization of the overall energy network is optimized based on the model, where stationary batteries are equipped. Through some numerical simulation results, the effectiveness and the potential, for example, for clarifying the effect of the batteries, of the proposed model are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land plants evolved from freshwater algaelike ancestors approximately 480 million years ago. Land plants developed many new morphological features during the evolution including the origin of a multicellular diploid sporophyte, a sporophytic apical meristem that produces complex body architecture, stomata and the production of lateral organs (leaves), vascular tissue, roots, seeds and flowers. Genetic changes drove the development of these morphological features and recent technological innovations in genomics and genetic modification technologies have allowed us to investigate these genetic changes. Here, I describe recent research on several transcription factors that contributed to the morphological evolution of land plants, including the homeodomain proteins KNOX, BELL and WOX, as well as transcription factors of the bHLH, NAC and FLO/LFY families. I also discuss the conservation of plant hormone signalling, which acts to coordinate the multicellular body plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]