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For nurses’ low back pain is a serious health issue. Objective: To determine the contributing factors towards low back pain among front line health care workers in Lahore, Pakistan. Method: The design of this study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative. 191 nurses were selected for this study through non-probability purposive sampling. Data were collected by adopted Performa by Prof. Cilliers. Results: This study encompassed 191 nurses working in the four public hospitals of Lahore. The response rate was 100%. The regular prevalence of low back pain was 41.4%. The highest ratio of contributing factors towards low back pain was physical, (poor posture 36.6%), while in the psychological factors fatigue 52.4%, whereas in the social factors age 35.6%, similarly in patient care Lifting a heavy Patient 23.6%, and work environment workload 36.6%. Conclusion: Low back pain was moderately prevalent among front-line health care workers. A physical, psychological, social, patient care, and work environment are all contributing factors towards low back pain.

The aim of this study to identify the causes of reading disability (dyslexia) a learning disorder which is found in some children in primary schools who are suffered with problems of speech sound’s identification and could not decode them properly and due to this deficiency they could not understand the class work and don’t enter in the stream of normal students which becomes an issue for not only other students but teachers also to control the situation. Although it is pertain genetically and runs in families that dyslexic children could not linked properly in reading and language. This study design was qualitative which was conducted through interview with male and female educator who were involved with these special children’s, simple random sample techniques was utilized and male and females educators were interviewed. Over all finding reveals that if educators are trained in making individual education plan (IEP) and having special knowledge of interventions and techniques to provide knowledge to those slow learner they can exhibit fast reading and writing speed. This study will help full for further innovators who are willing to overcome and want to treat such children’s and make them high achievers as normal students.

Communities have the prime responsibility to reduce the quantity of waste generated; the segregation of waste for this community should have proper knowledge regarding solid waste management. Objectives: To assess knowledge about the role of solid waste management authority, and NGOs in solid waste management in Lahore. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A questionnaire was designed for this study to gather data from participants. The items of the questionnaire were generated from the literature, and from formal conversations with experts. Results: In this study 91% replied that NGOs were not functioning in the Ali Raza Abad Lahore community. Do the community Stakeholders arrange the awareness program regarding solid waste management in your community, 93% replied no. Conclusions: The conclusion this study was that mostly were don’t know their role regarding solid waste management, the role of the NGOs, and the role of solid waste management authority. The conclusion this study was that mostly were don’t know their role regarding solid waste management, the role of the NGOs, and the role of solid waste management authority. The solid is waste need to urgently manage. People of the community have lack of knowledge about who is the responsible for the solid waste. This is very broad issue which made a source of many other problems that have fatal effect on health as well as whole life.

Today, the educational process is characterized by many features, but it also suffers from many problems, especially in developing countries. The process of mentoring can be traced back to when man began to exist, Kochhar (2011). Systematic career guidance was started between 1890 and 1905 by Frank Parsons, who is known as the father of career guidance. Most of the students in secondary level schools face such problems so these problems can be solved easily with the guidance of teachers. The purpose of this research is to identify the main issue teacher training needs in secondary schools and the role of management in this. The study was limited by limited time, expertise, resources and respondents. This research is inspired by developmental theory and the design we have used in our research is descriptive with qualitative paradigm. Data were collected through a structured interview protocol of a prescribed questionnaire. A face-to-face interview protocol was used as a data collection tool. Data were analyzed through a thematic approach. Findings from this study suggested that since the teacher is in direct and omnidirectional contact with the students, if he is used directly for the purpose of guidance, it will be better for the students.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamics behind the violence against the share of women in their inherited land. This study explores the subject matter from the perspective of actual victims and law experts in the domain. Design/methodology/approach Informed by the interpretivist paradigm, the authors studied the subject matter through qualitative inquiry. Through semistructured interviews, data were collected from 16 women who have been deprived of their share in inherited land and 11 law experts who have been dealing with property-related court cases. Findings Thematic analyses through NVivo-11 evinced five themes related to the possible causes of women depriving of their property rights. From the victims’ perspective, the major causes of violence against women’s share in their inherited property rights are fear of income disaggregation, male dominance, forceful gifting, relational bond and fear of physical violence. Law experts’ views on the subject matter were somehow in convergence with the views of the actual victims. They reported a lack of social support, court delays and lack of knowledge about the law as the major causes of violence against women’s inherited property rights. Originality/value A reasonable volume of research is available on the subject of women’s empowerment. However, little attention is paid to investigating the causes of violence against women sharing in their inherited property rights – and suggesting some suitable ways to resolve the problem. Against this backdrop, this study is intended to explore the dynamics behind the violence against the share of women in their inherited land from the perspective of actual victims and law experts in the domain.

Objective: The goal of this research was to use optical coherence tomography to assess the prevalence of diabetic macular edoema and to determine the impact of systemic results and risk factors on the progression of DME. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional research was carried out at the Department of Ophthalmology, Chandka Medical College & Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana. Patients were asked to fill out questionnaires about their health and lifestyle habits like smoking and alcohol consumption as well as their hemoglobin A1C and lipid profiles, as well as the duration of their diabetes, and the type of diabetes they had. There was an investigation into the link between systemic findings and DME Results: A total of 150 cases met the study's eligibility requirements. Males comprised 84 (56%) of the 150 participants, while females comprised 66 (44%). Sixty-five patients (43.33%) tested positive for DME, while 85 patients (56.66%) tested positive for DR. DME participants had HbA1c levels of 9.39 ± 1.67percent, whereas participants without DME had levels of 7.02 ± 3.23 percent and p=0.326; but no connection was found between the two measurements. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean serum creatine concentrations in cases with and without DME (p=0.011). For DME, a statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.001) was found between normal-albuminuric, microalbuminuric, and macroalbuminuric patients. Using the DME frequency in phakic and pseudophakic eyes as a guide, figure 2 below illustrates the results. Conclusions: Diabetic macular edema was seen in 43.33% of cases in the current study. An OCT-based study revealed that DME is common in Larkana Sindh. Regulating DME risk factors can help prevent or limit the development of DME, and treatment response may be improved. Keywords: Systemic risk factors, Diabetic macular edema, Optical coherence tomography

Adventurous play (play that is exciting and thrilling, where children take age-appropriate risks, for example climbing trees and jumping from rocks) is increasingly being recognised as beneficial for child health and development. Despite this, children’s opportunities for and engagement in this type of play have declined in recent decades. Breaktimes in schools may provide an ideal opportunity to provide adventurous play opportunities for all children. Recent work has identified myriad factors that help and hinder schools in offering adventurous play opportunities, but parent perspectives have largely been absent. Through one-to-one semi-structured qualitative interviews, this study aims to capture parents’ perspectives on adventurous play happening in schools and what they perceive as the key barriers to and facilitators of adventurous play in schools. The findings were analysed using reflective thematic analysis. Five themes were identified: Needs, Schools as Gatekeepers, Risks and Benefits, Societal Constraints and Individual Differences. Findings are discussed with reference to parental support for adventurous play, as well as parent and school level needs that should be addressed if barriers that may hinder adventurous play opportunities in school are to be overcome.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one of the most important challenges that developing countries are facing today. Objectives: To assess knowledge about the role of community members in solid waste management in Ali Raza Abad, Lahore. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 60 participants were included. Instruments were consisting of 11 variables. Questionnaires were distributed among the participants of Ali Raza Abad. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 16. Results: 76% don’t know, who is responsible for solid waste management. 71% of participants were don’t know the responsibility of the community regarding solid waste management. Do the community Stakeholders arrange the awareness program regarding solid waste management in your community, 93% replied no. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study was that there is a lack of knowledge of the community about solid waste management. There was a lack of community awareness programs regarding solid waste management.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease in type 2 diabetic patients and its correlation with retinopathy Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Chandka Medical College & Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, from 1st April 2021 to 30th September 2021. Consecutive 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who attended outpatient department were included as per inclusion-exclusion criteria. Results: The patients were mostly female (58%) with a female-to-male ratio of 1.38:1. Most patients (43%) were under 50, followed by 51–60. (34 %). The overall mean age was 54.26 10.06. More than half (63%) of patients had diabetes for up to 5 years. The patients had a 42 percent frequency of DES. Mild, moderate, and severe dry eye were diagnosed in 21%, 16%, and 5% of individuals. Longevity and poor diabetes control exacerbated the disease. Conclusions: Type 2 DM patients' age, but not their gender, was found to be a significant predictor of DES. Dry eye was found to be more common among diabetics with poor control of their condition. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the age, but not the gender, was substantially linked to DES. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Dry eye disease, Diabetic retinopathy, Meibomian gland dysfunction.

Purpose: To determine the mean change in pterygium induced astigmatism in patient undergoing pterygium excision with conjunctival auto graft. Study Design: Quasi Experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of ophthalmology Dow University of Health Sciences/CHK from March 2018 to November 2018. Methods: Thirty patients with pterygium were selected through non-probability consecutive sampling. All patients meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled after taking written consent. History of duration of symptoms and co-morbidity was taken. All surgeries were performed by consultant with more than 5 years’ experience with conjunctival auto graft under topical anesthesia. Patient was followed up after one week, 15 days and then monthly for four months with the final outcome at the end of fourth month. Difference between preoperative and postoperative astigmatism was taken as mean change. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Mean and Standard deviation were calculated for all quantitative variables like age, astigmatism (keratometric reading) and duration of symptoms. Frequency and percentage was calculated for gender and grade of pterygium. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean age of the patients was 50.07 ± 12.48 years. There were 19 (63.33%) males and 11 (36.67%) females. Preoperative mean astigmatism was 3.70 ± 1.36 and postoperative mean astigmatism was 1.91 ± 0.97. Post-operative mean astigmatism was significantly low as compare to preoperative astigmatism (p = 0.0005). Conclusion: This study concludes that successful pterygium excision surgery reduces the pterygium induced refractive astigmatism and improves the visual outcome either by reducing the astigmatism or by removal of the pterygium from the visual axis as in Grade IV pterygium.

in modern times, youth violence and criminality have surged in developed and developing countries. it has heightened public anxiety about personal security and property protection. every year, 1.25 million individuals die as a result of violence-related injuries. violence stems from various conditions in young people's lives and early experiences that can have profound implications when they transition from childhood, a time of rapid development, ambiguity, exploration, and excitement. as a result, the rise in violence, particularly the growing engagement of the young in economic and social violence, whether as victims or offenders, has become a stark reality and a burden for social, moral, and economic domains

The intent to conduct street crimes results from cultural standards that promote and encourage violence. Often, street crimes are exacerbated by the proliferation and formation of gangs that perpetuate and reinforce streetculture habits. Other causes of street crime include poverty and unemployment. It is believed that locations with higher poverty rates and unemployment have higher crime rates than other, more developed ones. In addition, those with poor self-control are more likely to perpetrate street crimes. The victims of street criminals become prey to moveable properties, i.e., mobile phones, cash, credit and debit cards, and vehicles. Victims' precious lives are sometimes taken during the occurrence of these incidents. Because street crimes are getting worse and people feel less safe, and because law enforcement agencies haven't been able to stop street crimes, this issue will stay. The researchers aspire that this study will open a venue for society to understand street crimes and their causes, the reasons for low conviction rates, and suggestions regarding the increase of conviction rates.

Objective: This study was designed to see fetomaternal outcome in pregnant females with hepatitis virus infection. Methodology: This cross sectional study was designed at Lady Atchison hospital Lahore from March 2015 to September 2015. Using nonprobability purposive sampling, we enrolled 104 cases with hepatitis virus infection, in which 80(76.9%) cases had HCV and 24(23.1%) had Hepatitis B virus. Pregnant females 18-40 years old with gestational age > 24 weeks (on dating scan), having any parity with positive diagnosis of HCV or HBV through Eliza were enrolled to see their fetomaternal outcome. The collected information was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Results: The mean age of mothers was 27.35±4.339 years and mean gestational age at time of delivery was 36.1±3.51 weeks with minimum and maximum of 27 and 41 weeks. The mean birth weight was 2.792 ±1.41 kg whereas the mean APGAR score was 6.56±1.92 at 6 minutes. Intrauterine Deaths were observed in 10(9.6%) women. Preterm labour was seen in 24(23.1%) women. Fetal distress was found in 36 (34.6%) women. Emergency C section was done for 72 (30.8%) women. Postpartum haemorrhage was seen in 2 (1.9%) women. A total of 34 (32.7%) premature babies were born. Conslusion: Pregnant females with hepatitis infection had increased risk of intrauterine death, fetal distress and emergency caesarean delivery. Moreover, high percentage of low birth weight, pre-mature births and preterm labour was also observed. Keywords: Hepatitis Virus, C-section, low birth weight, premature births and preterm labour.

The purpose of this research study was to critically analyze the plans of China to develop its economy by connecting itself with the rest of the world through roads network. For this purpose, qualitative research was adopted in which secondary sources were taken. The literature available was thoroughly reviewed, and an interpretive analysis technique was used to analyze and reach a conclusion. The study has concluded that the economic corridor of Central and West Asia has to face a multitude of problems, but these regions are also replete with natural resources. The challenges like infrastructure development and lack of funds could hamper local growth. The study observes that the CCWAEC will promote economic and commercial collaboration and capital flows to these regions and improve regional economic and social development.

The upcoming severe health problems can be due to the asthmatic burdens. Severe asthma can lead to dangerous exacerbation and damage of pulmonary function. It can also affect medication-related problems for example steroids. In routine practice, the risk of asthma is not easily detectable. The present tools for the measurement and diagnosis of asthma and asthma-related morbidity cannot surely predict the upcoming risks of morbidity due to medication. The article reviews the existing evidence of upcoming danger in people with asthma. This review is pivoted on the danger in people with “controlled” acute asthma. It is obvious from some studies that long-term use of corticosteroids cannot stop the progression of asthma and lung damage. The other results show that the adverse effect of the drugs increases even with the lesser dose of oral corticosteroids. So, there is a need for new therapies for the reduction of upcoming risks due to asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Risk, Severity.

Purpose: To evaluate 5-Benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (OXPA) for antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Methods: Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using three in vitro models, glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha amylase inhibition assay and hemoglobin glycosylation inhibition assays. Antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. Results: OXPA showed antidiabetic activity in all the three models. The activity of the compound was comparable with that of metronidazole in glucose uptake by yeast cells, but the alpha amylase inhibition activity of the compound was slightly lower than that of acarbose, whereas the hemoglobin glycosylation inhibition activity of the compound was higher than that of vitamin E. DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the compound was comparable with that of vitamin C. In reducing power assay, the activity of the compound was lower than that of vitamin C (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity indicate that OXPA may be a drugcandidate for treating both diabetes and its associated oxidative stress.

Peace education is a way to acquire knowledge, insight, and underpinnings, develop learning skills, and shape personalities and dispositions to live in harmony with all of the universe's creations (Omirin & Funke, 2015). This study intends to analyze the influence of peace education in the B.Ed. (Hons) curriculum on prospective teachers' knowledge, skills, and dispositions toward peace education. The empirical study adopted a descriptive research approach for this purpose. Qualitative data was collected through content analysis of three core subjects from B.Ed. (Hons.) curricula, which already integrated peace-related content to explore peace-related topics and the impact of peace content on teachers' educators and the prospective teachers' knowledge, skills, and disposition. Teachers' educators and prospective teachers were interviewed to examine their development of understanding, skills, and dispositions regarding peace education. The battery was modified according to the research context to analyze quantitative data related to the peace knowledge, skills, and dispositions of teachers' educators and prospective teachers. A convenient sampling strategy was used to collect study data from 125 respondents. Fifty questions were asked on a five-point Likert scale to prompt teachers' perspectives on the impact of peace education from the B.Ed. (Hons.) curriculum on prospective teachers and teachers' educators regarding knowledge, skills, and dispositions. SPSS was used to evaluate the data facts. Qualitative and quantitative results show that three subjects of B.Ed. (Hons) are explicitly integrated with peace education. The peace knowledge of the teachers' educators and prospective teachers is more favorable than their skills and disposition. However, skills and attitudes must be emphasized to improve peace education practices. Prospective teachers and teachers' educators are on the same level of peace-knowledge, skills, and dispositions, whereas teachers' educators must be at a higher level. It is concluded that integrating peace education into teachers' curricula empowers and makes teachers accountable for encouraging students' personal and social advancements. Therefore, it is believed that skill and dispositions of peace influence society's ethical and moral practices, making them more responsive and consistent with universal values. Peace education is critical to forming moral knowledge, attitudes, and values; it emboldens present and prospective teachers to reshape their and their students' personalities and trains them for peace-building, peacekeeping, and peacemaking to social reform. It is suggested that peace education be integrated with each semester of teachers' curricula, so prospective teachers' consistently learn training and practice peace education to develop their moral personalities. Recruiting untrained teachers is the most influential factor that affects students' dispositions; therefore, trained teachers should be recruited as consistent individuals. Social and professional development must be pursued to transform their knowledge, skills, and dispositions regarding peace, bringing social change.

Microscopic, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles are required for correct identification of a plant material to ensure consistent efficacy and safety. But such data are not available for the leaf of an important medicinal plant, Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. (Family: Rhamnaceae). Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate leaves of the plant for microscopic, phytochemical and antibacterial studies. Powdered material was subjected to microscopy, proximate analyses and estimation of total primary metabolites. Then, different types of extracts prepared using various solvents in order of increasing polarity were screened for antibacterial activity against seven standard strains. The most active extract was hydrolyzed and aglycone enriched fraction was extracted and screened for antibacterial activity. The powder microscopy indicated the presence of vascular bundles filled with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals, anisocytic stomata and xylary vessels with reticulate and scalariform thickenings. Proximate features and primary metabolites provided characteristic identifying patterns. The most active extract (methanol) upon acidic hydrolysis exhibited higher activity against B. bronchiseptica (26.01±0.01 mm), S. aureus (26.00±0.00 mm), P. aeruginosa (24.03±0.02 mm) and M. luteus (24.02± 0.00 mm). The results of the current study provide identifying microscopic and phytochemical profiles that may be useful for correct identification of leaves of the plant. Aglycone enriched extract is having remarkable antibacterial activity hence may be used for activity-guided isolation.

Knowledge is working as an engine in achieving sustainable economic development goals for societies who are shifting from labor intensive economy to knowledge based economy like Pakistan. Education works like a backbone in knowledge based economies. Hence, the current research is planned to find out that is the educational institutions of Pakistan are contribution in production of new knowledge or not. Survey was the technique used by researcher for collection of information. Tool for gathering data was questionnaire and sample was selected from six public and private universities of Punjab Pakistan by applying simple random technique while the sample size was comprised of 606 respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were considered to analyze the data. Association found between the efforts made by higher educational institutions by providing access to knowledge, rich infrastructure, funds, incentives, research and development, human capital development, collaboration with industry and creation of knowledge economy.

The QUAL PRVLANC of advanced learning grounded on the policies made by the organization and leadership is considered significant for implementing these policies. The investigation was led to understand the association among governance features as well as QUAL PRVLANC in advanced learning. The characteristics includes the adoption of innovation, continuous observing of the surrounding, honesty to new thoughts, communiqué of the significance of applying new thoughts, the endowment of monetary capitals, and teaching and suitably satisfying the execution of new plans. The assessment technique was utilizing toward gather the information and questionnaire was the tool of research. Further, together descriptive plus inferential statistic techniques were utilized aimed at examining the information collected by the business schools. Moreover, study described that there is an optimistic association among the features of the governance of the professional colleges and receptiveness to QUAL PRVLANC.

An organizational characteristic plays a vital role in ensuring QUAL prevalence in any institution. The investigation is conducted to comprehend the association among the concepts. The secondary data was used for analysis, and data was gathered from different websites. There are thirty business schools in Punjab and the information of these institutions is gathered from their official websites. The gathered information was analyzed by using SPSS. Organizational characteristics include the types of organization (private or govt.), size of the organization (Large or small), and tuition fees and the dependent variable (response to implement QUAL measures). The conclusion is drawn based on results that response to the implementation of QUAL measure is strongly associated with the type of organization.

Introduction: Third stage of labour start after delivery of baby and continues till delivery of placental and membranes. Post-partum hemorrhage is most common complication of this stage. Objectives: To compare the mean duration of third stage of labour in patients undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery with and without placental cord blood drainage. Materials and Methods: This randomized control trial was carried out in three tertiary care hospitals of Punjab, Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Lady Aitcheson Hospital Lahore and Lady Willington Hospital Lahore. From 1st July 2018 to 30th December 2018, 188 cases (94 in each group) were selected using non probability consecutive sampling. Total 188 patients were enrolled in the study after taking informed consent and allocated into control and case group by lottery method. In control group cord was clamped from both sides while in case group cord was unclamped from other side and duration of third stage was noted for both groups. Ethical approval was taken from hospital ethical committee. Results: The mean age was 29.06 ± 4.9 years with minimum age of 21 years and maximum age of 45 years. More patients belong to younger age group (20 years to 35 years) i.e. 119 while 69 belonged to elder age group i.e. 36 year to 50 years 63.2 % and 36.7% respectively. Mean duration of third stage of labour in case group was 8.5±2.9 minutes and in control group 10.8±5.4 minutes. More distribution of patients in younger age group 20 -35 years and less in 36 to 50 years i.e. 67% and 33% respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that unclamping placenta from mother side significantly reduces the third stage of labour

This paper surveys the writing on investigation PERFMNC by the attention over HR practices (PRCTICS). Deliberation is synchronized toward explicit associates that influence extraordinary investigation performance (PERFMNC) by establishments of progressive learning. Just before reply the investigation, query a comprehensive investigation of previous investigation considers is managed. This examination gives an explanation of explicit HR PRCTICS that influences particular study profitability as well as leads to discover greatness. HR PRCTICS are ordered keenly on the ability refining, motivation advancement as well as prospect–refining PRCTICS aimed at study focused effort. Outcomes reflect the mentions of previous investigations toward investigation elements of study PERFMNC in a perplexing besides secondary method also expose a specific plan of HR PERFMNC that authorize in the direction of transform specific qualities into PERFMNC. Establishments of advanced learning may use the findings sufficiently smearing HR workings at improving examination PERFMNC.

In a long-lasting major disease outbreak such as that of COVID-19, the challenge for public health authorities is to keep people motivated and keen on following safety guidelines. In this study, a compartmental model with a heterogeneous transmission rate (based on awareness) is utilized to hypothesize about the public adoption of preventive guidelines. Three subsequent outbreaks in South Korea, Pakistan, and Japan were analyzed as case studies. The transmission, behavior change, and behavioral change ease rates of the disease were measured in these countries. The parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method with an additional identifiability analysis performed to determine the uniqueness of the estimated parameters for quantitatively comparing them during the first three waves of COVID-19. The mathematical analysis and simulation results show that individual responses had a significant effect on the outbreak. Individuals declining to follow the public health guidelines in Korea and Japan between the second and third waves contributed to making the third peak the highest of the three peaks. In Pakistan, however, individual responses to following public health guidelines were maintained between the second and third waves, resulting in the third peak being lower than the first, rather than being associated with the highest transmission rate. Thus, maintaining a high level of awareness is critical for containing the spread. Improvised public health campaigns are recommended to sustain individual attention and maintain a high level of awareness.