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We have studied the evolution of ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in pulsar wind. The pulsar wind is modeled by considering a weakly relativistic unmagnetized collisionless plasma comprised of relativistic ions and superthermal electrons and positrons. Through fluid simulations, we have demonstrated that the localized ion density perturbations generated in the polar wind plasma can evolve the relativistic IASW pulses. It is found that the concentration of positrons, relativistic factor, superthermality of electrons, and positrons have a significant influence on the dynamical evolution of IASW pulses. Our results may provide insight to understand the evolution of IASW pulses and their role in astrophysical plasmas, especially in the relativistic pulsar winds with supernova outflow which is responsible for the production of superthermal particles and relativistic ions., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, Published in MNRAS (2021)

We present 1-second cadence observations of M32 (NGC221) with the CHIMERA instrument at the Hale 200-inch telescope of the Palomar Observatory. Using field stars as a baseline for relative photometry, we are able to construct a light curve of the nucleus in the g-prime and r-prime band with 1sigma=36 milli-mag photometric stability. We derive a temporal power spectrum for the nucleus and find no evidence for a time-variable signal above the noise as would be expected if the nuclear black hole were accreting gas. Thus, we are unable to constrain the spin of the black hole although future work will use this powerful instrument to target more actively accreting black holes. Given the black hole mass of (2.5+/-0.5)*10^6 Msun inferred from stellar kinematics, the absence of a contribution from a nuclear time-variable signal places an upper limit on the accretion rate which is 4.6*10^{-8} of the Eddington rate, a factor of two more stringent than past upper limits from HST. The low mass of the black hole despite the high stellar density suggests that the gas liberated by stellar interactions was primarily at early cosmic times when the low-mass black hole had a small Eddington luminosity. This is at least partly driven by a top-heavy stellar initial mass function at early cosmic times which is an efficient producer of stellar mass black holes. The implication is that supermassive black holes likely arise from seeds formed through the coalescence of 3-100 Msun mass black holes that then accrete gas produced through stellar interaction processes., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal, comments welcome

The amplitude modulation of three dimensional (3D) dust ion-acoustic wave (DIAW) packets is studied in a collisionless magnetized plasma with inertial positive ions, superthermal electrons and negatively charged immobile dust grains. By using the reductive perturbation technique, a 3D-nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation is derived, which governs the slow modulation of DIAW packets. The latter are found to be stable in the low-frequency $(\omega<\omega_c)$ regime, whereas they are unstable for $\omega>\omega_c$, and the modulational instability (MI) is related to the modulational obliqueness $(\theta)$. Here, $\omega~(\omega_c)$ is the nondimensional wave (ion-cyclotron) frequency. It is shown that the superthermal parameter $\kappa$, the frequency $\omega_c$ as well as the charged dust impurity $(0<\mu<1)$ shift the MI domains around the $\omega-\theta$ plane, where $\mu$ is the ratio of electron to ion number densities. Furthermore, it is found that the decay rate of instability is quenched by the superthermal parameter $\kappa$ with cut-offs at lower wave number of modulation ($K$), however, it can be higher (lower) with increasing values of $\mu$ ($\omega_c$) having cut-offs at higher values of $K$., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, The revised version in which the title is changed, typos are corrected and few references are added, to appear in J Theo Appl Phys (2017)

We study the amplitude modulation of ion-acoustic wave (IAW) packets in an unmagnetized electron-ion plasma with two-temperature (cool and hot) electrons in the context of the Tsallis' nonextensive statistics. Using the multiple-scale technique, a nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger (NLS) equation is derived which governs the dynamics of modulated wave packets. It is shown that in nonextensive plasmas, the IAW envelope is always stable for long-wavelength modes $(k\rightarrow0)$ and unstable for short-wavelengths with $k \gtrsim1$. However, the envelope can be unstable at an intermediate scale of perturbations with $0

The Sagdeev pseudopotential method is used to investigate the occurrence and the dynamics of fully nonlinear electrostatic solitary structures in a plasma containing suprathermal hot electrons, in the presence of massive charged dust particles in the background. The soliton existence domain is delineated, and its parametric dependence on different physical parameters is clarified., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, presented as a poster at the 6th International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas (ICPDP6), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 2011

The nonlinear propagation of electron-acoustic solitary structures is investigated in a plasma containing kappa-distributed (superthermal) electrons. Different types of localized structures are shown to exist. The occurrence of modulational instability is investigated., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, presented as a poster at the 37th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Dublin, Ireland, 2010