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Objective: To compare the results of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis in the screening of haemoglobinopathies. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Haematology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May 2020 to Nov 2020. Methodology: Ninety(90) newly diagnosed patients with haemoglobinopathies were included. Patients with a history of recent blood transfusion (

Objective: To compare differences in CA-19.9 levels among participants with and without Type 2 diabetes mellitus and to correlate increasing glycemia levels and HbA1c with CA-19.9 Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology, Combined Military Hospital, Multan Pakistan, from Feb to Aug 2022. Methodology: One hundred thirty-one patients with diabetes and without diabetes were enrolled. CA-19.9, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, amylase, lipase, and anthropometric parameters were assessed. Patients with diabetes were divided into three groups based on FPG and HbA1c levels to investigate the relationship between CA-19.9 and glycemic status. Results: There was no significant difference among CA-19.9 of Controls and patients with diabetes (19.45±14.89 versus 15.83±13.98, p=0.155). FPG and HbA1c showed a moderate positive correlation to CA-19.9 (r = 0.283, p= 0.001 and r= = 0.305, p7.0% (p=0.020), HbA1c 7.0%(p=0.037) and with increasing FPG in groups with FPG 5.6-7.0 mmol/L Vs >7.0 mmol/L (p=0.005). Conclusion: The glycemic status of patients with diabetes can influence their serum CA-19.9 levels, and glycemic control should be considered while interpreting these levels in such patients. T2DM patients with poor glycemic control have a higher CA of 19.9 than those with better control.

Objective: To determine the frequency and patterns of bone marrow infiltration in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from April to October 2021, and comprised patients of either gender aged 20-80 years who had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Following assessment and as per standard protocol, bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy were done on all patients from the posterior superior iliac spine, and slides were prepared and assessed. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Of the 100 patients, 67(67%) were males and 33(33%) were females. The overall mean age was 54.99+12 years, and mean duration of symptoms was 11.7±1.5 months. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the commonest type 43(43%). Infiltration of marrow occurred in 38(38%) patients, with 12(12%) of them being cases of mantle cell lymphoma. The commonest infiltration pattern was diffuse in 17(17%) cases, followed by focal/nodular in 10(10%). Conclusion: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was found to be the commonest type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and marrow infiltration occurred most frequently in cases of mantle cell lymphoma. Key Words: Bone marrow, Infiltration, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Objective: Determination of significance of immature platelet fraction (IPF%) in diagnosed patients of Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Study Design: It was a cross-sectional study. Place and Study Duration: Haematology department, Armed forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi Pakistan June 2021 to December 2021. Methodology: Patients of all ages and genders diagnosed with ITP and platelets less than 100 x 109/L after a review of peripheral blood film were included in the study. Detailed history and examination were made, complete blood count (CBC) test was done on Sysmex XN-3000 automated haematology analyzer. Peripheral blood was stained with Leishman stain and examined under a microscope to rule out pseudo thrombocytopenia and the presence of abnormal cells and dysplasia. After adequate quality and control, the immature platelet fraction was performed on Sysmex XN 3000. Results: Seventy-two diagnosed cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura were part of the study. The mean age of the patients was 21.00±14.50 years. 34 (48%) patients were males, and 38 (52%) were females. The mean platelet count was 49.40±24.60. Mean IPF was 17.90±9.50 per microliter. Immature platelet fraction (IPF%) was raised in all the patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, confirming our hypothesis that IPF% was an independent predictor for the detection of ITP. Conclusion: Immature platelet fraction is a unique parameter that can pick patients having thrombocytopenia due to peripheral destruction, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant factor VIII FC fusion protein in haemophilia A patient receiving on demand treatment only. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Hematology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and Pakistan Hemophilia Welfare Society, Rawalpindi, from Jun to Dec 2017. Methodology: Eighty-nine male patients of Hemophilia A already receiving recombinant factor VIII (20-30 Units/kg) on demand, with no history of inhibitors were included in study. Patients were divided as per age into paediatric and adult group and also on the basis of their basal factor VIII levels into severe, moderate and mild groups. Same patients were switched to recombinant factor VIII FC fusion protein (20-30 Units/kg) and its efficacy was measured and compared with recombinant Factor VIII in terms of dose requirement, injections, bleeds in six month period, presence of inhibitors and side effects. Results: Eighty nine male patients were studied. There was significant reduction in dose from median value of 5750 units for group I to 4000 units for group II. Number of bleed in six month period were reduced from 5.3 in group I to 4.5 in group II. Number of injections were reduced on average to 1-2 injection per bleed in group II. No inhibitors were detected in group II. Conclusion: rFVIII Fc fusion protein has prolong activity and results in reduction of total dose, number of bleed, dose per bleed and has reduced antigenecity.