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With evidence from Kalmyk and Uighur languages, the article discusses some features of polysemous lexical forms in the light of modern psycholinguistic approaches and aspects of cognitive linguistics. According to the theory of multilevel values of polysemy, a word is represented as a set of interrelated variants united by one underlying dominant. Depending on the context, the dominant value may be the main and potential ones. The analysis of the linguistic materials confirms the view that lexical and grammatical variations of words and verbal meanings do not exist outside the context and experience of verbal communication. The word and its meaning is considered as a single category, which includes results of analysis of the process of our cognition, while maintaining the units of language tokens and the possibility of different types of expressions in speech. Proceeding from similarities of forms, functions, results, mental associations, etc., the approach allows to determine typological peculiarities of development of polysemy in the examined languages. The paper analyzes a number of Kalmyk and Uighur linguistic materials and considers the mechanism of interrelation between the meaning and word sense, given that a word is a manifested unity of language and speech, and the polysemy of the word can be described as a set of interrelated variants of forms united by a base dominant. Those can be referred to as a paradygm or embodied standard contexts of the lexeme, and are academically defined as lexical-semantic variants.

In the West, National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) is commonly applied to predict the severity of illness using only bedside variables unlike the extensive Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The objective of this study was to compare these scores as mortality predictors in patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, for six months in 2020 on 116 patients presenting with CAP. Cases of aspiration pneumonia, hospital acquired pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary oedema were excluded. In-hospital mortality was taken as the outcome of this study. The mean age of the participants was 46.9±20.5 years. The in-hospital mortalities were 45(38.8%). NEWS2 was 97.8% sensitive but only 15.5% specific in predicting the outcome, whereas PSI was less sensitive (68.9%) but more specific (50.7%), which showed that in comparison with PSI, NEWS2 is a more sensitive mortality predicting score among hospitalised CAP patients.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative agent of TB. TB incidence is high in many low resource settings where limited health systems make it difficult for screening of co-morbid conditions. Susceptibility to TB is increased with coincident diabetes mellitus (DM) or prediabetes. DM leads to chronic, subclinical inflammation in the host leading to compromised protective immunity against MTB, impacting TB treatment. This review focuses on the immunological impact of DM and prediabetes on TB infections, highlighting the importance of having effective diagnostic, treatment and management programs for early identification of hyperglycemia in TB patients to improve treatment outcomes. Further, it describes challenges in monitoring of TB and DM co-morbidity in a high-burden setting., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with persistent sputum positivity at the end of 2 months of treatment in patients presenting with (drug-susceptible) pulmonary tuberculosis at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Chest Medicine (Ward 12), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC), Karachi, over 6 months. A sample of 73 consenting, newly diagnosed, smear-positive drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis patients was studied. Demographic (age, gender, height, weight and duration of tuberculosis, BMI, socioeconomic, occupational, marital, educational and residential statuses) and clinical factors (chest X-ray extent and cavities, initial smear results, diabetic and smoking statuses) which may be associated with sputum non-conversion were entered in a proforma. Patients were followed up at 2 months of treatment with a sputum smear. Data analysis was done on SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences-version 20.0). Rate of sputum positivity after 2 months of anti-tubercular drug treatment was 17.8%. None of the above-mentioned demographic and clinical factors was associated with persistence of sputum positivity except for the presence of CXR cavities, which made it 5.5 times more likely that the patient would remain smear-positive at 2 months ( p  = 0.035). The finding of chest radiograph cavities makes it highly likely that a pulmonary tuberculosis patient may remain infectious or have an unfavorable outcome despite taking treatment for 2 months. Clinicians and national policy-makers should thus bear in mind the implications this can have with regard to disease control and therefore pay particular attention to such patients in terms of stringent monitoring and directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) provision., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42399-021-01098-6., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.)

Background Many elements have been studied repeatedly that influence time to sputum culture conversion in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).   Deranged sugars not only hamper one's infection contesting ability but also increase the chances of drug resistance. Our aim was to establish whether or not glycemic control alters MDR-TB treatment outcome. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at the TB Clinic of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan. Newly diagnosed MDR-TB cases were started on WHO-recommended treatment regime. HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c or glycated hemoglobin) was tested at the start of treatment irrespective of the previous diabetic status. Sputum samples, 30 days apart, were taken during the initial phase of the MDR TB treatment until two consecutive samples showed conversion. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to see the link between time to sputum culture conversion and HbA1c. Results Among 47 patients, 19 (40.4%) new cases, whereas 28 (59.8%) were previously treated for drug-sensitive TB. Our 39 patients converted during six months, of which 18 (46%) converted in one month, 14 (35.9%) in two months, 6 (15.4%) in three months, and only 1 in five months. Mean time to sputum culture conversion was 1.77 ± 0.9 months. There was a slightly negative correlation between HbA1c and sputum culture conversion time (r = -0.075, p = 0.649). Conclusions Sugar control does not affect sputum culture conversion in MDR-TB when an optimal treatment regime is applied., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2020, Jafri et al.)

Objective: The literature on interstitial lung diseases is limited. The aim of this research was to make this entity of diseases more understandable to clinicians and general population of the region of Pakistan., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 253 Pakistani subjects who are a part of the hospital-based registry of JPMC. We performed statistical analyses on SPSS version 22.0. We included patients above 15 years of age who exhibited clinical clues and radiological signs of ILD during March 2016 through February 2018 and excluded those who were on tuberculosis treatment, suspected to be suffering from post-infection bronchiectasis, expectant females or had failed to follow-up., Results: There was a 2:3 male to female ratio. Mean age was 49.0±13.2 years. Majority were non-smokers. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) was the commonest ILD (38.8%) followed by Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonitis (NSIP) (15.1%). Most patients presented with dyspnea and dry cough and about half were clubbed (47.3%). Substantial IPF cases (52.6%) were suffering from GERD symptoms., Conclusion: IPF and NSIP were the major ILDs, GERD was the only predictor of IPF. This entity of lung diseases needs to be explored further to identify patterns of presentation and to make diagnosis at a manageable stage., (Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.)

Background: Pakistan is classified as one of the high multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries. A poorly regulated private sector, over-prescription of antibiotics and self-medication has led to augmented rates of drug-resistance in the country. Pakistan's first national anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey identified high prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance among MDR-TB patients. Further institutional evidence of fluoroquinolone drug-resistance can support re-evaluation of treatment regimens as well as invigorate efforts to control antibiotic resistance in the country., Findings: In this study, data for drug-susceptibility testing (DST) was retrospectively analyzed for a total of 133 patients receiving MDR-TB treatment at the Chest Department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan. Frequency analyses for resistance patterns was carried out and association of fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin) resistance with demographics and past TB treatment category were assessed. Within first-line drugs, resistance to isoniazid was detected in 97.7% of cases, followed by rifampicin (96.9%), pyrazinamide (86.4%), ethambutol (69.2%) and streptomycin (64.6%). Within second-line drugs, ofloxacin resistance was detected in 34.6% of cases. Resistance to ethionamide and amikacin was 2.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Combined resistance of oflaxacin and isoniazid was detected in 33.9% of cases. Age, gender and past TB treatment category were not significantly associated with resistance to ofloxacin., Conclusion: Fluoroquinolone resistance was observed in an alarmingly high proportion of MDR-TB cases. Our results suggest caution in their use for empirical management of MDR-TB cases and recommended treatment regimens for MDR-TB may require re-evaluation. Greater engagement of private providers and stringent pharmacy regulations are urgently required.