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Abstract Background Sleep helps in improving the functions of all systems of human body. Disturbance in sleep can cause immediate adverse effects on normal human physiologic functions. Main objective of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Dari version of the of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among general adult population of Afghanistan. Methods This methodological study has been conducted during July to November 2023. Reliability and validity of PSQI were evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the convergent validity of the components of PSQI, comparing results with those obtained from the DASS-21 subdomains. Results In this cross-sectional study, 965 Afghan adults were studied during five months of duration between July and November, 2023. Mean age of the study participants was 35.2 years. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 44.6% (430/965). Among them, 59.3% (572/965) reported experiencing subjective sleep quality disturbances less than once a week, 36.2% (349/965) had sleep latency issues less than once a week, 17.6% (170/965) had sleep duration disruption once or twice a week, while 36.3% (350/965) had daytime dysfunction less than once a week. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the seven-component scale was 0.677, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Substantial and statistically significant positive correlations were present among the component of PSQI subjective sleep quality and sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, daytime dysfunction, DASS-Depression, DASS-Anxiety, and DASS-Stress. The overall PSQI exhibited favorable fit indices, supporting the proposed single-factor structure among adult Afghan population. Conclusion Prevalence of sleep disturbance was very high among adult population of Afghanistan. This study provided useful information that will help policy makers (such as ministry of public health as well as international donor agencies like WHO, USAID, and UNICEF) to design a better strategy to reduce the prevalence of sleep disturbance that affects health of the Afghan community at large.

Background: Anxiety is a common psychological disorder in school-aged children and adolescents. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbances and their relationship with academic achievement among female students in Herat, Afghanistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 737 female students (mean age 11.8 years old) was conducted across 10 randomly selected schools in Herat, Afghanistan, covering Grades 1 to 6. Students were randomly chosen within these schools. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale for Youth (DASS-Y) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assessed anxiety and sleep disturbance, while academic achievement ratings were provided by schoolteachers. Results: Using the DASS-Y and the PSQI, 65.5% reported anxiety symptoms and 46.4% reported sleep disturbance. Low academic achievement correlated significantly with anxiety (r = 0.228) and sleep issues (r = 0.161). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified predictors for anxiety and sleep disturbance. Predictors for anxiety included being aged 13–16 years, having lower class grade, being of low economic status, and having unemployed parents. Predictors for sleep disturbance included being aged 13–16 years, having lower class grade, having an uneducated father, being of low economic status, and having unemployed parents. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbances among female school students in Herat, Afghanistan. Significant correlations exist between students' academic achievement, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Addressing anxiety and sleep disturbances among Afghan female school students could be facilitated by revising current government policies concerning students' health. Educational campaigns focused on sleep hygiene and anxiety management for both students and their parents may also prove beneficial.

Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSS) perform Na+-dependent amino-acid uptake, but a full structural description of their function is lacking. Here the authors present a structure of the bacterial NSS LeuT in the outward-oriented empty state and show that a Leu residue occupies the empty substrate site and is essential for function.

Maize production in Indonesia faces challenges of climate change, affecting the deviation of planting seasons and overall yield stability. This study evaluates the impact of biosullary application on maize growth and yield across two planting periods using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). With twenty-one experimental units and treatments replicated three times, the study encompassed 252 plants and 63 sample plants. Findings indicate Treatment P6 consistently produced the tallest plants (199.67 cm), highest number of leaves (13.33 at planting period 1, 12.00 at planting period 2), and fastest flowering period (39.00 days at planting period 1, 45.00 days at planting period 2). P6 also showed notable cob length (11.67 cm in period 1), while Treatment P5 excelled in period 2 with 13.00 cm. Treatment P5 recorded the highest 100-seed weight (26.33 grams at planting period 1, 22.67 grams at planting period 2). To sustain maize productivity, increasing fertilizer dosage at the planting period 2 is recommended. Biosullary application not only enhances maize growth and yield but also improves soil physical properties, boosts microbial vitality, and stabilizes soil pH. These findings highlight biosullary potential as a sustainable approach to mitigate climate impacts and enhance maize production in Indonesia.

Objective: Dysmenorrheal is pain during menstruation or pain caused by menstruation in the lower abdomen or at the waist, with characteristics including heartburn, aches, pricks, diarrhea, and even fainting that is felt before or during menstruation. This study aims to analyze the determinants of dysmenorrheal among adolescents in Kendari City. Methods: This cross-sectional research was carried out at SMPN 20 Kendari City from September to October 2022 involving 173 students. Analysis of research data using the chi square test. Result: The results showed that the majority of respondents did not suffer from primary dysmenorrheal, with a total of 129 adolescents (74.6%), 117 adolescents (67.6%) had menstrual periods between 5-7 days, and 80 adolescents (46.2%) were underweight), and used to exercise with 120 teenagers (69.4%). Statistical analysis of the relationship between the length of menstruation and the incidence of primary dysmenorrheal has a p-value > 0.05. The relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of primary dysmenorrheal has a p-value

Abstract Tension-type headache (TTH) and migraine are two common primary headaches distinguished by clinical characteristics according to the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Migraine is identified by specific features such as being more prevalent in females, being aggravated by physical activity, certain genetic factors, having photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting, or aura, and responding to specific drugs. Nonetheless, TTH and migraine share some common characteristics, such as onset occurring in the 20 s, and being triggered by psychological factors like stress, moderate pain severity, and mild nausea in chronic TTH. Both conditions involve the trigeminovascular system in their pathophysiology. However, distinguishing between TTH and migraine in clinical practice, research, and epidemiological studies can be challenging, as there is a lack of specific diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Moreover, both conditions may coexist, further complicating the diagnostic process. This review aims to explore the similarities and differences in the pathophysiology, epidemiology, burden and disability, comorbidities, and responses to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of TTH and migraine. The review also discusses future research directions to address the diagnostic challenges and improve the understanding and management of these conditions. Graphical Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the democratic character, national spirit and love for the homeland in elementary school children. The method in this study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The key informants in this study were 5 teachers and respondents were 98 elementary school students from 6003 students who were obtained by the slovin formula (n=). This research was done in all elementary schools in Rantau Selatan sub-district, Labuhanbatu district, North Sumatra province. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews and questionnaires. The technique used to analyze the data was data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the implementation of democratic character in elementary school students in the Rantau Selatan sub-district, Labuhanbatu district had been implemented with a percentage of 85% who strongly agreed to implement deliberation before making decisions, student behavior in applying the character of the national spirit was 87% who strongly agreed to cooperate with friends without distinguishing ethnicity, ethnicity and social status, and the behavior of students who apply the character of love for the homeland as much as 93% who strongly agree to display photos of the president and vice president, state symbols, and red and white flags in their schools. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the application of democratic character, the spirit of nationalism and love for the homeland in elementary school children in the South Rantau sub-district, Labuhanbatu district is still classified in the very good category.

This study aimed to get the best irrigation method and determine the best time-effective provision of water to maintain optimum soil moisture for increase soybean crop production. This research was conducted in the field in Maros District, South Sulawesi. The experiment used a split-plot design and was repeated three times. The main plot was an irrigation method, namely the Scatter irrigation, Furrow, and Flood irrigations method, and its plot was the time of irrigation, namely every 15 days of age, at the period of 15 days, and full flowering and irrigation every 10 days. The results showed that the watering technique using the waterlogging method at the time at the age of 15 days and full flowering had the potential to increase the yield production of soybean, that was the number of pods 164.95 pieces, the weight of seeds 37.11 g, and production 4.64 t/ha. The inundation method was more effective in maintaining soil moisture and twice the application time. But in an optimal amount (229 l/time) was very effective in maintaining soil moisture.

The chronic medical conditions in the pediatric population pose a range of potential cognitive and emotional - behavioral challenges not only to the child, but also to the family members and health care providers. Neurological sequels and neurocognitive disorders in infected children are due to static or progressive encephalopathy that influences different domains such as speech and language, memory, learning, information processing and motor functioning. This paper comprehensively reviews the issues of personal observations and carried out modern psycho-neurological investigations of 170 children infected with HIV . The necessity of using the innovative NIRVANA neurorehabilitation system based on immersing the patient into virtual reality and game motivation, which contributed to a significant improvement in motor and emotional disorders, was shown. Virtual reality (VR) shows perspectives for healthcare applications because it provides patients with an exciting, often interesting, approach to achieving the goal of increasing productivity. Also, a persistent tendency to improve the intellectual level and quality of life of physical and emotional activity.