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Introduction: Many case reports and retrospective studies related implant placement to mandibular weakness and fracture. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of number and positions of dental implants on structure integrity of completely edentulous mandible . Material and Methods: Thirty-two (32) synthetic edentulous polyurethane mandibles were divided in 4 groups: First group (I) was unaltered eight fully intact replicas representing control group acting as reference. Second group (II) was eight replicas where only single symphysial implant was placed representing single implant group. Third Group (III) was eight replicas with inserted double implants in canine area representing double implant group, while fourth group (IV) was eight replicas with inserted triple implants (two implants in premolar area, one implant in symphysis) representing triple implant group. Vertical loads were simulated by universal testing machine under conditions simulating trauma, with a compression force acting laterally on the ramus of the mandible with displacement rate up of 5 mm/min until failure. The primary outcome variable was maximum load to failure. Other outcome variables were Fracture locations and displacement to failure. Scanning electron microscope was utilized to evaluate the changes in the implant surfaces in fracture sites. Results: the results of this study revealed that there were significant differences in Maximal failure loads and fracture location across all groups [P = 0.02, P < 0.0001, respectively]. Conclusion: It was assumed from this study that placement of dental implant in canine positions disturbed structure integrity of intact mandibles and acted as point of weakness.

Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is the first discovered and most extensively studied chemotactic cytokines (CC = chemokine). Many studies on its role in the etiologies of obesity- and diabetes-related diseases have been increased exponentially during the past two decades. MCP-1, a chemokine involved in monocyte chemotaxis can be consistently found at high levels in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MCP1 may be an early predictor of complications of diabetes. Objective: Assessment of the levels of MCP-1 and other biochemical markers in diabetic subjects compared to a healthy group, which in turn can be beneficial to clarify the correlations of MCP-1 levels in diabetes mellitus with other clinical and biochemical parameters. Patients and methods: Eighty-one participants including both male and female, of cross-matched ages ranging between 30 – 60 years old were included in this study. They were divided into three equal groups: group I (control group), group II (recently diagnosed T2DM) and group III (old diagnosed T2DM more than 10 years). Results: The highest level of MCP-1 was found in the old diagnosed diabetic group while the lowest level was found in the non-diabetic control group. The LSD statistical analysis showed there was significant difference between all groups of the study. Our results showed that serum MCP-1 was elevated in cases of the group 3 (old diagnosed diabetic patients) who were suffering from diabetic nephropathy (9/27), diabetic retinopathy (9/27) and the last 9/27 were suffering of neuropathy. Conclusion: The MCP-1 level is increased in type 2 Diabetic patients and significantly increased with the progression of diabetes complications as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy.

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in Saudi children aged 6 to 13 years in Jeddah city. The study also explored the effect of variables namely teacher's knowledge, years of experience and teachers' gender on reported ADHD symptoms among primary grade students. A questionnaire survey methodology was adopted for the study. 550 children were included in the teachers' survey. Teachers assessed the ADHD symptoms in children using an 18-item scale based on DSM-V. The results indicated that the prevalence rates of ADHD among school-age differed according to ADHD subtypes. The Inattention type was rated by 35.34%, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity type was rated by 28.60%, and ADHD-C type was rated by 21.3% of the respondents. According to gender, for the Inattention subtype, the ratio between boys and girls was 1.7:1, for the Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subtype, the ratio between boys and girls was 2.03:1, and for combined subtype, the ratio between boys and girls was 2.2:1. According to the grade level, the highest prevalence of ADHD overall was found in grade three and the lowest prevalence was in grade six in all ADHD types. The present findings indicated that teachers' knowledge and gender (female) successfully predicted teacher-rated ADHD status.

Background: The most common electronic nicotine delivery system is electronic cigarettes. Most electronic cigarettes consist of a battery, and an electric heater used to aerosolize a liquid to produce vapor that the user inhales. Smokers who have used electronic cigarettes to quit smoking, raising questions about the benefits and hazardous effects of using it. Polymethyl methacrylate contacts with a variety of foods and beverages of different temperatures, as a result, it is prone to absorbing a variety of pollutants, altering its physical structure and appearance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electronic cigarette smoking on the color stability of acrylic resin.Material and methods: This study was in vitro study in which sixty specimens of CAD/CAM acrylic resin were exposed to aerosols that were flavored and non-flavored with nicotine content (0 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg). A portable suction machine was modified to receive specimens and simulate smoking in vivo. Each specimen was exposed to 20 cycles of aerosol emitted by a single ECIG device using the smoking chamber. Each cycle consisted of 10 puffs with a puff duration of 4 seconds and an inter puff interval of 20 seconds totaling 3.6 minutes for each cycle. Color measurement was performed on the specimens before and after exposure to ECIG aerosol using a calibrated spectrophotometer.Results: Specimens exposed to flavorless 0 mg. nicotine aerosol showed the lowest delta E value 2.39 (±0.16) , while Specimens exposed to flavored 12 mg. nicotine showed the highest values 4.14 (±0.19). No significant difference in color change found between groups exposed to flavorless e-liquid, while a significant difference found between flavored 0 mg. nicotine and 12 mg. nicotine groups (P = 0.002).Also, a significant difference found between flavored 6 mg. nicotine and 12 mg. nicotine groups (P = 0.002). According to Two Way ANOVA, both flavor and nicotine contents have a significant effect on color change (P Conclusion: Exposure to flavored and non-flavored electronic cigarettes aerosol of different nicotine concentrations changed the color of acrylic resin. Both flavor and nicotine contents have a significant effect on color change.

The inclusion of students with special needs in general education classes has become a goal that all educational systems worldwide strive to achieve it. The inclusion of special needs has many benefits, whether for special needs students or regular students. The current study aims to reveal the differences in the self-efficacy among general education teachers in both the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Arab Republic of Egypt. It aims also to reveal the sources of this self-efficacy in both countries. The core study sample consisted of (96) Saudi teachers and (88) Egyptian teachers. The researcher used the teachers 'self-efficacy scale and the teachers' self-efficacy sources scale. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the total self-efficacy and its sub-dimensions between the Saudi and Egyptian sample for the outperform of The Egyptian teachers. It indicated that the source of the mastery experience was a significant predictive of the self-efficacy of the Saudi teachers, and it explained 53% of the variation in self-efficacy. It also indicated that the mastery experience was a significant predictive of the self-efficacy of the Egyptian teachers, and it explained 13% of the variance in self-efficacy.

Aortic valve surgery in non-elderly patients represents a very challenging patient population. The younger the patient is at the point of aortic valve intervention, the longer their anticipated life expectancy will be, with longer exposure to valve-related complications and risk for re-operation. Although the latest international guidelines recommend aortic valve repair in patients with aortic valve insufficiency, what we see in the real world is that the vast majority of these aortic valves are replaced. However, current prosthetic valves has now been shown to lead to significant loss of life expectancy for non-elderly patients up to 50% for patients in their 40s undergoing mechanical aortic valve replacement. Bioprostheses carry an even worse long-term survival, with higher rates of re-intervention. The promise of trans-catheter valve-in-valve technology is accentuating the trend of bioprosthetic implantation in younger patients, without yet the appropriate evidence. In contrast, aortic valve repair has shown excellent outcomes in terms of quality of life, freedom from re-operation and freedom from major adverse valve-related events with similar life expectancy to general population as it is also found for the Ross procedure, the only available living valve substitute. We are at a time when the paradigm of aortic valve surgery needs to change for the better. To better serve our patients, we must acquire high quality real-world evidence from multiple centers globally - this is the vision of the AVIATOR registry and our common responsibility.

The current study examines the beliefs and knowledge of primary teachers about self-regulated learning (SRL). It also investigates the effects of gender, subject taught, and years of teaching experience on teachers’ beliefs and knowledge about SRL. To this purpose, 80 teachers were chosen from different primary schools in Arar city of Saudi Arabia. Two questionnaires, “self-regulated learning teacher beliefs questionnaire (SRLTBQ)” and “teachers’ knowledge of self-regulated learning” inventory (TSRLI), were used for data collection. Comparative descriptive design was used as the study design. The results of the study reveal that teachers’ beliefs about SRL are high but that their knowledge of SRL are low. There is a significant correlation between the mean scores of teacher's reported beliefs about SRL and teacher’ knowledge. The results also indicate that gender, subject taught, and years of experience have significant effects on some aspects of teachers’ beliefs and knowledge.

The study aimed to identified the differences in misperceptions of gifted students among general education teachers in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and identified the effects of sex , experience years, and training courses in gifted education, in teachers responses on misperceptions of gifted education questionnaire(MGEQ). The researcher used the descriptive approach. The sample study consisted of 211 teachers divided into 112 Egyptian teachers' and 99 Saudian teachers' .The most important results of the study were: the degrees of teachers' misperceptions of gifted students were fairly large. There were significant differences between Egypt teachers and Saudi teachers in beliefs about basic rules, beliefs about distributions, and beliefs about diagnosis. There were no a significant differences between Egypt teachers and Saudi teachers in beliefs about intelligence levels , beliefs about gifted caring , beliefs about gifted characteristic , and total degree of MGEQ. There was an effect of sex and experience years in MGE. There was no effect of training courses in gifted education in MGE. Keywords: Experience Years; Gifted; Misconceptions; Sex ; Training Courses

The main goal of the present study was to examine the effects of multisensory-based instruction combined with brain-compatible environment techniques on the reading fluency and comprehension of Arabic 4th grade students with dyslexia. Participants were 38 students with dyslexia, divided into two groups: one with 18 students who received intervention (experimental group), and the other with 18 students who received no intervention (control group). The Reading Fluency Test and Reading Comprehension Test were used to measure reading fluency and comprehension in pre- and post-tests. The training was conducted in the experimental group with dyslexia in 70 training sessions. Results showed that there were statistically significant differences in post-tests of reading fluency and reading comprehension between the control and the experimental groups, in favour of the experimental group, and statistically significant differences in the experimental group between the results of the pre- and post-tests, in favour of the post-test of reading fluency and reading comprehension. The discussion focuses on future directions for research on reading interventions for dyslexic students. Key words: brain-compatible learning; dyslexia; multisensory approach; reading comprehension; reading fluency. --- Sažetak Glavni je cilj rada istražiti utjecaj poucavanja utemeljenog na viseosjetilnosti i tehnikama okoline prilagođene radu mozga na tecnost citanja i razumijevanje prilikom citanja disleksicnih arapskih ucenika cetvrtih razreda osnovne skole. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 38 ucenika s disleksijom, podijeljenih u dvije skupine: jednu s 18 ucenika u kojoj je provedena intervencija (eksperimentalna skupina) i jednu s 18 ucenika u kojoj nije provedena intervencija (kontrolna skupina). Tecnost citanja i razumijevanje prilikom citanju u pred- i posttestiranjima mjereni su testom tecnosti citanja i testom razumijevanja prilikom citanja. Poucavanje je održano u eksperimentalnoj skupini – među ucenicima s disleksijom – tijekom 70 sesija. Rezultati su pokazali statisticki znacajne razlike u posttestiranjima tecnosti citanja i razumijevanja prilikom citanja između kontrolne i eksperimentalne skupine, u korist eksperimentalne skupine, kao i statisticki znacajne razlike u rezultatima koje su ucenici eksperimentalne skupine ostvarili na pred- i posttestiranjima, u korist posttestiranja tecnosti citanja i razumijevanja prilikom citanja. Rasprava nudi smjernice za buduca istraživanja intervencija na polju citanja među ucenicima s disleksijom. Kljucne rijeci: ucenje prilagođeno mozgu; disleksija; viseosjetilni pristup; razumijevanje prilikom citanja; tecnost citanja.

The main goal of the present study was to examine the effects of multisensory-based instruction combined with brain-compatible environment techniques on the reading fluency and comprehension of Arabic 4th grade students with dyslexia. Participants were 38 students with dyslexia, divided into two groups: one with 18 students who received intervention (experimental group), and the other with 18 students who received no intervention (control group). The Reading Fluency Test and Reading Comprehension Test were used to measure reading fluency and comprehension in pre- and post-tests. The training was conducted in the experimental group with dyslexia in 70 training sessions. Results showed that there were statistically significant differences in post-tests of reading fluency and reading comprehension between the control and the experimental groups, in favour of the experimental group, and statistically significant differences in the experimental group between the results of the pre- and post-tests, in favour of the post-test of reading fluency and reading comprehension. The discussion focuses on future directions for research on reading interventions for dyslexic students., Glavni je cilj rada istražiti utjecaj poučavanja utemeljenog na višeosjetilnosti i tehnikama okoline prilagođene radu mozga na tečnost čitanja i razumijevanje prilikom čitanja disleksičnih arapskih učenika četvrtih razreda osnovne škole. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 38 učenika s disleksijom, podijeljenih u dvije skupine: jednu s 18 učenika u kojoj je provedena intervencija (eksperimentalna skupina) i jednu s 18 učenika u kojoj nije provedena intervencija (kontrolna skupina). Tečnost čitanja i razumijevanje prilikom čitanju u pred- i posttestiranjima mjereni su testom tečnosti čitanja i testom razumijevanja prilikom čitanja. Poučavanje je održano u eksperimentalnoj skupini – među učenicima s disleksijom – tijekom 70 sesija. Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajne razlike u posttestiranjima tečnosti čitanja i razumijevanja prilikom čitanja između kontrolne i eksperimentalne skupine, u korist eksperimentalne skupine, kao i statistički značajne razlike u rezultatima koje su učenici eksperimentalne skupine ostvarili na pred- i posttestiranjima, u korist posttestiranja tečnosti čitanja i razumijevanja prilikom čitanja. Rasprava nudi smjernice za buduća istraživanja intervencija na polju čitanja među učenicima s disleksijom.

In this paper, the author investigates the tourism demand function using the dynamic panel data approach in the case of Egypt. The panel data set covers the time period between 1995 and 2014. The individuals are 49 countries as origin countries for tourists, representing 92% of the total tourist arrivals to Egypt. Explanatory variables which affect the tourism demand function were taken into account: lag of dependent variable that leads to dynamic panel data approach, using DIFF-GMM estimator proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991); also, many other explanatory variables like GDP per capita, relative price index, distance, and dummy variable which represent the political situation. One of the important and significant conclusions of the paper is the significant effect of the lagged dependent variable (0.493), which may be explained as “Word of Mouth” to tourists’ decision when choosing the destination.

To explore the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and leptin in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) among preeclamptic and non-pre-eclamptic women.Forty three patients with a pregnancy complicated by IUGR, 23 cases with severe pre-eclampsia and 20 cases of non-pre-eclamptic were enrolled. Control group comprised 15 cases with uncomplicated pregnancy. Blood samples from umbilical artery and maternal venous blood were collected at the time of delivery for analysis of ET-1 and leptin levels. Mode of delivery, birth weight and Apgar score were also recorded.The mean maternal and fetal ET-1 level was significantly higher in pregnancies complicated by IUGR than in control group. The mean maternal leptin level was significantly higher in pre-eclamptic patients when compared to non-preeclamptic and control groups. Mean fetal leptin level was significantly lower in patients compared to control; however, when fetal leptin corrected to fetal weight, it was insignificantly different in the both groups. E-mail: m. alhaggar@yahoo.co.uk.Maternal plasma ET-1 and leptin correlate with the degree of fetal growth restriction originating from deterioration of placental function. Maternal plasma leptin and ET-1 levels may reflect deterioration in fetal growth.