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Temporal hollowing is an early sign of aging, and many techniques comprising the injection of fillers into the temporal fossa to correct this hollowing have been described.To assess the safety of a new technique in which stromal vascular fraction gel is used for temporal hollowing.Thirty-three patients with temporal hollowing were corrected with the aforementioned gel using deep injection and shallow pave filling at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, China, between January 2017 and April 2021. This gel was injected into the double plane via a needle and cannula by the same cutaneous access points to prevent severe vascular injury. Improvement was evaluated by self-assessment, the Hollowness Severity Rating Scale (grade range, 0-3; lower grades represent minimal hollowness), and a satisfaction survey.Self-assessment questionnaire (6 questions) results were satisfactory; 44 temples (67%) demonstrated more than 2 grades of magnitude of clinical improvement. Thirty-one patients (94%) were satisfied with their outcomes; the complaint ratio was low.The high satisfaction rate of patients treated using the stromal vascular fraction gel by deep injection and shallow pave filling suggests that this technique is simple, effective, and safe.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Faces are among the most important visual stimuli that we perceive in everyday life. Although there is a plethora of literature studying many aspects of face perception, the vast majority of them focuses on a single aspect of face perception using unimodal approaches. In this review, we advocate for studying face perception using multimodal cognitive neuroscience approaches. We highlight two case studies: the first study investigates ambiguity in facial expressions of emotion, and the second study investigates social trait judgment. In the first set of studies, we revealed an event-related potential that signals emotion ambiguity and we found convergent response to emotion ambiguity using functional neuroimaging and single-neuron recordings. In the second set of studies, we discussed recent findings about neural substrates underlying comprehensive social evaluation, and the relationship between personality factors and social trait judgements. Notably, in both sets of studies, we provided an in-depth discussion of altered face perception in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and offered a computational account for the behavioral and neural markers of atypical facial processing in ASD. Finally, we suggest new perspectives for studying face perception. All data discussed in the case studies of this review are publicly available.

Humans incidentally adjust their behavioral strategies along feedback dimensions even without explicit reasons to do so. How it occurs may depend on stable individual preferences and contextual factors, such as visual salience. We here examined how task-irrelevant visual salience exerts influence on attention and valuation systems that further drives incidental learning. We first established the baseline behavior with no salience emphasis in Exp.1. We then highlighted either the utility or performance dimension of the chosen outcome usingcolorsin Exp.2. We demonstrated that the difference in switching frequency increased along the salient dimension, confirming a strong salience effect. Moreover, the salience effect was abolished when directional information of feedback was removed in Exp.3, suggesting that the observed salience effect is specific to directional feedback. We then generalized our findings usingtextemphasis in Exp.4 and replicated the non-specific salience effects in Exp.5 with simultaneous eye-tracking. The fixation difference between chosen and unchosen values was enhanced along the feedback-specific salient dimension (Exp.4) but kept unchanged when removing directional information (Exp.5). Moreover, behavioral switching correlates with fixation difference, confirming that salience guides attention and further drives incidental learning. Lastly, our neuroimaging study (Exp.6) showed that the striatum subregions encoded salience-based outcome evaluation, while the vmPFC encoded salience-based behavioral adjustments. The connectivity of the vmPFC-ventral striatum accounted for individual differences in utility-driven, whereas the vmPFC-dmPFC for performance-driven behavioral adjustments. Our results provide a neurocognitive account of how task-irrelevant visual salience drives incidental learning by involving attention and the frontal-striatal valuation systems.

Developing new low-cost and efficient proton-conducting materials remains an attractive and challenging task. Herein, sodium molybdate dihydrate is used as the source of molybdenum, mixed with transition metal chloride and 2-methylimidazole (2-MI), using the "one-pot method" to synthesize two crystalline proton conducting materials based on {P4Mo6} units: H14[C4H6N2]2[M(H2O)5] [M(H2O)2]2{M[(PO3)3(PO4)Mo6O15]2}·4H2O (M=Co and Fe) (1–2). Different from the common {P4Mo6}, we use H3PO3 to adjust the pH value, resulting in two different coordination modes of P atoms in the crystal structure. The structure is expanded into three-dimensional network by metal ions. At 75 °C and 98% relative humidity, the proton conductivity of compounds 1 and 2 are 1.33 × 10–2 S·cm−1 and 1.03 × 10–2 S·cm−1, respectively. The high proton conductivity is mainly attributed to the free state of 2-methylimidazole as the proton carrier, which has a fast migration rate. At the same time, 2-methylimidazole, coordination water, and {P4Mo6} anion form a hydrogen bond network to provide multiple pathways for the transmission of protons.

The rapid growth of bike-sharing usage spurs a large amount of empirical research. However, much research focuses on existing bike-sharing services, without considering the gaps between revealed and potential demand, while some potential demand cannot be met without a supply of bike-sharing facilities. To address this gap, this research develops a two-step approach: the first step proposes an equitable supply of bike-sharing stations based on neighborhood characteristics, and the second step predicts potential bike-sharing usage with the proposed supply scenario. Using data from a station-based bike-sharing system in the city of Chicago, we specify and evaluate the new methodological approach with transformed spatial regression models. Results identify neighborhoods that have potential demand but are under-served. Our approach provides a tool for providing an equitable supply of bike-sharing services and promoting wide adoption of bike-sharing across diverse neighborhoods.

Energy storage devices with high volumetric and gravimetric capacitance are in urgent demand due to the booming market of portable and wearable electronics. Using redox-active molecules as electrol...

Electrochemical N2 reduction to NH3 is an emerging energy technology, attracting much attention due to its features of mild reaction conditions and being non-polluting. In this work, we demonstrate that a well-defined cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) molecule as a model catalyst exhibits good electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction activity in 0.1 M HCl electrolyte with an ammonia yield of 15.18 ± 0.78 μg h−1 mg−1cat. calculated by the indophenol blue method and a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 11.43 ± 0.74%. The catalyst also has satisfactory electrolytic stability and recycling test reusability. The activity displayed by the porphyrin molecular catalysts is attributed to the full exposure of the metal–N4 sites. To trace the source of ammonia, an isotope labeling experiment (15N2 as the feed gas) is used to calculate the ammonia yield via1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which is close to that of the indophenol blue method. In addition, we replace the central metal to prepare CuTPP and MnTPP, and they also show electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) ability. This work proves the feasibility and versatility of using metalloporphyrin molecules as model electrocatalysts for NRR and offers a new strategy for the further development of molecular NRR catalysts.

In order to sustainably transform N2 to ammonia (NRR) using electrocatalysts under mild ambient condition, it is urgent to design and develop non-nobel metal nanocatalysts that are inexpensive and suitable for mass-production. Herein, a calcium metalate catalyst CaCoOx with oxygen vacancies was synthesized and used as an electrocatalyst for NRR for the first time, whose morphology can be controlled by the calcination temperature and the heating rate. Under the optimal conditions, the CaCoOx catalyst achieved the yield of nitrogen conversion to ammonia of 16.25 µg·h−1·mgcat−1 at the potential of −0.3 V relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) with a Faraday efficiency of 20.51%. The electrocatalyst showed good stability even after 12 times recyclability under environmental conditions and neutral electrolyte. Later, the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction performance of CaFeOx, CaNiOx, CaCuOx was investigated. These earth-rich transition metals also exhibited certain NRR electrocatalytic capabilities, which provided a door for further development of inexpensive and easily available transition metal as nitrogen reduction electrocatalysts.

Asparanin A (AA), a steroidal saponin from Asparagus officinalis L., has anticancer activity: however, its detailed molecular mechanisms in endometrial cancer (EC) have not been studied so far. We evaluated the anticancer activity and underlying mechanism of AA on EC cell line Ishikawa in vitro and in vivo. AA inhibited the Ishikawa cell proliferation and caused cell morphology alteration and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Moreover, it could induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway, including the deregulation of Bak/Bcl-xl ratio which led to the generation of ROS, up-regulation of cytochrome c followed by decrease of Δψm, and activation of caspases, besides inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In vivo data showed that administration of AA significantly inhibited the tumor tissue cell proliferation, reduced the tumor growth, and induced the apoptosis occurrence. AA can be a possible functional food ingredient to cure endometrial cancer followed by clinical trials.

Developing new low-cost and efficient proton-conducting materials remains an attractive and challenging task. Herein, a Preyssler-type polyoxometalate derived coordination compound had been synthesized with a hydrothermal method, namely, H4.5NaCo5(2-MI)15.5(2-MI)3 [NaP5W30O110]·5H2O (1) (where 2-methylimidazole is abbreviated as 2-MI, and partial 2-MI was deprotonated). The structure was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, PXRD, FT-IR, TG, CHN and ICP-OES elemental analyses. We studied the relationship between the crystal structure and proton conduction of compound 1 and found that the presence of 2-MI reduced the leakage of polyoxometalate under high relative humidity. Meanwhile, the strong interaction of the counter cation Na+ with water is beneficial to form more hydrogen bonds. Compound 1 showed the maximum proton conductivity with a value of 4.42 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 367 K and 97% RH. Kinetic investigation indicates that the proton conduction mechanism of compound 1 follows the vehicle mechanism.

Risk and ambiguity are inherent in virtually all human decision-making. Risk refers to a situation in which we know the precise probability of potential outcomes of each option, whereas ambiguity refers to a situation in which outcome probabilities are not known. A large body of research has shown that individuals prefer known risks to ambiguity, a phenomenon known as ambiguity aversion. One heated debate concerns whether risky and ambiguous decisions rely on the same or distinct neural circuits. In the current meta-analyses, we integrated the results of neuroimaging research on decision-making under risk (n = 69) and ambiguity (n = 31). Our results showed that both processing of risk and ambiguity showed convergence in anterior insula, indicating a key role of anterior insula in encoding uncertainty. Risk additionally engaged dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and ventral striatum, whereas ambiguity specifically recruited the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and right anterior insula. Our findings demonstrate overlapping and distinct neural substrates underlying different types of uncertainty, guiding future neuroimaging research on risk-taking and ambiguity aversion.Keywords: ALE; Ambiguity; Meta-analysis; Neuroimaging; Reward; Risk; Uncertainty.

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at ) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects., NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Both the viologen and polyaniline (PANI) have shown high electrochemical redox activity that can be used to fabricate optoelectronic, electronic and energy storage devices as well as sensors. However, it still remains great challenge for integrating these two fascinating materials together via covalent linkage to avoid phase separation in physical mixtures. In this work, a novel viologen-bridged polyaniline film (hereafter called as VBP) onto the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass was prepared by one-step electropolymerization approach, and then the in-situ synthesized golden nanoparticles (AuNPs) were sandwiched between the VBP films to produce the heterofilms (VBP|Au|VBP) as active materials. The VBP|Au|VBP-based electronic memory device and all-solid-state supercapacitor, which exhibited bistable nonvolatile rewritable memory performance with high ON/OFF current ratio of 10 5 and high volumetric capacitance up to 6.22 Fcm −3 , respectively, were fabricated through simple layer-by-layer method. This work not only offers a new and easy strategy for synthesizing viologen-bridged PANI materials through covalent bonding, but also paves the way for the development of high-efficient sandwich-type resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices and the all-solid-state supercapacitors based on rational designed heterofilms.

Iron and nitrogen (Fe/N) co-doped porous carbons have already shown great potential as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. However, it still remains a great challenge to finely integrate a hierarchical porous structure and Fe/N co-doping effect into one material at the same time. In this work, a rational design toward Fe/N-codoped hierarchical porous carbon spheres was developed by the formation of an iron-porphyrin-containing conjugated microporous polymer sphere with hollow structure (HCMP) through a silica sphere template directed condensation of pyrrole and 1,4-phthalaldehyde, then etched with NaOH, and treated with FeCl2. The resulting HCMP-Fe polymer was readily converted to a series of Fe/N co-doped hierarchical porous carbons (HPC-Fe/N-X, X = 700–900) upon pyrolysis at different temperatures and etching treatment. These porous carbons exhibit the high specific surface areas up to 518 m2 g−1 and the contents of N and Fe up to 3.28 at.% and 0.85 wt.%, respectively. Benefiting from the high surface area, Fe/N co-doping character, HPC-Fe/N-700 exhibited excellent electrochemical catalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction under alkaline condition (0.1 M KOH) with a low half-wave potential (0.84 V), a dominant four-electron transfer mechanism (n = 3.89 at 0.65 V), as well as a high diffusion limiting current density (JL = 5.19 mA cm−2), comparable to those porous carbon-based ORR catalysts with excellent electrochemical performance.

The data storage performance, stability and reliability of the graphene memories have advanced significantly towards practical information storage applications. Using highly dispersed 4-bromobenzene functionalized RGO (BB-RGO) as two dimensional template, a new poly[(1,4-diethynylbenzene)- alt -boron dipyrro-methene]-grafted reduced graphene oxide (PDBD- g -RGO) was synthesized via Sonogashira coupling reaction. Covalent grafting of PDBD onto BB-RGO gives rise to a 34-cm −1 blue shift of the D band and a 7-cm −1 red shift of the G band when compared to the Raman spectrum of BB-RGO. A transparent and flexible nonvolatile memory device with configuration of Al/PDBD- g -RGO/ITO-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) exhibited typical storage performance of rewritable memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed, with turn-on and turn-off voltages of 1.55 and −1.80 V, and an ON/OFF current ratio exceeding 10 5 . The memory behaviors of the flexible device were almost unchanged under the bending test.

Although many molecular-level diodes have exhibited proof-of-concept rectification effect, realization of practical molecular rectifiers still remains a challenge because of unstable and sensitive molecular layers, complicated fabrication methods and not easily accessible measurement techniques. Thus, development of robust and easy procedures for molecular diodes with stable rectification effect is the top priority for the community in this field. Herein, we report a new home-made quasi-molecular rectifier based on a coordinated framework thin film prepared by a layer-by-layer dip-coating method. The as-fabricated rectifier exhibits an average rectification ratio as high as 5.7 and excellent cycle stability over 300 cycles, rendering it a very promising candidate for practical application in comparison with previously reported molecular rectifiers. Besides, such a diode fabrication process can be easily achieved without the aid of expensive scanning tunneling microscopes, precise electrodes approaching operations at an Angstrom scale, and other complex techniques. All these results not only demonstrate coordinated frameworks could be good candidates for molecular rectifiers, but also provide a new strategy for fabrication of home-made molecular rectifiers without employing complicated procedures and expensive equipment.

Asparanin A (AA), a steroidal saponin from

OER is the key step to increase the rate of water-splitting reaction. Design and construction of appropriate defects is an effective strategy to enhance catalytic activity. Mn has stronger e−–e− repulsion by the local influence of its 3d orbital electrons. When Mn(III) was successfully introduced into two dimensional F-doped Ni(OH)2, it can tune the surface electronic structure of the F-doped Ni(OH)2 to increase its oxygen deficiency content. In this work, the as-synthesized Mn and F co-doped Ni(OH)2–NF on Ni foam (Mn–F/Ni(OH)2–NF) shows remarkable oxygen evolution performance, exhibiting 233 mV overpotential at 20 mA cm−2, and the Tafel slope is 56.9 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH. The performance is better than that of the same loading of IrO2 on Ni foam. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further show that the introduction of oxygen defects can significantly improve the OER catalytic performance of Mn–F/Ni(OH)2–NF.

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for characterizing a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor, and cognitive processes. However, as in many other fields, progress has been slowed by the difficulty of collecting new data and the unavailability of existing data. To address this issue, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations, and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analyzed in multiple software packages. Each dataset is further accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (available at osf.io/s46pr) contained 145 datasets with data from over 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. We show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimation for several foundational confidence-related effects and lead to new findings that depend on the availability of large quantity of data. This Confidence Database will continue to enable new discoveries and can serve as a blueprint for similar databases in related fields.

Dietary Apigenin (AP), a natural flavonoid from plants, could alleviate high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and its complication. Nonetheless, the direct correlation between dietary AP and their effects in adipose tissues remained unclear. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were fed with low-fat diet, HFD with or without 0.04% (w/w) AP for 12 weeks. Dietary AP ameliorated HFD induced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Energy expenditure was increased with no influence on energy intake, which indicated us that AP prevented obesity by enhancing energy export. Interestingly, AP activated lipolysis (ATGL/FOXO1/SIRT1) without higher cycling free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAs were consumed by the upregulation of fatty acid oxidation (AMPK/ACC), thermogenesis, and browning (UCP-1, PGC-1α). Additionally, adipose tissue metabolic inflammation (NF-кB, MAPK) was also reduced by AP. Our study proposed that dietary AP could be explored as a new dietary strategy to combat obesity and related insulin resistance.

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions is an attractive approach to synthesizing NH3, but remains a significant challenge due to insufficient NH3 yields and low Faraday efficiency (FE). Among studied NRR catalyst formulations, molecular catalysts with well-defined FeN4 configuration structures allow the establishment of a precise structural model for elucidating the complex multiple proton and electron transfer NRR processes competing with the undesirable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Inspired by biological nitrogenase, Fe sites can activate the N2 due to their strong interactions with N2. The unoccupied d orbital of Fe endows it the ideal electron acceptor and donor, which offers an attractive chemical property to facilitate NRR activity. Herein, we explore a molecular iron catalyst, i.e., tetraphenylporphyrin iron chloride (FeTPPCl) for the NRR. It exhibits promising NRR activity with the highest NH3 yield (18.28 ± 1.6 μg h−1 mg−1cat.) and FE (16.76 ± 0.9 %) at −0.3 V vs. RHE in neutral electrolytes. Importantly, 15N isotope labeling experiments confirm that the synthesized NH3 originates from the direct reduction of N2 in which 1H NMR spectroscopy and colorimetric methods were performed to quantify NH3 production. Also, operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy studies confirm that the Fe–Cl bond breakage in the FeTPPCl catalyst is a prerequisite for initiating the NRR. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the active species is Fe porphyrin complex [Fe(TPP)]2− and the rate-determining step is the first hydrogenation of N2 via the alternating mechanism on the [Fe0]2− sites. This work provides a new concept to use structurally defined molecular single iron catalysts to elucidate NRR mechanisms and design optimal active sites with enhanced reaction activity and selectivity for NH3 production under ambient conditions.

Using highly soluble bromo-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (RGBr) as a key graphene template for surface-directing Sonogashira-Hagihara polymerization, a novel soluble poly(arylene-ethynylene)-grafted reduced graphene oxide, hereafter abbreviated as PAE-g-RGO, was prepared in situ. The entirely different electron distribution of LUMO and HOMO of PAE-g-RGO suggested the existence of a charge-transfer (CT) state (PAE(.-) -RGO(.+) ). The negative ΔGCS value (-2.57 eV) indicates that the occurrence of the charge separation via (1) RGO* in o-DCB is exothermic and favorable. Upon irradiation with 365 nm light, the light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance (LEPR) spectrum of PAE-g-RGO showed a decrease in the spin-state density owing to photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer events in this system. A sandwich-type Al/PAE-g-RGO/ITO device showed representative bistable electrical switching behavior. The nonvolatile memory performance was attributed to the CT-induced conductance changes, which was supported by molecular computation results and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) images.

A solution-processed organometallic halide perovskite-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) memory device with a configuration of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO)/CH3NH3PbI3:PVK/Al has been successfully fabricated. Under a threshold voltage of -1.57 V, this device shows a nonvolatile write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory effect, with a maximum ON/OFF current ratio exceeding 10(3). In contrast, the ITO/CH3NH3PbI3/Al device showed only conductor characteristics, while the PVK-based device exhibited insulator behavior. Upon being subjected to voltages, an interesting filamentary nature of the CH3NH3PbI3:PVK film was also observed in situ at the microscopic nanometer level using a conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) technique with a device configuration of Si/Pt/CH3NH3PbI3:PVK/Pt. The mechanism associated with the memory effect is discussed. The electric-field-induced intermolecular charge transfer effect between CH3NH3PbI3 and PVK, and the possible conformational ordering of the PVK side-chains/backbone under an applied bias voltage, may cause the electrical conductivity switching and WORM effect in the reported BHJ device.

Hierarchically porous titania (TiO2) xerogel monoliths were successfully synthesized by a facile sol–gel process accompanied by phase separation in the presence of formamide (FA) and triblock copolymer F127, followed by ambient pressure drying to remove the solvents. Gelation of the system has been mediated by FA, while F127 enhances a phase-separation. The resultant dried xerogel presents a hierarchically porous structure constructed by large macropores and mesoporous skeletons, which exhibits a high BET surface area of 444 m2 g−1. Heat-treatment at 800 °C results in the formation of the crystalline anatase phase with high thermal stability, without spoiling the macrostructure. The as- prepared porous TiO2 xerogel displays superior electrochemical properties, and the specific capacity of TiO2 xerogel could remain over 114 mAh g−1 (69 mAh cm−3) at 1 C after 100 cycles, representing a good cycling stability.