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Leiodontium geminoserratum S. He & Chantanaorr. (Hypnaceae), a new species from Thailand, is described herein based on distinctive morphological features. The new species resembles L. gracile Broth. from China and Nepal, but differs most notably in having moderately complanate leafy stems and branches, prorate laminal cells, doubly serrate basal leaf margin, and axillary hairs with a globose distal cell. A full description and photographs of the new species are provided.

The family Anthocerotaceae is amongst the last remaining hornwort families to be tested for their monophyly. The recent publication of genomes for A. punctatus, A. agrestis and A. angustus has emphasized the need to understand generic and species boundaries within the family. Twenty-eight taxa within the family and three chloroplast genes were used to reconstruct a phylogeny, which supports a monophyletic Anthocerotaceae. Within the family, four clades are recognised, comprising subgenus Anthoceros, subgenus Indici, subg. nov, subgenus Australienses, subg. nov. and subgenus Sphaerosporoceros. Species currently circumscribed as Folioceros also form a separate clade, but as most taxa within the genus, including the type species, are yet to be sequenced no formal decisions have been made for this group.

A new species, Corybas papillatus, is described and illustrated from peninsular Thailand. The new species is easily recognized through a combination of the following characters: the purplish flower, the rounded apex of the dorsal sepal, the outer surface of dorsal sepal covered with irregular papillae in the upper half, the lateral sepals adnate laterally at the base to the connate petals, the V-shaped throat, the labellum bearing short hairs, dentate to erose labellum margins, and well-developed conical spurs. A key to the species of Corybas in Thailand is presented.

—Thismia clavigeroides is described and illustrated as a new species from southern Thailand. The new species is characterized by coralliform roots, whitish-gray flowers, reflexed outer perianth lobes, inner perianth lobes forming a mitre with three slender claviform appendages, inner surface of floral tube possessing transverse bars, and the apex of stamen bearing three triangular lobes. A taxonomic description, illustrations of the new species, and a comparison with the related species are presented.

Soella obtusifolia, a rare species previously known only from China and Japan, is reported here as a new genus and species record for Thailand. A description and photographs of Thai plants are provided.

The taxonomic account of the genus Metzgeria in Thailand is presented based on herbarium specimens and recent collections from field surveys. Five species of Metzgeria including M. consanguinea, M. furcata, M. kinabaluensis, M. leptoneura, and M. lindbergii are recognized. Of these, M. kinabaluensis is newly reported to Thailand. A key to the species, descriptions and illustrations of each species are provided. Ecology and geographical distribution of the species are noted. In addition, M. pubescens is excluded from the country.

Thismia is a genus of > 80 mycoheterotrophic species characterized by a peculiar appearance and complex floral morphology. A significant proportion of the species and morphological diversity of Thismia has only been uncovered in the past two decades, and new discoveries continue to be made. Given that many new data have recently become available, and the most comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus from 1938 addresses less than half of the currently known species, previous hypotheses for species relationships and infrageneric taxonomic classification in Thismia was in need of review. Extensive molecular phylogenetic studies of Thismia at the genus level have never been presented. We investigate the phylogenetic relationships of 41 species (and one variety) of Thismia from the Old World. Our study comprises 68 specimens (for 28 of which the data were newly generated), including outgroup taxa broadly representing Thismiaceae (= Burmanniaceae p.p. sensuAPG IV, 2016), and is based on two nuclear and one mitochondrial marker. We use maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to infer relationships among the taxa. We also constructed a morphological dataset of 12 mostly floral characters, comparing these characters to hypotheses based on molecular evidence to identify putative synapomorphies for major clades and to discuss hypotheses regarding the evolution of structural traits in the genus. Our analyses indicate that the majority of currently accepted infrageneric taxa of Thismia are polyphyletic. We find support for the monophyly of the Old World group, in which we recognize five well-supported lineages (clades); the only New World species studied appears to be related to the Neotropical genus Tiputinia. Ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate that the evolution of most morphological characters was homoplastic, but we identify characters that provide each of the five clades of Old World Thismia with a unique morphological description. The geographical distribution of the species under study is also shown to be consistent with the major clades. Our investigation provides a phylogenetic basis for the development of a novel sectional classification of Thismia reflecting morphological and geographical traits.

As an ancient lineage of ferns, Ophioglossaceae are evolutionarily among the most fascinating because they have the highest chromosome count of any known organism as well as the presence of sporophores, subterranean gametophytes, eusporangiate sporangia without annuli, and endophytic fungi. Previous studies have produced conflicting results, identifyingsome lineages with unresolved relationships, and have paid much attention to the subfamily Botrychioideae. But the other species-rich subfamily, Ophioglossoideae, has remained largely understudied and only up to 12 accessions of Ophioglossoideae have been sampled. In this study, DNA sequences of seven plastid markers of 149 accessions (75 in Ophioglossoideae) representing approximately 82 species (approximately 74% of estimated species diversity sensu J. Syst. Evol., 2016, 54, 563) in the family, and two Marattiaceae and two Psilotaceae, are used to infer a phylogeny. Our major results include: (1) Ophioglossaceae are resolved as monophyletic with strong support, and so are all four subfamilies and genera sensu PPG I except Botrypus and Ophioglossum; (2) a new genus Sahashia is segregated from Botrypus so that the monophyly of Botrypus can be retained; (3) the monophyly of Ophioglossum in its current circumscription is uncertain in spite of our large character sampling; (4) there is substantial cryptic speciation in Ophioderma detected by our molecular and morphological study; (5) the recognition of Holubiella is advocated based on its morphology and its sister relationship with Sceptridium; and (6) a novel sister relationship between Botrychium and the JHS clade (Japanobotrychium + (Holubiella + Sceptridium)) is discovered.

An account of the Drepanolejeunea subgenus Rhaphidolejeunea in Thailand has been updated based on herbarium specimens and recent collections from field surveys. Five species of Drepanolejeunea, i.e. Drepanolejeunea commutata, D. fleischeri, D. siamensis, D. spicata, and D. yunnanensis are recognized. Of these, Drepanolejeunea commutata, D. fleischeri, and D. yunnanensis are newly reported for Thailand. A key to species, descriptions, distribution ranges and illustrations of each species are provided. The ecology and geographical distribution of the species are noted. Additionally, Drepanolejeunea longicruris is excluded from the country.

Sematophyllum latifolium Brotherus (1911: 362), known only from the type collection, was originally described by Brotherus (1911) based on a collection made by C.C. Hosseus from Mt. Doi Suthep (Doi Sutäp), in northern Thailand. Pollawatn (2008) revised the family Sematophyllaceae s.l. in Thailand but did not see the type specimen of S. latifolium. During the study of Hosseus’s collections, however, we found two duplicates of type specimens of S. latifolium one located in H-BR and one in M. We found that several critical features of S. latifolium, such as the 1) irregular-pinnately branching habit with the erect flagelliform branches (Fig. 1A), 2) stem and branch leaves strongly differentiated (Fig. 1B−F), and 3) brotherelloid type alar cells often divided into larger hyaline cells towards leaf margins (Fig. 1G), were indistinguishable from those in the type material of Wijkia surcularis (Mitten 1859: 112) Crum (1971: 173), a common species found growing from India to Indochina (Gangulee 1980; Tan & Iwatsuki 1993; Tan & Jia 1999; Jia et al. 2005). Thus, we here propose S. latifolium as a new synonym of W. sucularis. In the protologue, Brotherus (1911) did not designate the holotype, therefore, it is necessary to select a lectotype for S. latifolium ((see Art. 9.11 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2017)). We designate Hosseus’s collection (Hosseus s.n.) in H-BR (H) as the lectotype of the name S. latifolium.

The mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia shows a great number of structural and ecological traits which are rare or unique for angiosperms. Pollen morphology of this genus is still poorly known. Pollen of Thismia was reported to be porate with one to several pores. Position of the pores is unknown, and therefore, the pollen type has not been established to date. Information on sporoderm structure in the genus is scarce, as high-quality images of pollen grains are available for several species only. In our comprehensive investigation of pollen morphology of Thismia, we involved nine Asian species of the genus and employed an integrative approach, which included data from light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. All studied species were shown to possess monoporate pollen of asymmetric-elliptic planoconvex shape. Using TEM investigation of immature anthers, we demonstrated that pollen grains are organized in tetragonal tetrads, and the pore occupies an equatorial position. We argue that Asian species of Thismia along with Burmannia from the same order Dioscoreales are the only known lineages of seed plants with a single equatorial aperture. The sporoderm surface is psilate or perforate with perforations of various size and density in the studied species. We discuss the interspecific variation of sporoderm morphology in the light of the phylogenetic relationships between Asian species of Thismia. We demonstrate that the pollen morphology of Thismia fails to conform to the idea of entomophily, which is believed to prevail in this genus. Finally, we describe an unexpected striking difference in sporoderm structure between the specimens belonging to T. javanica species group.

Koponobryum papillosum Printarakul & Chantanaorr., sp. nov., is described as a second species of the genus found in Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, northern Thailand. It is distinguished from K. bengalense (Gangulee) Arts by autoicous plants, papillose spores and axillary hairs consisting of one short basal cell and 1-4(5) longer upper cells. A taxonomic description, illustrations and SEM micrographs are presented.

Ophioderma redactophylla is described and illustrated as a new species from the Malay Peninsula. It is characterized by vermiform underground parts without tuberous rhizomes, the flat stalks, the linear trophophore, and the sporophore surpassing the trophophore. A taxonomic description and illustrations of the new species are presented. A key to species of Ophioderma is provided.

Thismia submucronata is described and illustrated as a new species from Thailand. The new species is characterized by 1) vermiform roots, 2) inner perianth lobes forming a convex mitre with a mucro together with three foveae at apex, 3) the inner surface of perianth tube possessing an irregularly reticulate surface without transverse bars, 4) the presence of papillate hairs at the annulus surface and the outer surface of stamen filaments, and 5) the stamens positioned almost at apex of annulus. Morphological description, illustrations of the new species and a comparison with the related species are presented.

Premise of the studyNew sequencing technologies enable the possibility of generating large-scale molecular datasets for constructing the plant tree of life. We describe a new probe set for target enrichment sequencing to generate nuclear sequence data to build phylogenetic trees with any flagellate plants, comprising hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms.Methods and ResultsWe leveraged existing transcriptome and genome sequence data to design a set of 56,989 probes for target enrichment sequencing of 451 nuclear exons and non-coding flanking regions across flagellate plant lineages. We describe the performance of target enrichment using the probe set across flagellate plants and demonstrate the potential of the data to resolve relationships among both ancient and closely related taxa.ConclusionsA target enrichment approach using the new probe set provides a relatively low-cost solution to obtain large-scale nuclear sequence data for inferring phylogenetic relationships across flagellate plants.

Radula deflexilobula Promma, L.N.Zhang et R.L.Zhu is described and illustrated as a new species from Thailand. This species is distinctive in 1) the presence of dimorphic leaf lobules that are subrhombic and strongly reflexed on pendulous shoots, subquadrate and not reflexed on creeping shoots; 2) leaf lobules covering the stem ca. 1/3–1/2 of the stem-width, not auriculate at base, and 3) leaf cells thin walled with indistinct trigones and smooth cell surface. Our phylogenetic analyses based on three chloroplast regions (trnG, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL) confirm that this new species belongs to subg. Radula and is sister to R. decurrens Mitt. known from Fiji.

Thysananthus ciliaris (Sande Lac.) Sukkharak, a rare species from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, was newly discovered in lowland evergreen forest, southern Thailand. A detailed description and illustrations are here provided.

Stereophyllum linisii Enroth & B.C.Tan (Stereophyllaceae), a rheophytic species, is transferred as Pseudoparaphysanthus linisii (Enroth & B.C.Tan) S.He, Sukkharak & Chantanaorr. (Neckeraceae). The ...

Goodyera lanceolata Ridl., a rare orchid species previously known only from Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, was newly discovered in lower montane forests in southern Thailand. A description, line drawings and photographs are provided, and its diagnostic characters and geographical distribution are briefly discussed.

Colura crenulata Grolle (Lejeuneaceae), a rare and poorly known species from Papua New Guinea, Sumatra and Borneo, was newly discovered in tropical montane forests in southern Thailand. It is characterized by its acutely mamillose lobule sac and perianth; apical crest of the lobule sac consisting of 1-5 cells; large valve composed of 18-21 hyaline margin cells and 20-29 median cells, with a single median basal cell; and nearly entire dorsal margin of the leaf. This species is described and illustrated in detail, and its diagnostic characters and a comparison with the related species are briefly treated.

Promma, C., Chantanaorrapint, S. & Zhu, R.-L. 2017. The genus Tuyamaella (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) new to Thailand. — Herzogia 30: 74–79. The genus Tuyamaella is reported from Thailand for the first time. Three species are recognized in Thailand, namely T. angulistipa, T. hattorii and T. molischii var. molischii. Description and illustrations of T. hattorii, a rare species previously known only from Vietnam and Laos, are provided.

Hookeria acutifolia Hook. & Grev. is reported here as a new genus and species record for Thailand. A description, line drawing and photographs are provided, and its lectotype is designated here.

Hookeria acutifolia Hook. & Grev. is a distinctive member of Hookeriaceae found in damp temperate mossy forest habitats in many parts of Asia, America, Africa and Hawaii. Recently it was reported f...

A taxonomic study of the genus Ephemeropsis K.I.Goebel in Thailand is presented, based on the herbarium specimens and field survey. Only one species is recognized in the country, namely E. tjibodensis K.I.Goebel. Detailed description, line drawings, and SEM photographs are provided.

A review of the genus Calyptrochaeta Desv. in Thailand is presented, based on herbarium specimens and field surveys. Two species are recognized, namely C. remotifolia (Mull. Hal.) Z. Iwats. et al . and C. spinosa (Nog.) Ninh. A key to species, descriptions, and illustrations for the species of Calyptrochaeta occurring in Thailand are provided. In addition, lectotype for the names Eriopus spinosus Nog . (= C. spinosa ) are also designated in here.

Corybas geminigibbus J.J. Sm., is newly discovered in lower montane forest in southern Thailand. A description, line drawings, and photographs are provided.

Gastrodia albidoides, a rare orchid species previously known only from Yunnan, China, was newly discovered in lowland evergreen forest in peninsular Thailand. A description and photographs are provided.

Thismia clandestina (Blume) Miq., a rare mycoheterotrophic species previously known only from Indonesia, was newly discovered in tropical lowland forest in southern Thailand. A description, line drawings and photographs are provided, and its diagnostic characters and geographical distribution are briefly discussed.

A taxonomic review of the epiphyllous taxa of the genus Radula Dumort. in Thailand is presented, based on herbarium specimens and field surveys. Nine species are recognized, including two new records, R. nymanii Steph. and R. stenocalyx Mont. One new species, R. grandilobula Promma et Chantanaorr., is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by the leaf-lobe subtriangular-ovate to falcate-ovate with a narrowly rounded to obtuse apex; the leaf-lobule falcate-ovate, upper half broadly extended, free margin recurved, apex strongly turning away from the stem; and the discoid gemmae occurring perpendicularly on ventral surface of leaf-lobes. A key to species, brief descriptions and illustrations are provided; ecology and geographical distribution of the species are also noted.

The genus Notothylas Sull. in Thailand is reviewed, based on herbarium specimens and field surveys. Eight species of the genus are recognized and two of them, N. pandei Udar et V. Chandra and N. yunannensis T. Peng et R.L. Zhu, are newly recorded in the country. The new species Notothylas frahmii Chantanaorr. is described and illustrated. A key to species, brief descriptions and selected illustrations for the species of Notothylas of Thailand are provided.

Drepanolejeunea pleiodictya Herzog (Lejeuneaceae), a rare and poorly known species from Java and Malaysia, was newly discovered in tropical montane forest in southern Thailand. It is distinguished by the ventral margin of the leaf lobe being usually irregularly dentate with one large tooth, the apex of the lobule having a straight or slightly curved tooth, ocelli 3−4(−5) seriate in the leaf lobe separated by 2−5 ordinary leaf cells, and gynoecia usually with a single pycnolejeuneoid innovation. This species is described and illustrated in detail, and its diagnostic characters and geographical distribution are briefly discussed.

A taxonomic review of the hornwort genera Dendroceros Nees and Megaceros Campb. in Thailand is presented, based on herbarium specimens and field surveys. Three species are recognized, namely D. cucullatus Steph., D. suplanus Steph. and M. flagellaris (Mitt.) Steph. A key, descriptions and line drawings and notes on the ecology and geographical distribution of the species are provided.

Notothylas irregularis Chantanaorr. is described and illustrated from Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. It is similar to Notothylas yunnanensis T. Peng et R. L. Zhu, but differs in its capsules with a line of incrassate cells.

An account of the Lejeunea species of Thailand with their distributional ranges in Thailand and worldwide is presented. Seven species are newly recorded to Thailand: Lejeunea cocoes Mitt., L. lumbricoides (Nees) Nees, L. micholitzii Mizut., L. parva (S.Hatt.) Mizut., L. patersonii (Steph.) Steph., L. tamaspocsii G.E.Lee and L. umbilicata (Nees) Nees. Illustrations of the newly recorded species and a map of the provinces of Thailand with numbers of Lejeunea species recorded are also provided.

The new species, Drepanolejeunea actinogyna J. Inuthai, R. L. Zhu & Chantanaorr., is described and illustrated from southern Thailand. The new species belongs in the subgenus Pristolejeunea Grolle because of the presence of median ocelli in the leaf lobe. It is closely related to D. thwaitesiana (Mitt.) Steph. and D. nymanii Steph., but differs in the smaller plant size, the radially-symmetric perianth with triangular wings equal in size and a 2–3 cells long beak of the perianth, the free lateral margin of leaf lobule proximal to the notch bordered by 4 rectangular cells, and the curved tooth of the lobule.