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Poultry manure is common microhabitat of mites, especially for macrochelid mites. Macrocheles matrius was recorded as a new report for the Turkish mite fauna. The morphological characters of this species are presented with description, diagnosis and original figures from Turkish specimens. In addition, a key of poultry manure-inhabiting adult (females) of known species from Samsun, Turkey is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly susceptible variety "Toma" of watermelon was srown in the experimental area, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to check the efficacy of five plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Allium sativa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Zingiber officinale and Allium cepa) at 5,10 and 15% and five chemicals (Difnoconazole, Baytan Foilar, Mancozeb, Aliette and Sulfex gold) at 1.75, 2 and 2.5% against powdery mildew disease in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Among plant extracts, Allium sativa expressed minimum disease incidence (16.57%) at 15%concentration after third spray, followed by A. indica (19.45%), E. camaldulensis (26.75%), A. cepa (30.47%), Z. officinale (33.12%), disease incidence as compare to control while in case of chemicals Score (Difnoconazole) expressed significant results, after third spray and expressed 15.35% disease incidence followed by Baytan Foilar(Triadimimenal) 18.45%, Mancozeb (Mancozeb) 25.43%, Aliette (Fosetyl-aluminium) 29.40%, Sulfex gold(Sulphur) expressed 31.51% disease incidence as compare to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten plant extracts; Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Azadirachta indica, Capsicum Annum, Calotropisgi gantea, Dalbrgia sissoo, Eucalyptus camelduensis, Gardenia florida Melia azedarach and Zingiber officinalis were tested in vitro at Standard dose S and S/2 against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. All the plant extracts at both the doses reduced the multiplication of Xac except Zingiber officinalis and Capsicum Annum. Allium sativumand Azadirachta indicaat doses (S, S/2) exhibited statistically significant inhibition zones as compared to other treatments, followed by Dalbergia sisso. Gardenia florida and Melia azedarach which produced similar effect and raked 4th. Calotropisgi gantea ranked 5th while Eucalyptus camelduensis (Sufeda) and Allium cepa L. inhibited the growth of Xacat a minimum level. Capsicum Annum and Zingiber officinalis produced no inhibition zone and showed similar results as a control. All the plant extracts at standard doses reduced the multiplication of Xac maximumas compared to S/2 except Allium cepa L., Dalbrgia sissoo, Eucalyptus camelduensis and Melia azedarach which showed similar effects at both doses. The most effective treatments proved in vitro then tested after combining with streptomycin sulphate in vitro and found that Streptomycin sulphate 1% reduced the multiplication of Xac significantly, followed by Streptomycin sulphate in combination with Allium sativum L. and Streptomycin sulphate in combination with Azadirachta indica at standard dose. These treatments then tested in greenhouse the results confirmed the findings of invitro trials. There is a need to promote research in the field of plant extracts usage as biocontrol agents and find out plants having toxicity against plant pathogens, as the plant extracts are environment friendly and cheaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are present in the healthy plants at concentrations sufficient to inhibit growth and sporulation of a pathogen; as a response to infection, their concentration is markedly increased imparting resistance against the invading microorganisms and phytoalexins which are not normally found in healthy plants, are synthesized or increase in amounts after infection. We have tested and found that there was a marked increase in the total phenols in all the 50 lines/cultivars due to late blight appearance as compared to the healthy ones. Results revealed that there was overall increase in the quantity of total phenols in all tested lines after disease appearance and this increase was ranged from 28.1 to 58.6 percent over the healthy plants of the same age group. Maximum increase in phenolic content after disease appearance was 58.6 percent in potato line FD 8-1 while minimum phenol increased in 28.1 percent in line 9619. This increase was also noted in the healthy potato plants which were not infected by the disease but this increase might be due to aging factor, was quite insignificant and unnoticeable. Although the total phenolic content was slightly increased more in those plants which were not diseased than that of healthy plants which were tested at the time when disease did not appear. It is apparent from the above figures that the increase in total phenols was more pronounced in diseased plants as compared to the healthy ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungitoxic effects of three homeo-fungicides viz; Rigrous, Ventage, Vampire and six methanolic plant extracts viz; Garlic Extract, Ginger Extract, Akk Leaf Extract, Neem Leaf Extract, Moringa Leaf Extract and Parthenium Leaf Extract at nine different concentrations viz; 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 300, 500 and 1000 μg/ml were tested in vitro by applying poisoned food technique method at an incubation period of nine days at 25 ± 2°C. Mycellial growth of the fungus in response to various homeo-fungicidal at different concentrations was compared Vampire proved to be the best as it has reduced the mycelial colony (83.4 percent) which was followed by Rigrous (82.2 percent), while Vantage proved to be the least effective (76.5 percent) at highest concentration (1000 μg/ml). None of the other homeo-fungicides have completely checked the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. pisi. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete design (CRD) However, when growth of the fungus in response to various methanolic plant extracts and their concentrations were compared, Neem leaf extract proved to be the best as it had given the maximum colony reduction (60.5 percent) followed by Ginger extract (57.7 percent), while Parthenium leaf extract proved to be the least effective (25.4 percent) at highest concentration (1000 μg/ml). None of the tested Plant extracts and their concentrations tested has completely checked the mycelial growth. There was an overall trend of reduction in mycellial growth of fungus with an increase in the concentration of homeo-fungicides and methanollic plant extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen okra varieties/Lines (Green water, Hybrid-133 Sanam, Laxmy, PMF-Beauty, Sabzpari, Super Star, Adventa Selection, Okra1548, JK-Tetra-6, Okra-7100, Pusa Sawani, Kirn, Click-5769 and OH-152 were cultivated in experimental area of Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad on April 10,2011to determine their response against powdery mildew of okra under augmented design. No cultivar was found immune. Sabzpari and Hybrid-133 expressed resistant response (2-3%), while Okra-7100, Adventa selection, Okra-1548 and Kirn exhibited moderately resistant (7-9%) while Super star, PMF-Beauty and OH-152 were found moderately susceptible (23-29%) Pusa Swani, JK-Tetra-6, Laxmy and Green water were susceptible (42-47%), while Sanam and Click-5769 were highly susceptible with 76-85% disease incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi has significant impact on reduction of pea yield. Present study was an attempt to find resistant sources in pea varieties/advance lines efficacy of commercially available fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi. For this purpose twelve genotypes were sown at the experimental area of Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during 2012-2013 to be screened against wilt disease under natural conditions. The data regarding disease incidence was recorded three times. Only one variety (Jumbo) was found highly resistant. While the advance lines (26709 and 26711) were found resistant to disease. Two lines (26702 and 26714) were moderately resistant and six lines (18372, 18374, 26710, 26712, 26715 and 26723) showed susceptible response. Moreover Climax was found highly susceptible. After screening, in-vitro study was conducted for isolation and identification of pathogen. Pathogenicity test was confirmed through Koch's postulates. For evaluation of chemicals firstly eight fungicides (Ridomil, Copper Oxychloride, Carbendazim, Nativo, Alliete, Mancozeb, Topsin-M and Difenoconazole) were tested with three concentrations (400, 600 and 800ppm). Among eight, four fungicides (Alliete, Nativo, Topsin-M and Difenoconazole) gave significantly good results as compared to control. These four fungicides were further applied to manage the disease under field conditions. The results revealed that Topsin-M significantly manage the disease where only 31% of wilt incidence was recorded. The systemic mode of infection may be a support to show better performance. Moreover Topsin M. followed by Aliette, Nativo and Difenoconazole respectively. Therefore, Topsin M. may be recommended for controlling wilt disease to pea growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study fifteen varieties of cotton (FH-114, Bt-121, SLH-336, Kirn, SLH Bt-6, Bt-666, CIM-595, FH-113, Bt- MK2, Bt-222, Bt-457, Bt-7, SLH-317 and Bt-986) were cultivated in research area of the Department of Plant Pathology University of Agriculture Faisalabad during 2012 to determine their genetic response against bacterial blight under randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that none of variety showed immune response against disease while FH-114, Bt-121 and SLH-336 showed moderately resistance to bacterial blight with 15, 17 and 20% disease incidence respectively. While Kirn, SLH Bt-6, Bt-666, CIM-595, FH-113 and Bt-MK2 showed moderately susceptible behavior with (29-38%) disease incidence. The varieties SG-1, Bt-222, Bt-457, Bt-7, SLH-317 and Bt-986 showed highly susceptible response with (41-56%) disease incidence against the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]