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A metaheuristic algorithm named the Crystal Structure Algorithm (CrSA), which is inspired by the symmetric arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions in crystalline minerals, has been used for the accurate modeling of Mono Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) WSMD-545 and CS7L-590 MS solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. The suggested algorithm is a concise and parameter-free approach that does not need the identification of any intrinsic parameter during the optimization stage. It is based on crystal structure generation by combining the basis and lattice point. The proposed algorithm is adopted to minimize the sum of the squares of the errors at the maximum power point, as well as the short circuit and open circuit points. Several runs are carried out to examine the V-I characteristics of the PV panels under consideration and the nature of the derived parameters. The parameters generated by the proposed technique offer the lowest error over several executions, indicating that it should be implemented in the present scenario. To validate the performance of the proposed approach, convergence curves of Mono PERC WSMD-545 and CS7L-590 MS PV modules obtained using the CrSA are compared with the convergence curves obtained using the recent optimization algorithms (OAs) in the literature. It has been observed that the proposed approach exhibited the fastest rate of convergence on each of the PV panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Challenge to stabilize the grid frequency increases with the increment of renewable energy resources. System inertia/frequency control is a significant concern for maintaining system stability with a fast response time during the load transition. This manuscript proposes surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a frequency support DC-link controlling loop and a converter protective DC-link voltage-controller frequency support system. To achieve power exchange, the frequency control system (FCS) for the SPMSG-based wind turbine supports the grid-side virtual inertia. The DC-link voltage is disturbed during the load transition to maintain the frequency, while the electrolytic capacitor requires extra care regarding the DC bus voltage. This manuscript incorporates the FCS system with a supercapacitor and dynamic voltage limiter to avoid additional care of the DC bus voltage. A detailed analysis of system frequency with the additional load increment, normal connected load decrement, and various fault scenarios has been done. The proposed system is compared with the existing virtual inertia support (VIS). The simulation results show that the proposed frequency control system-based VIS efficiently limits the frequency deviations & DC-link voltage. The results are verified in the OPAL-RT 4510 real-time simulator environment to ensure the efficacy of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensorless techniques are incorporated to optimize the cost and performance of the Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (SPMSG) in the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) in this manuscript. Strengthen Dual third-Order Generalized Integrator (SDTOGI) with Synchronous Reference Frame-Phase Locked Loop (SRF-PLL) is applied in SPMSG to estimate the speed & position of the measured generator stator current. The proposed technique is applied in low-speed direct-driven 1.5 MW SPMSG. SDTOGI with SRF-PLL technique is compared with conventional techniques to investigate the efficacy of the proposed sensorless technique due to rapid change in the torque of the turbine. The stability of the proposed system is higher, as shown in the Nyquist plot. Further, the obtained simulation result shows that the proposed method estimates position and speed efficiently. The results are verified in the OPAL-RT 4510 real-time simulator environment to ensure the efficacy of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrial power plants, the squirrel cage induction motors consumes around 85% applications. Since, the induction motors are critical components in most of the industries and early detection of rotor broken bar motor fault is a major focus of investigation in the last decade. If broken rotor bar fault occur and not diagnosed in the transient condition then it increases much power consumption and also additional damages in the machinery. Though, diagnosis of broken rotor bars in the transient condition is not efficiently achieved by conventional techniques. Therefore, health monitoring of rotor broken bar fault in the transient condition is a challenging task for researchers. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve above problem and diagnosed broken rotor bar fault in the early stage by advanced MCSA technique. This advanced technique distinguished healthy and among broken rotor bar faulty conditions of the motor efficiently. Therefore, by using this technique, we can save a plant from unexpected shutdown and also saves large revenues for industries.

Globally, Internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles are being replaced by electric vehicles to decrease fossil fuel depletion, pollution, and the effects of global warming. But in electric vehicles, the primary concerns are battery power consumption and battery life, which affects the range of the electric vehicle (EV). In this paper, a hybrid storage system comprising a battery and a supercapacitor is simulated in MATLAB software to enhance the range, duration, and performance of the EV by controlling the charging and discharging of the supercapacitor and battery and control logic is used to integrate a li-ion battery with a supercapacitor based on the state of charging of the battery and supercapacitor. with the use of a hybrid energy storage system, the range and performance of EVs has improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, speed regulation of Brushless DC motor with PI speed controller is investigated and achieved for single speed transmission, which is used to drive the electric vehicle. Speed regulation of the BLDC motor is achieved not only by using the inner current control loop, but also by the outer current control loop by the PI controller through sensing the speed drive cycle. Analysis of the controlling schemes modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment using Simulink shows that the small overshoots occur not only at fully charged battery, but also at 80% and 50% state of charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, induction motor adjustable speed drives are being popular in the industrial applications replacing existing techniques such as Direct Current (DC) motors and Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) bridges. In this paper, the induction motor's stator inter-turn fault has been diagnosed by advanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP) technique. The Wavelet Transform (WT) algorithm is applied for stator winding fault diagnosis purpose in the transitory period. The wavelet transform's approximation signal is chosen for stator inter-turn fault diagnosis purpose for variable load effectively. The obtained results by WT technique demonstrated that the early fault detection is possible and it is prevented before the machine reaches the disastrous conditions. Therefore, millions of dollars may be saved for industries during unexpected shutdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, permanent magnet machines are being popular in the industries due to its higher efficiency compared to conventional electric motors. This paper presents the modeling and simulation of three and five phase permanent magnet synchronous motor machine for healthy as well as open phase fault condition. In this paper, the crucial performance of the system has been analyzed before failure and after failure. The after effect of failures might result in costly damage and lead to another fault, if nothing is planned earlier for this fault protection. This undesirable situation ought to be averted, or at least there may be a fault tolerant function to deal with such failures. Therefore, a control scheme under an open or multiple phase fault has been discussed in this paper for multi-phase PMSM drive with sinusoidal back EMFs. In the three phase system, one phase has been kept open, whereas for five phase system, two phases kept open one by one for analysis purpose. The fault has been created only for some instant of time, after occurring fault, the PI controller compensated phase faults. Finally, it has been observed that the multi-phase machines have higher fault tolerant capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the experimental setup to acquire the stator current of single phase induction motor; and applies FFT technique to detect the fault in motor. The faults created in motor are bearing and rotor fault. Using current sensor, the signal under healthy state and faulty state is acquired from the motor, then using MATLAB signal processing toolbox the spectrum of the corresponding signal is obtained. The spectrum of the signal under fault is compared with the spectrum of the healthy signal and it is expected that the fault will be detected. The spectrum of the motor under healthy state is called the signature of the machine. This is unique for each machine. The central idea is that the signature of any machine under healthy and fault condition will be different. And, this forms the basis of condition monitoring and fault detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the overview about the microgrid and the adaptive protection of the microgrid by using advance relay. Microgrid is a combination of interconnected loads, distributed energy resources (like PV cell, combine heat and power, wind energy, small hydro, etc.), and the storage unit (i.e. battery) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. In adaptive protection scheme, relay changes its settings automatically when microgrid changes its operational state because the level of fault current is different in both working mode. The value of fault current is high in grid connected mode so the relay settings must be high and the fault current value is less in island mode, therefore the relay setting is less compared to the grid connected mode. Microgrid can operate in two modes, i.e. grid connected mode and islanded mode. A microgrid which has three switchboards (each switchboard has a generation unit and load) is designed and adaptive protection is implemented on it in Matlab/Simulink. The source of energy is wind in the entire generation unit and load is resistive of same power. Two fault locations have been taken into account in both the operating modes and the smallest portion of the load has been disconnected during fault time. Results of six cases have been discussed in both the fault locations and the status of microgrid circuit breaker is shown in the event table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws a comparative study of the induction motor stator current using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelet transform. The FFT is one of the most popular and oldest techniques used in signal processing to extract the frequency contents of the signal in the steady state. However, it suffers a drawback that in the process of extracting frequency information; the time information gets partially lost. This drawback is compensated by the wavelet transform. This is a new technique which is gaining popularity in many fields of science and engineering. In this paper, a single phase induction motor stator current signal data has been analyzed using FFT and Wavelet in the latest MATLAB environment. It has been shown that these two transform techniques reveals different aspects of a same stator current signal. Keywords: Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), FFT, Wavelet Transform, Current Sensor, Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC), Induction Motor, Condition Monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]