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We document that firms in competitive industries experience significantly more deterioration in financial reporting quality after a reduction in analyst coverage due to brokerage closures or mergers, as compared to firms in noncompetitive industries. Most of the effects are mainly driven by firms with smaller initial analyst coverage, lower institutional ownership and greater financial constraints. Importantly, we further show that after brokerage exits, managerial slack increases more for firms in noncompetitive than competitive industries. Consistent with the notion that agency manifestation can take different forms, we provide evidence that competition may curtail some agency issues, such as managerial slack, while also exacerbating other agency issues, such as financial misreporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores an epidemic model elucidating the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission amidst vaccination and saturated treatment interventions. The investigation encompasses both deterministic and stochastic frameworks, considering constant and fluctuating environments, utilizing COVID-19 data from India for empirical validation. Through rigorous mathematical and numerical analyses, we ascertain pivotal insights. Our deterministic model unveils a critical phenomenon: the occurrence of backward bifurcation at ℛ0 = 1, underscoring that merely reducing the basic reproduction number below unity does not ensure disease eradication. Sensitivity analyses underscore the acceleration of epidemic spread with higher transmission rates, yet mitigation measures such as vaccination and comprehensive treatment can effectively reduce the basic reproduction number below unity. Within the stochastic framework, we establish the existence of a unique global positive solution. We delineate conditions for disease extinction or persistence and identify criteria for the emergence of stationary distribution, reflecting the sustained presence of infection within the community. Our findings elucidate that while smaller noise intensities sustain disease prevalence, heightened noise levels lead to complete eradication of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sonogashira reaction (SNR) is undeniably the most applicable and efficient scheme in chemical synthesis, which involves the formation of C-C bonds by cross-coupling reaction (CCR) with terminal alkyne and halides of aryl or vinyl system. Typically, Pd serves as a catalyst for this reaction, with Cu serving as a co-catalysts and bases can be phosphine or amine. The applicability of such reactions lies in synthesizing medicines, heterocycles, and imitators in products of nature, biologically active complex compounds, nanomaterials, and other organic compounds. In this research, we could implement the SNR effectively without the need for the chemicals mentioned above reagents by using sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) as a base and catalyst as zinc under microwave irradiation (MWR) in water. The approach bears the potential to be in coherence with the principles of green chemistry and make reactions more atom-friendly. In order to achieve inexpensive and eco-friendly energy conditions, we developed one of the straightforward, concise, convergent protocols for sequential coupling and cyclization from Acetylenic species of quinoline-8-ol synthesized in situ by the CCR under MWR. Furthermore, the reaction used zinc as a catalyst and NaAlO2 as a base in the aqueous phase.