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2. Crowdsourcing biocuration: The Community Assessment of Community Annotation with Ontologies (CACAO).

Author

Ramsey, Jolene, McIntosh, Brenley, Renfro, Daniel, Aleksander, Suzanne A, LaBonte, Sandra, Ross, Curtis, Zweifel, Adrienne E, Liles, Nathan, Farrar, Shabnam, Gill, Jason J, Erill, Ivan, Ades, Sarah, Berardini, Tanya Z, Bennett, Jennifer A, Brady, Siobhan, Britton, Robert, Carbon, Seth, Caruso, Steven M, Clements, Dave, Dalia, Ritu, Defelice, Meredith, Doyle, Erin L, Friedberg, Iddo, Gurney, Susan MR, Hughes, Lee, Johnson, Allison, Kowalski, Jason M, Li, Donghui, Lovering, Ruth C, Mans, Tamara L, McCarthy, Fiona, Moore, Sean D, Murphy, Rebecca, Paustian, Timothy D, Perdue, Sarah, Peterson, Celeste N, Prüß, Birgit M, Saha, Margaret S, Sheehy, Robert R, Tansey, John T, Temple, Louise, Thorman, Alexander William, Trevino, Saul, Vollmer, Amy Cheng, Walbot, Virginia, Willey, Joanne, Siegele, Deborah A, and Hu, James C

Subjects
Networking and Information Technology R&D, Genetics, 1.5 Resources and infrastructure (underpinning), Bioinformatics, Mathematical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Information and Computing Sciences
Abstract

Experimental data about gene functions curated from the primary literature have enormous value for research scientists in understanding biology. Using the Gene Ontology (GO), manual curation by experts has provided an important resource for studying gene function, especially within model organisms. Unprecedented expansion of the scientific literature and validation of the predicted proteins have increased both data value and the challenges of keeping pace. Capturing literature-based functional annotations is limited by the ability of biocurators to handle the massive and rapidly growing scientific literature. Within the community-oriented wiki framework for GO annotation called the Gene Ontology Normal Usage Tracking System (GONUTS), we describe an approach to expand biocuration through crowdsourcing with undergraduates. This multiplies the number of high-quality annotations in international databases, enriches our coverage of the literature on normal gene function, and pushes the field in new directions. From an intercollegiate competition judged by experienced biocurators, Community Assessment of Community Annotation with Ontologies (CACAO), we have contributed nearly 5,000 literature-based annotations. Many of those annotations are to organisms not currently well-represented within GO. Over a 10-year history, our community contributors have spurred changes to the ontology not traditionally covered by professional biocurators. The CACAO principle of relying on community members to participate in and shape the future of biocuration in GO is a powerful and scalable model used to promote the scientific enterprise. It also provides undergraduate students with a unique and enriching introduction to critical reading of primary literature and acquisition of marketable skills.

Published
2021

7. Sequence analysis of Discoknowium, an A5 mycobacteriophage

Author

Carline, Kate B. R., primary, Fleeharty, Megan S., additional, Fang, Lin, additional, Shijo, Mahima, additional, Doherty, Mitchell K., additional, Riddick, Zoe A., additional, Royster, Marcus O., additional, Stukes, Amiyah R., additional, Tchadi, Bilalay V., additional, Thomas, Alana N., additional, Williamson, Kurt E., additional, and Saha, Margaret S., additional

Published
2023
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9. A Broadly Implementable Research Course in Phage Discovery and Genomics for First-Year Undergraduate Students

Author

Jordan, Tuajuanda C, Burnett, Sandra H, Carson, Susan, Caruso, Steven M, Clase, Kari, DeJong, Randall J, Dennehy, John J, Denver, Dee R, Dunbar, David, Elgin, Sarah CR, Findley, Ann M, Gissendanner, Chris R, Golebiewska, Urszula P, Guild, Nancy, Hartzog, Grant A, Grillo, Wendy H, Hollowell, Gail P, Hughes, Lee E, Johnson, Allison, King, Rodney A, Lewis, Lynn O, Li, Wei, Rosenzweig, Frank, Rubin, Michael R, Saha, Margaret S, Sandoz, James, Shaffer, Christopher D, Taylor, Barbara, Temple, Louise, Vazquez, Edwin, Ware, Vassie C, Barker, Lucia P, Bradley, Kevin W, Jacobs-Sera, Deborah, Pope, Welkin H, Russell, Daniel A, Cresawn, Steven G, Lopatto, David, Bailey, Cheryl P, and Hatfull, Graham F

Subjects
Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Quality Education, Adult, Bacteria, Bacteriophages, Female, Genomics, Humans, Male, Microbiology, Students, Young Adult
Abstract

UnlabelledEngaging large numbers of undergraduates in authentic scientific discovery is desirable but difficult to achieve. We have developed a general model in which faculty and teaching assistants from diverse academic institutions are trained to teach a research course for first-year undergraduate students focused on bacteriophage discovery and genomics. The course is situated within a broader scientific context aimed at understanding viral diversity, such that faculty and students are collaborators with established researchers in the field. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) course has been widely implemented and has been taken by over 4,800 students at 73 institutions. We show here that this alliance-sourced model not only substantially advances the field of phage genomics but also stimulates students' interest in science, positively influences academic achievement, and enhances persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Broad application of this model by integrating other research areas with large numbers of early-career undergraduate students has the potential to be transformative in science education and research training.ImportanceEngagement of undergraduate students in scientific research at early stages in their careers presents an opportunity to excite students about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and promote continued interests in these areas. Many excellent course-based undergraduate research experiences have been developed, but scaling these to a broader impact with larger numbers of students is challenging. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance Phage Hunting Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program takes advantage of the huge size and diversity of the bacteriophage population to engage students in discovery of new viruses, genome annotation, and comparative genomics, with strong impacts on bacteriophage research, increased persistence in STEM fields, and student self-identification with learning gains, motivation, attitude, and career aspirations.

Published
2014

21. A compact gamma camera for biological imaging

Author

Bradley, Eric L., Cella, Julie, Majewski, Stan, Popov, Vladimir, Qian, Jianguo, Saha, Margaret S., Smith, Mark F., Weisenberger, Andrew G., and Welsh, Robert E.

Subjects
Diagnostic imaging -- Equipment and supplies, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A compact detector, sized particularly for imaging a mouse, is described. The active area of the detector is approximately 46 mm x 96 mm. Two flat-panel Hamamatsu H8500 position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) are coupled to a pixellated NaI(T1) scintillator which views the animal through a copper-beryllium (CuBe) parallel-hole collimator specially designed for [sup.125] I. Although the PSPMTs have insensitive areas at their edges and there is a physical gap, corrections for scintillation light collection at the junction between the two tubes results in a uniform response across the entire rectangular area of the detector. The system described has been developed to optimize both sensitivity and resolution for in-vivo imaging of small animals injected with iodinated compounds. We demonstrate an in-vivo application of this detector, particularly to SPECT, by imaging mice injected with approximately 10-15 [micro]Ci of [sup.125]I. Index Terms--Biomedical imaging, scintillation detectors, single photon emission computed tomography, small animal imaging.

Published
2006

22. Crowdsourcing biocuration: the Community Assessment of Community Annotation with Ontologies (CACAO)

Author

Ramsey, Jolene, primary, McIntosh, Brenley, additional, Renfro, Daniel, additional, Aleksander, Suzanne A., additional, LaBonte, Sandra, additional, Ross, Curtis, additional, Zweifel, Adrienne E., additional, Liles, Nathan, additional, Farrar, Shabnam, additional, Gill, Jason J., additional, Erill, Ivan, additional, Ades, Sarah, additional, Berardini, Tanya Z., additional, Bennett, Jennifer A., additional, Brady, Siobhan, additional, Britton, Robert, additional, Carbon, Seth, additional, Caruso, Steven M., additional, Clements, Dave, additional, Dalia, Ritu, additional, Defelice, Meredith, additional, Doyle, Erin L., additional, Friedberg, Iddo, additional, Gurney, Susan M.R., additional, Hughes, Lee, additional, Johnson, Allison, additional, Kowalski, Jason M., additional, Li, Donghui, additional, Lovering, Ruth C., additional, Mans, Tamara L., additional, McCarthy, Fiona, additional, Moore, Sean D., additional, Murphy, Rebecca, additional, Paustian, Timothy D., additional, Perdue, Sarah, additional, Peterson, Celeste N., additional, Prüß, Birgit M., additional, Saha, Margaret S., additional, Sheehy, Robert R., additional, Tansey, John T., additional, Temple, Louise, additional, Thorman, Alexander William, additional, Trevino, Saul, additional, Vollmer, Amy Cheng, additional, Walbot, Virginia, additional, Willey, Joanne, additional, Siegele, Deborah A., additional, and Hu, James C., additional

Published
2021
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26. Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

Author

Ablondi, Eileen F., Paudel, Sudip, Sehdev, Morgan, Marken, John P., Halleran, Andrew D., Rahman, Atiqur, Kemper, Peter, and Saha, Margaret S.

Abstract

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological processes. In particular, appropriate regulation of calcium activity patterns during embryogenesis is necessary for many aspects of vertebrate neural development, including proper neural tube closure, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter phenotype specification. While the observation that calcium activity patterns can differ in both frequency and amplitude suggests a compelling mechanism by which these fluxes might transmit encoded signals to downstream effectors and regulate gene expression, existing population-level approaches have lacked the precision necessary to further explore this possibility. Furthermore, these approaches limit studies of the role of cell-cell interactions by precluding the ability to assay the state of neuronal determination in the absence of cell-cell contact. Therefore, we have established an experimental workflow that pairs time-lapse calcium imaging of dissociated neuronal explants with a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, allowing the unambiguous correlation of calcium activity pattern with molecular phenotype on a single-cell level. We were successfully able to use this approach to distinguish and characterize specific calcium activity patterns associated with differentiating neural cells and neural progenitor cells, respectively; beyond this, however, the experimental framework described in this article could be readily adapted to investigate correlations between any time-series activity profile and expression of a gene or genes of interest.

Published
2020

29. Dorsal-ventral patterning during neural induction in Xenopus: assessment of spinal cord regionalization with xHB9, a marker for the motor neuron region

Author

Saha, Margaret S., Miles, Rebecca R., and Grainger, Robert M.

Subjects
Xenopus -- Physiological aspects, Spinal cord -- Research, Motor neurons -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

While the role of the notochord and floor plate in patterning the dorsal-ventral (D/V) axis of the neural tube is clearly established, relatively little is known about the earliest stages of D/V regionalization. In an effort to examine more closely the initial, preneural plate stages of regionalization along the prospective D/V neural axis, we have performed a series of explant experiments employing xHB9, a novel marker of the motor neuron region in Xenopus. Using tissue recombinants and Keller explants we show that direct mesodermal contact is both necessary and sufficient for the initial induction of xHB9 in the motor neuron region. We also show that presumptive neural plate explants removed as early as midgastrulation and cultured in isolation are already specified to express xHB9 but do so in an inappropriate spatial pattern while identical explants are specified to express the floor plate marker vhh.1 with correct spatial patterning. Our data suggest that, in addition to floor plate signaling, continued interactions with the underlying mesoderm through neural tube stages are essential for proper spatial patterning of the motor neuron region.

Published
1997

32. Trpm4 ion channels in pre-Bötzinger complex interneurons are essential for breathing motor pattern but not rhythm

Author

Picardo, Maria Cristina D., primary, Sugimura, Yae K., additional, Dorst, Kaitlyn E., additional, Kallurkar, Prajkta S., additional, Akins, Victoria T., additional, Ma, Xingru, additional, Teruyama, Ryoichi, additional, Guinamard, Romain, additional, Kam, Kaiwen, additional, Saha, Margaret S., additional, and Del Negro, Christopher A., additional

Published
2019
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38. Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Author

McDonough, Molly J., Allen, Chelsea E., Ng-Sui-Hing, Ng-Kwet-Leok A., Rabe, Brian A., Lewis, Brittany B., and Saha, Margaret S.

Subjects
Xenopus laevis, Dissection, Cytological Techniques, Animals, sense organs, Retina, Developmental Biology
Abstract

The process by which the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina continues to be a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In addition to the obvious medical relevance for understanding and treating retinal disease, the development of the vertebrate retina continues to serve as an important and elegant model system for understanding neuronal cell type determination and differentiation(1-16). The neural retina consists of six discrete cell types (ganglion, amacrine, horizontal, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and Müller glial cells) arranged in stereotypical layers, a pattern that is largely conserved among all vertebrates (12,14-18). While studying the retina in the intact developing embryo is clearly required for understanding how this complex organ develops from a protrusion of the forebrain into a layered structure, there are many questions that benefit from employing approaches using primary cell culture of presumptive retinal cells (7,19-23). For example, analyzing cells from tissues removed and dissociated at different stages allows one to discern the state of specification of individual cells at different developmental stages, that is, the fate of the cells in the absence of interactions with neighboring tissues (8,19-22,24-33). Primary cell culture also allows the investigator to treat the culture with specific reagents and analyze the results on a single cell level (5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39). Xenopus laevis, a classic model system for the study of early neural development (19,27,29,31-32,40-42), serves as a particularly suitable system for retinal primary cell culture (10,38,43-45). Presumptive retinal tissue is accessible from the earliest stages of development, immediately following neural induction (25,38,43). In addition, given that each cell in the embryo contains a supply of yolk, retinal cells can be cultured in a very simple defined media consisting of a buffered salt solution, thus removing the confounding effects of incubation or other sera-based products (10,24,44-45). However, the isolation of the retinal tissue from surrounding tissues and the subsequent processing is challenging. Here, we present a method for the dissection and dissociation of retinal cells in Xenopus laevis that will be used to prepare primary cell cultures that will, in turn, be analyzed for calcium activity and gene expression at the resolution of single cells. While the topic presented in this paper is the analysis of spontaneous calcium transients, the technique is broadly applicable to a wide array of research questions and approaches (Figure 1).

Published
2012

40. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates inspiratory burst activity in the neonatal mouse preBötzinger complex

Author

Crowder, Erin A, Saha, Margaret S, Pace, Ryland W, Zhang, Honglu, Prestwich, Glenn D, and Del Negro, Christopher A

Subjects
Motor Neurons, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate, Hypoglossal Nerve, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Action Potentials, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases, Kidney, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Electrophysiology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Animals, Newborn, Inhalation, Animals, RNA, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Related Papers
Abstract

Neurons of the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) form local excitatory networks and synchronously discharge bursts of action potentials during the inspiratory phase of respiratory network activity. Synaptic input periodically evokes a Ca(2+)-activated non-specific cation current (I(CAN)) postsynaptically to generate 10-30 mV transient depolarizations, dubbed inspiratory drive potentials, which underlie inspiratory bursts. The molecular identity of I(CAN) and its regulation by intracellular signalling mechanisms during inspiratory drive potential generation remains unknown. Here we show that mRNAs coding for two members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels, namely TRPM4 and TRPM5, are expressed within the preBötC region of neonatal mice. Hypothesizing that the phosphoinositides maintaining TRPM4 and TRPM5 channel sensitivity to Ca(2+) may similarly influence I(CAN) and thus regulate inspiratory drive potentials, we manipulated intracellular phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) and measured its effect on preBötC neurons in the context of ongoing respiratory-related rhythms in slice preparations. Consistent with the involvement of TRPM4 and TRPM5, excess PIP(2) augmented the inspiratory drive potential and diminution of PIP(2) reduced it; sensitivity to flufenamic acid (FFA) suggested that these effects of PIP(2) were I(CAN) mediated. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)), the product of PIP(2) hydrolysis, ordinarily causes IP(3) receptor-mediated I(CAN) activation. Simultaneously increasing PIP(2) while blocking IP(3) receptors intracellularly counteracted the reduction in the inspiratory drive potential that normally resulted from IP(3) receptor blockade. We propose that PIP(2) protects I(CAN) from rundown by interacting directly with underlying ion channels and preventing desensitization, which may enhance the robustness of respiratory rhythm.

Published
2007

43. In Vivo Molecular Imaging of Mammary Tumorigenesis in Murine Model Systems

Author

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY WILLIAMSBURG VA, Saha, Margaret S., COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY WILLIAMSBURG VA, and Saha, Margaret S.

Abstract

The development of accurate diagnostic tools and effective breast cancer treatments requires the ability to detect the presence of pre-cancerous, cancerous, and metastatic tissue and to identify the particular subtype or class of tumor. It is equally imperative to develop the capability of performing a "molecular diagnosis" non-invasively, employing in vivo imaging technologies in order to follow the tumor progression over time. This project entails an interdisciplinary approach which employs a gamma-ray-camera detector system to follow, during tumorigenesis, the uptake of Nal through the Na+/I- symporter, and the binding characteristics and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and estradiol in mouse models of breast cancer. Using the MMTV model for mammary tumor development, we have found that I-125 labeled sodium iodide provides a valuable tag for imaging mammary tumors at several different stages of their development. Moreover, it is also able to provide an image of the heterogeneity among tumors and within a given tumor, making it potentially useful as a strategy for non-invasively imaging and classifying mammary tumors for purposes of prognosis.

Published
2007

45. In Vivo Molecular Imaging of Mammary Tumorigenesis in Murine Model Systems

Author

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY WILLIAMSBURG VA, Saha, Margaret S., COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY WILLIAMSBURG VA, and Saha, Margaret S.

Abstract

The development of accurate diagnostic tools and effective breast cancer treatments requires the ability to detect the presence of pre-cancerous, cancerous, and metastatic tissue and to identify the particular subtype or class of tumor. It is equally imperative to develop the capability of performing a molecular diagnosis non-invasively, employing in vivo imaging technologies in order to follow the tumor progression over time. This project entails an interdisciplinary approach which employs a gamma-ray-camera detector system to follow, during tumorigenesis, the uptake of NaI through the Na+/I- symporter, and the binding characteristics and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and estradiol in mouse models of breast cancer. Using the MMTV model for mammary tumor development, we have found that I- 125 labeled sodium iodide provides a valuable tag for imaging mammary tumors at several different stages of their development. Moreover, it is also able to provide an image of the heterogeneity among tumors and within a given tumor, making it potentially useful as a strategy for non-invasively imaging and classifying mammary tumors for purposes of prognosis., The original document contains color images.

Published
2006

47. Cluster K Mycobacteriophages: Insights into the Evolutionary Origins of Mycobacteriophage TM4

Author

Pope, Welkin H., primary, Ferreira, Christina M., additional, Jacobs-Sera, Deborah, additional, Benjamin, Robert C., additional, Davis, Ariangela J., additional, DeJong, Randall J., additional, Elgin, Sarah C. R., additional, Guilfoile, Forrest R., additional, Forsyth, Mark H., additional, Harris, Alexander D., additional, Harvey, Samuel E., additional, Hughes, Lee E., additional, Hynes, Peter M., additional, Jackson, Arrykka S., additional, Jalal, Marilyn D., additional, MacMurray, Elizabeth A., additional, Manley, Coreen M., additional, McDonough, Molly J., additional, Mosier, Jordan L., additional, Osterbann, Larissa J., additional, Rabinowitz, Hannah S., additional, Rhyan, Corwin N., additional, Russell, Daniel A., additional, Saha, Margaret S., additional, Shaffer, Christopher D., additional, Simon, Stephanie E., additional, Sims, Erika F., additional, Tovar, Isabel G., additional, Weisser, Emilie G., additional, Wertz, John T., additional, Weston-Hafer, Kathleen A., additional, Williamson, Kurt E., additional, Zhang, Bo, additional, Cresawn, Steven G., additional, Jain, Paras, additional, Piuri, Mariana, additional, Jacobs, William R., additional, Hendrix, Roger W., additional, and Hatfull, Graham F., additional

Published
2011
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49. Expanding the Diversity of Mycobacteriophages: Insights into Genome Architecture and Evolution

Author

Pope, Welkin H., primary, Jacobs-Sera, Deborah, additional, Russell, Daniel A., additional, Peebles, Craig L., additional, Al-Atrache, Zein, additional, Alcoser, Turi A., additional, Alexander, Lisa M., additional, Alfano, Matthew B., additional, Alford, Samantha T., additional, Amy, Nichols E., additional, Anderson, Marie D., additional, Anderson, Alexander G., additional, Ang, Andrew A. S., additional, Ares, Manuel, additional, Barber, Amanda J., additional, Barker, Lucia P., additional, Barrett, Jonathan M., additional, Barshop, William D., additional, Bauerle, Cynthia M., additional, Bayles, Ian M., additional, Belfield, Katherine L., additional, Best, Aaron A., additional, Borjon, Agustin, additional, Bowman, Charles A., additional, Boyer, Christine A., additional, Bradley, Kevin W., additional, Bradley, Victoria A., additional, Broadway, Lauren N., additional, Budwal, Keshav, additional, Busby, Kayla N., additional, Campbell, Ian W., additional, Campbell, Anne M., additional, Carey, Alyssa, additional, Caruso, Steven M., additional, Chew, Rebekah D., additional, Cockburn, Chelsea L., additional, Cohen, Lianne B., additional, Corajod, Jeffrey M., additional, Cresawn, Steven G., additional, Davis, Kimberly R., additional, Deng, Lisa, additional, Denver, Dee R., additional, Dixon, Breyon R., additional, Ekram, Sahrish, additional, Elgin, Sarah C. R., additional, Engelsen, Angela E., additional, English, Belle E. V., additional, Erb, Marcella L., additional, Estrada, Crystal, additional, Filliger, Laura Z., additional, Findley, Ann M., additional, Forbes, Lauren, additional, Forsyth, Mark H., additional, Fox, Tyler M., additional, Fritz, Melissa J., additional, Garcia, Roberto, additional, George, Zindzi D., additional, Georges, Anne E., additional, Gissendanner, Christopher R., additional, Goff, Shannon, additional, Goldstein, Rebecca, additional, Gordon, Kobie C., additional, Green, Russell D., additional, Guerra, Stephanie L., additional, Guiney-Olsen, Krysta R., additional, Guiza, Bridget G., additional, Haghighat, Leila, additional, Hagopian, Garrett V., additional, Harmon, Catherine J., additional, Harmson, Jeremy S., additional, Hartzog, Grant A., additional, Harvey, Samuel E., additional, He, Siping, additional, He, Kevin J., additional, Healy, Kaitlin E., additional, Higinbotham, Ellen R., additional, Hildebrandt, Erin N., additional, Ho, Jason H., additional, Hogan, Gina M., additional, Hohenstein, Victoria G., additional, Holz, Nathan A., additional, Huang, Vincent J., additional, Hufford, Ericka L., additional, Hynes, Peter M., additional, Jackson, Arrykka S., additional, Jansen, Erica C., additional, Jarvik, Jonathan, additional, Jasinto, Paul G., additional, Jordan, Tuajuanda C., additional, Kasza, Tomas, additional, Katelyn, Murray A., additional, Kelsey, Jessica S., additional, Kerrigan, Larisa A., additional, Khaw, Daryl, additional, Kim, Junghee, additional, Knutter, Justin Z., additional, Ko, Ching-Chung, additional, Larkin, Gail V., additional, Laroche, Jennifer R., additional, Latif, Asma, additional, Leuba, Kohana D., additional, Leuba, Sequoia I., additional, Lewis, Lynn O., additional, Loesser-Casey, Kathryn E., additional, Long, Courtney A., additional, Lopez, A. Javier, additional, Lowery, Nicholas, additional, Lu, Tina Q., additional, Mac, Victor, additional, Masters, Isaac R., additional, McCloud, Jazmyn J., additional, McDonough, Molly J., additional, Medenbach, Andrew J., additional, Menon, Anjali, additional, Miller, Rachel, additional, Morgan, Brandon K., additional, Ng, Patrick C., additional, Nguyen, Elvis, additional, Nguyen, Katrina T., additional, Nguyen, Emilie T., additional, Nicholson, Kaylee M., additional, Parnell, Lindsay A., additional, Peirce, Caitlin E., additional, Perz, Allison M., additional, Peterson, Luke J., additional, Pferdehirt, Rachel E., additional, Philip, Seegren V., additional, Pogliano, Kit, additional, Pogliano, Joe, additional, Polley, Tamsen, additional, Puopolo, Erica J., additional, Rabinowitz, Hannah S., additional, Resiss, Michael J., additional, Rhyan, Corwin N., additional, Robinson, Yetta M., additional, Rodriguez, Lauren L., additional, Rose, Andrew C., additional, Rubin, Jeffrey D., additional, Ruby, Jessica A., additional, Saha, Margaret S., additional, Sandoz, James W., additional, Savitskaya, Judith, additional, Schipper, Dale J., additional, Schnitzler, Christine E., additional, Schott, Amanda R., additional, Segal, J. Bradley, additional, Shaffer, Christopher D., additional, Sheldon, Kathryn E., additional, Shepard, Erica M., additional, Shepardson, Jonathan W., additional, Shroff, Madav K., additional, Simmons, Jessica M., additional, Simms, Erika F., additional, Simpson, Brandy M., additional, Sinclair, Kathryn M., additional, Sjoholm, Robert L., additional, Slette, Ingrid J., additional, Spaulding, Blaire C., additional, Straub, Clark L., additional, Stukey, Joseph, additional, Sughrue, Trevor, additional, Tang, Tin-Yun, additional, Tatyana, Lyons M., additional, Taylor, Stephen B., additional, Taylor, Barbara J., additional, Temple, Louise M., additional, Thompson, Jasper V., additional, Tokarz, Michael P., additional, Trapani, Stephanie E., additional, Troum, Alexander P., additional, Tsay, Jonathan, additional, Tubbs, Anthony T., additional, Walton, Jillian M., additional, Wang, Danielle H., additional, Wang, Hannah, additional, Warner, John R., additional, Weisser, Emilie G., additional, Wendler, Samantha C., additional, Weston-Hafer, Kathleen A., additional, Whelan, Hilary M., additional, Williamson, Kurt E., additional, Willis, Angelica N., additional, Wirtshafter, Hannah S., additional, Wong, Theresa W., additional, Wu, Phillip, additional, Yang, Yun jeong, additional, Yee, Brandon C., additional, Zaidins, David A., additional, Zhang, Bo, additional, Zúniga, Melina Y., additional, Hendrix, Roger W., additional, and Hatfull, Graham F., additional

Published
2011
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