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Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment technique that enables the seed to emerge fast, raise vigor, and increase yield potential. Field research was done to evaluate the efficacy of seed priming on germination and seedling growth of okra in Nawalpur, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized completely blocked design (RCBD) from May to June 2020. Open-pollinated variety Arka anamika with four treatments (T1; priming with tap water for 24 hours, T2: priming with hot water at 500c for 5 minutes, T3: priming with cow’s urine at 2% concentration for 3 hours, and T4: priming with NaCl at 3% concentration for 12 hours) was evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design that included five replications for each treatment. The germination study was done for 10 days after sowing whereas the seedling growth parameter was done after germination up to 15 DAS. The result of the study showed that the highest germination percentage (72%), seed vigor (1451.00 cm), and plant height (9.19 cm) was observed in seed primed with hot water. Similarly, the lowest mean germination time MGT (1.66 days) and highest shoot length (10.68 cm) were observed in seeds primed with NaCl. Overall, seed priming with hot water and NaCl were found effective to ameliorate germination and seedling growth in okra under field conditions in Nawalpur.

This research was conducted to evaluate the five selected commercial formulation of insecticides against newly introduced Fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda in the farmer's field at Belaka Municipality of Udayapur district, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in Randomized completely blocked design (RCBD) from 23rd Feb 2021. The prepared field was divided into six treatments and four replications (Imidacloprid 70 % WDG@0.3ml/ltr water, Spinetoram 11.7% SC@0.3ml/ltr water, Chlorantraniliprol 18.5% W/W@0.4ml/ltr water, Emamectin Benzoate 5% WDG@0.4ml/ltr, Azadirachtin 0.03% EC @5ml/ltr and control). Total three spray of the insecticides were done at the interval of 7 days after the initial damage symptoms starts to appear. The field experiment showed that all the insecticides were significantly effective in reducing the number of live larvae per plant after 3rd spray whereas fast and foremost reduction in live larvae was seen in the plot sprayed with spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole. There was 89% reduction of live larvae after 1st spray in the plot sprayed with spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole followed by emamectin benzoate, 66%. Similarly, no damage symptoms were seen in the plot sprayed with spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole after 3rd spray. The highest grain yield per plot was also gained from chlorantraniliprole (8.8 ton/ha) and spinetoram (8.5 ton/ha).

Introduction: Decompressive Hemicraniectomy (DHC) is a standard surgical management of malignant MCA (MMCA) infarction. This study was conducted to review the outcome of surgery and to find out factors associated with favorable outcomes at a tertiary level neurosurgery referral centre. Methods and Materials: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of three years from 2017 to 2019. Patient charts were reviewed for variable like age, sex, timing of surgery, GCS at presentation, length of ventilation, length of ICU admission and length of hospital stay. Primary outcome measure was GOSE: favorable (=5). SPSS version 23 was used for analysis. Results: A total of 28 patients underwent DHC out of which 21 patients were available for analysis. Mean age of patients was 58.62 years. Mean GCS on arrival was 11.86. Mean interval duration between event and surgery was 51.88 hours. Mean duration of ventilation was 4.43 days. Mean length of ICU stay was 5.95 days. Mean hospital stay was 22.33 days. Mean GOSE was 2. Mean age was significantly lower in patients with favorable GOSE. Early surgery had better mean GOSE which was not significant statistically. Conclusion: Patients with age less than 50 years have favorable GOSE despite MMCA infarction if decompressive hemicraniectomy is performed to accommodate brain swelling. Early surgery at presentation rather than waiting for deterioration might improve the outcome.

Introduction: Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is common following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, its impact on neurological outcome, especially in head trauma, has not been yet elucidated. Controversy exists about the true relationship between TBI, SAH and Traumatic Vasospasm. Hence, this study aims to determine the association of vasospasm in TBI with SAH. Methods: This is Observational cross-sectional study with 124 head injury patients. 31 patients were excluded. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) was conducted on daily bases in all patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Vasospasm in the MCA and ACA was defined by a mean Flow velocity (FV) exceeding 120 cm/s and three times the mean FV of the ipsilateral ICA. Results: Among 93 included patients, 72 (77%) were male and 21 (23%) were female. Mean age was (35+10) years. Mean GCS score was (11+4.1). 61 (66%) patients suffered with severe head injury. Vasospasm was detected in 45 % (42) of the total patients. Vasospasm was severe among 4.3% (4 patients), and moderate among 65.6% (61 patients). Association was found between severity of trauma and the severity of vasospasm in MCA (r= 0.41 and 0.38, p value< 0.005) and in ACA (r =0.25, p value < 0.005). The presence of SAH is highly correlated with an amplified incidence of vasospasm. The patients who developed vasospasm, 55% (23) had SAH whereas 45% (19) didn’t have SAH, the corresponding p value is 0.04 which is significant. Conclusion: The high incidence of vasospasm is associated with SAH in severe TBI patients. Further studies are recommended to determine predictors of vasospasm in TBI patients with SAH.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a leading vegetable crop with good market potentiality in Nepal. The knowledge of commodity flow and actors play a pivotal role to identify the gaps for improving competitiveness. A study was carried out to assess the contemporary status of the value chain for tomatoes in Lalitpur, Nepal in 2020. A total of 60 households were sampled from two rural municipalities, viz. Konjyosom and Bagmati and a municipality: the Godavari, were selected by using proportionate stratified random sampling technique; they were interviewed with a pre-tested, semi-structured interview schedule. 10 traders (wholesalers, retailers) were selected to study the marketing aspect. Secondary data was collected from peer-reviewed journals, websites, organization publications, AKC, and PMAMP profiles. Tomato producers, traders, and extension agents were the source for primary data

Background: Presumptive diagnosis based solely on the clinical picture and imaging is not sufficient to provide appropriate treatment with certainty and hence histopathological confirmation of intracranial space occupying lesion (ICSOL) is essential. Needle biopsy via stereotactic frame-based or frameless neuronavigation technique is efficient procedure. The objective of this study is to compare their accuracy and efficacy and safety. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study conducted among 101 biopsies of ICSOL. Patients data were retrieved from medical record. Data were analyzed in SPSS ver. 20. P value of

Transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy is the gold standard method of treatment of pituitaryadenomas. Post-operative diabetes insipid sis one of the common complication of this procedure. In this study we have analyzed pre-operative factors that may be associated with onset of diabetes insipid us following this procedure. A retrospective study of five years was conducted in a tertiary neurosurgical center. Histologically proven cases of pituitary adenomas who underwent transsphenoidalpituitary adenectomy were included in the study. Age and sex of the patients along with size and functional type of tumor were analyzed to see if they predicted the occurrence of diabetesinsipidus post-operatively. Out of 49 cases who underwent transsphenoidalpituitary surgery, 46 cases were proven to be pituitary adenomas histologically. There was male preponderance with male to female ratio of2:1. Age ranged from 15 to 72 with median age of 37 years. Nonfunctional, prolactinomas and growth hormone secreting tumors, were 25, 16and 4 in number. Median size of the tumor was2.35 in largest diameter. Out of these patients13 (28%) patients developed diabetes insipid us. Age, sex of the patient, size of the tumor and functional type of the tumor did not predict the incidence. Age, sex of the patient, size of the tumor and functional type of the tumor do not predict the incidence of diabetes insipid us post-operatively in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitaryadenectomy.

Smith Giri, Maniraj Neupane, Sushil Pant, Utsav Timalsina, Sagar Koirala, Santosh Timalsina, Sashi Sharma Department of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal Purpose: The present study was undertaken to determine the impact of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on the quality of life of affected individuals in Nepal. Patients and methods: A cross sectional study was done among 70 individuals attending the Anti-Retroviral Therapy clinic of the University Hospital in Nepal. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated using World Health Organization Quality of life questionnaire (WHO QOL-BREF) instrument. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 17.0. Results: The median scores with interquartile range (IQR) in four domains of QOL in descending order were physical (61; IQR 22), social (58; IQR 33), environmental (56; IQR 13), and psychological (54; IQR 8). Older age was associated with lower perceived overall QOL. Females were more likely to have lower QOL scores in the social and psychological domains. Higher CD4 counts and a married status were significant predictors of higher QOL scores in the environmental domain. Conclusion: Being older, female, single, and having advanced clinical stage is associated with lower QOL scores in people living with AIDS. Lowest QOL scores were seen in the psychological domain suggesting the need of psychological interventions. Keywords: quality of life, AIDS, Nepal, WHO QOL-BREF

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v5i2.5080NJOG 2010 Nov-Dec; 5(2): 48-49