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Surveillance systems are essential for social and personal security. However, monitoring multiple video feeds with multiple targets is challenging for human operators. Therefore, automatic and smart surveillance systems have been introduced to support or replace traditional surveillance systems and build safer communities. Advancements in artificial intelligence techniques, particularly in the field of computer vision, have boosted this area of research. Most existing works have focused on image‐based (RGB‐based) machine learning and deep learning algorithms for detecting anomalous and violent events. In this study, we propose a unique Ensemble Spatial–Temporal Skeleton‐Based Graph Convolutional Networks (ESTS‐GCNs) model for violence detection that automatically uses spatial and temporal data to detect violence in surveillance videos. Skeleton‐based algorithms are less sensitive to pixel‐based noise and background interference, making them excellent candidates for activity and anomaly detection. Our proposed ensemble‐based architecture utilizes Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) and comprises multiple spatial and temporal modules. Three different spatial pipelines are exploited: channel‐wise topologies, self‐attention mechanism, and graph attention networks. The models were trained and evaluated using two skeleton‐based datasets introduced by us: Skeleton‐based Real‐Life Violence Situations (RLVS) and NTU‐Violence (NTU‐V). Our model achieved a maximum accuracy of around 93% and outperformed existing models by more than 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo estimate the long-term impact of Safe Streets Baltimore, which is based on the Cure Violence outreach and violence interruption model, on firearm violence.MethodsWe used synthetic control methods to estimate programme effects on homicides and incidents of non-fatal penetrating firearm injury (non-fatal shootings) in neighbourhoods that had Safe Streets' sites and model-generated counterfactuals. Synthetic control analyses were conducted for each firearm violence outcome in each of the seven areas where Safe Streets was implemented. The study also investigated variation in programme impact over time by generating effect estimates of varying durations for the longest-running programme sites.ResultsSynthetic control models reduced prediction error relative to regression analyses. Estimates of Safe Streets' effects on firearm violence varied across intervention sites: some positive, some negative and no effect. Beneficial programme effects on firearm violence reported in prior research were found to have attenuated over time.ConclusionsFor highly targeted interventions, synthetic control methods may provide more valid estimates of programme impact than panel regression with data from all city neighbourhoods. This research offers new understanding about the effectiveness of the Cure Violence intervention over extended periods of time in seven neighbourhoods. Combined with existing Cure Violence evaluation literature, it also raises questions about contextual and implementation factors that might influence programme outcomes.

Safe housing is necessary for women who have left a domestically violent relationship. However, there has been limited attention paid to the meanings of safety beyond refuges and crisis accommodation. This article strengthens the conceptualisation of safe and unsafe housing through a focus on practitioners’ definitions. Our analysis draws from focus groups with 30 practitioners across six services in Adelaide, Australia, working with young women to find and retain housing after a violent relationship ended. Practitioners understood safe housing as essential to women’s wellbeing but there was less clarity around its meaning. Practitioners focused on unsafe housing across three dimensions: un/safe relationships, un/safe dwellings and un/safe communities.IMPLICATIONSThe provision of safe housing to women who have experienced domestic and family violence requires a recognition of its multiple dimensions beyond physical safety.Practitioners’ difficulty in defining safe housing may minimise their capacity to recognise housing as a “recuperative space” that facilitates women’s autonomy after leaving a violent partner.Successfully providing safe housing is a process that incorporates elements of being safe and unsafe.The provision of safe housing to women who have experienced domestic and family violence requires a recognition of its multiple dimensions beyond physical safety.Practitioners’ difficulty in defining safe housing may minimise their capacity to recognise housing as a “recuperative space” that facilitates women’s autonomy after leaving a violent partner.Successfully providing safe housing is a process that incorporates elements of being safe and unsafe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the first attempt at evaluating the ability of the CureViolence Hospital-Response Intervention Program (previously CeaseFire) to disrupt the pattern of violent reinjury. The clinical data points of 300 African American men who presented to our trauma center with a gunshot wound and received intervention at the bedside between 2005 and 2007 (with a 48-month follow-up) were collected. This cohort was matched with a post hoc historical control group using hospital records from 2003 to 2005. The mean age for both groups was 23.9 years. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained. Using a binary logistical regression model, we assessed the performance of three variables of interest: age at the time of the initial injury, treatment group, and initial disposition group to predict recidivism. We utilized the Nagelkerke R square method, which described the proportion of the variance of the reinjury rate and validated our findings using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test (for goodness-of-fit). Six percent (n = 18) of subjects in the treatment group and 11% (n = 33) in the control group returned with a new injury, yielding a total reinjury rate of 8.5%. Most patients returned only once with another violent injury. Individuals who did not receive CureViolence services were nearly twice as likely (odds ratio = 1.94; 95% confidence interval = 1.065, 3.522) to return with a violent reinjury. This finding suggests that Hospital-Response Intervention Programs (HRIP) have a protective effect in violently injured patients. We therefore conclude our HRIP positively affected at-risk patients and prevented violent reinjury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disasters can happen anytime, anywhere and can affect anyone. Geographically, Indonesia is located at the confluence of three plates world tectonics, namely the Australasia plate, the Pacific plate, the Eurasian plate and Philippines. This causes Indonesia to be geologically vulnerable and is one of the parts of the world that has a complex seismonic system with a fairly high frequency of earthquakes. The potential for earthquakes, both on land and at sea, is very high. Earthquakes with a magnitude of 6-9 Ms are common. The potential for physical and economic damage and losses due to disasters, the highest is for the threat of an earthquake. In general, the main factor is the number of fatalities, damage, and losses incurred arising from the disaster is the lack of understanding and awareness of the community towards disaster risk in the region. This results in awareness vigilance, and preparedness in dealing with disasters are still very not enough. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of community preparedness in dealing with the tsunami. Methods: Descriptive research design used was survey method. The research population was 980 households in Kunjir and Waymuli villages, with 284 samples were taken by cluster random sampling. The instrument was based on LIPI-NESCO/ISDR 2006. Data were processed with SPPS 20 to obtain a frequency distribution Preparedness level community. Results: The results showed that the level of community preparedness from the aspect of knowledge and attitudes, early warning system, and resource mobilization were mostly in the good category, while the planning aspect in dealing with disasters was mostly in the sufficient level. It is concluded that the level of community preparedness is good. Conclusion: The level of community preparedness is in the good category. The research recommendation is that the community should get assistance in planning for the tsunami disaster to reduce the number of victims in the event of another tsunami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Armed conflicts are likely to have implications for the welfare and safety of children, potentially leading to increased rates of unintentional childhood injuries., Methods: We examine data from Israel concerning the relationship between emergencies and childhood mortality due to unintentional injuries using the media-based database of Beterem Safe Kids Israel to analyse seven events: 2008 Gaza War, 2014 Gaza War, first COVID-19 Lockdown, second COVID-19 Lockdown (September 2020), third COVID-19 Lockdown (December 2020), 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis and 2023 Israel-Gaza War. These events are categorised into Emergency Periods (EPs) and Emergency Routine Periods (periods during which an emergency extends and normalises into a stable routine; ERPs). For each EP we selected a comparable Routine Period (RP)., Results: Unintentional childhood mortality rates are lower during EPs, compared with RPs. Conversely, there is an increase in unintentional mortality rates during ERPs. EPs and ERPs occurring during armed conflicts exhibit higher unintentional mortality rates compared with health-related EPs and ERPs. Furthermore, military-related ERPs show higher unintentional mortality rates compared with the corresponding RPs. Unintentional mortality rates are notably higher among Arab children compared with Jewish children, particularly during ERPs. Unintentional childhood mortality also differs as a function of socioeconomic ranking, with widening gaps between municipalities of low socioeconomic ranking and municipalities of medium to high socioeconomic ranking, during EPs and ERPs., Conclusions: We hypothesise that parents' emotional availability declines during EPs and ERPs associated with military conflicts, coinciding with socioeconomic aspects, impacting families' well-being and children's safety., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Healthy city and safe community programs are the most common initiatives gaining increasing appeal in various communities to improve safety and health, independently. The aim of this study was to develop a joint application model of safe community and healthy city. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on healthy city and safe community programs using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct and also related websites such as WHO regional offices in 201 8. The preliminary list of joint model dimensions and topics were extracted and then assessed by the expert through two rounds of decision Delphi and four expert panel sessions. Eventually, the visual model was developed and approved by the experts. Results: Literature review resulted in the identification of 1 1 programs on safety and health promotion in the community of which 35 topics were extracted. After investigating the topics accordance, they were judged (correction, merging or eliminating) by experts through Delphi rounds and panel sessions. Eventually a joint model comprising 1 4 dimensions, 3 core principles and 4 values called "Safe and Health Promoting Community, SHPC_ model" was developed. Conclusions: SHPC model provides a parallel and comprehensive view on safety and health topics in a community. The implementation of an integrated model could be one possible way to enhance the commitments on behalf of state and local government, and health system leaders to prioritize injuries and non-communicable disease prevention to address promotion, prevention, treatment and social conseauences of mutual community-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older children are at an increased risk of injury due to less commonly being in an appropriate child safety seat (CSS). Proper installation and consistent use of CSSs can significantly reduce child and infant automobile injuries. While research exists around parent behaviours concerning CSS use (or lack), little research takes place at the county level to identify normative beliefs as they contribute to risk factors., Methods: Through a mixed-methods approach, this evaluation retrospectively determines the Salt Lake County Health Department's impact on CSS usage, as well as identify normative parent behaviours that impact CSS usage., Results: Results indicated that parents' level of education and being in the car with family/friends was significantly associated with overall CSS usage., Discussion: More research is needed to specify parent normative beliefs around CSS use (or lack)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Vision Zero is a strategy to eliminate traffic fatalities and to promote equitable mobility options for all road users. Using a nationally representative survey, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of Vision Zero action plans or strategies in the USA., Methods: Municipal officials were surveyed in 2021. In this cross-sectional study, we calculated the prevalence of Vision Zero plans or strategies and compared municipalities with adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) to account for region and sociodemographic characteristics., Results: Among 1955 municipalities participating in the survey (question-specific response rate: 44.3%), the prevalence of a Vision Zero action plan or strategy was 7.7%; 70.5% responded no and 21.8% don't know . Prevalence was 4.8% in small municipalities (1000-2499 residents), 20.3% in medium-large municipalities (50 000-124 999 residents; PR=4.1), and 37.8% in large municipalities (≥125 000 residents; PR=7.6)., Conclusion: The prevalence of Vision Zero plans and strategies across the USA is low. Additional adoption of Vision Zero plans and strategies could help address traffic fatalities., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: Road traffic accidents are a global issue and serious threat for public health. Children are at high risk of serious injury or death from motor vehicle crashes. Child safety seats (CSSs) can reduce the risk of death and serious injury in children. This study was done to determine the prevalence of child safety seat use in vehicles and the factors influencing their use in a safe society (Tehran, Iran) in 2015.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 804 parents with children under 12 years old who owned private cars were questioned in different areas of Tehran. A questionnaire included demographic data, and 2 specific questionnaires were used for families that used a CSS and those did not use a CSS. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All analyses were carried out using SPSS 21.Results: The prevalence of child safety seat use was 18.7% and was significantly higher among parents with an income greater than 50 million rials/month, parents who received child safety seat recommendations, parents living in the north of Tehran, and fathers with more driving experience. Age, weight, and height of children were also factors that influenced the use of child safety seats. The most common reasons for parents to use child safety seats was awareness about the benefits of this device and fear of harm to the child, and the most common reasons for nonuse were child intolerance while sitting in the seat and cost.Conclusion: The prevalence of child safety seat use in Tehran is very low, and most parents are not aware of the importance of child safety seats. Comprehensive programs, including legislation, law enforcement, public education, and publicity to promote the benefits of using CSSs, in Tehran can be an effective step toward increasing the use of child safety devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of and problems with the Safe Community Programs in Gangbuk-gu, one of the 25 districts of the capital city of Korea.MethodsThe study subjects were 396 individuals who were involved in Safe Community Programs between 2009 and 2011. We examined the effectiveness and willingness of respondents to participate as a safety leader of the Safe Community Program with a questionnaire. We examined the injury death rates of Gangbuk-gu by using of the death certificate data of Korea's National Statistical Office. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were used.ResultsThe effectiveness of programs did not differ but active participation differed significantly among subjects (p

With an increase in urban crimes in various forms, this study is intended to analyze the effectiveness of the service design that presented a new model resolving crime risks through differentiated thinking paradigm and problem approaches. The empirical case addressed in this study is ‘the project to create resident-driven safe community in Duryu-dong, Dalseo-gu, Deagu though service design'. This project is evaluated as having prepared a prevention-oriented local safety system through a preemptive and resident-centered process. The project was promoted as a 'natural monitoring capacity building program' for residents to prevent local crimes, a 'social role expansion program' for local safety, and 'crime prevention environment design', which provides comprehensive solutions for residents' safety. Here, designers act as exerts in designing a task-based platform that can be driven by residents rather than a visual environment improver, and reorganizing the local ecosystem by expanding the opportunities for residents to interact. This case identifies the role of service design as binding the solidarity of local residents beyond the improvement of the crime environment and giving them the potential capacity to maintain a safe living space in relation to a safety issues of community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Road traffic injuries (RTIs), particularly motorbike injuries, are one of the leading causes of death worldwide and have been a serious concern in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practices on road safety measures among motorbikers in Dhaka, Bangladesh., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022 among 350 motorbikers of Dhaka city via a series of face-to-face interviews. Motorbikers who regularly ride a motorcycle were interviewed about their road safety knowledge and practices through a two-stage cluster sampling technique. Frequency distribution, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed in data analysis., Results: Out of the 350 motorbikers, only 54.6% had good knowledge and 16.9% had poor knowledge on the signs and safety regulations of roads. Moreover, only 50.6% of respondents followed good practices while 23.4% followed poor practices of road safety measures. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrates that the average knowledge score was significantly (p<0.05) higher among higher-educated, unmarried and non-smokers. Additionally, higher education level, non-smoking status and being Muslim were significantly (p<0.05) associated with good road safety practices., Conclusions: The overall good knowledge level and practices of road safety measures among the motorbikers was not satisfactory although the majority of them knew individual signs and regulations. Therefore, this study suggests that education and strict enforcement of traffic rules may increase their knowledge and practice behaviour regarding road safety which in turn would minimise traffic injuries and fatalities., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Injuries resulting from collisions between a bicyclist and driver are preventable and have high economic, personal and societal costs. Studying the language choices used by police officers to describe factors responsible for child bicyclist-motor vehicle collisions may help shift prevention efforts away from vulnerable road users to motorists and the environment. The overall aim was to investigate how police officers attribute blame in child (≤18 years) bicycle-motor vehicle collision scenarios., Methods: A document analysis approach was used to analyse Alberta Transportation police collision reports from Calgary and Edmonton (2016-2017). Collision reports were categorised by the research team according to perceived blame (child, driver, both, neither, unsure). Content analysis was then used to examine police officer language choices. A narrative thematic analysis of the individual, behavioural, structural and environmental factors leading to collision blame was then conducted., Results: Of 171 police collision reports included, child bicyclists were perceived to be at fault in 78 reports (45.6%) and adult drivers were perceived at fault in 85 reports (49.7%). Child bicyclists were portrayed through language choices as being irresponsible and irrational, leading to interactions with drivers and collisions. Risk perception issues were also mentioned frequently in relation to poor decisions made by child bicyclists. Most police officer reports discussed road user behaviours, and children were frequently blamed for collisions., Conclusions: This work provides an opportunity to re-examine perceptions of factors related to motor vehicle and child bicyclist collisions with a view to prevention., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The paper aims to design an assessment system to monitor and evaluate safety parameters and administrative efforts with the purpose to increase safety in municipalities. The safety monitoring system considered is to be the most important tool for creation anddevelopment of safe communities in Lithuania. Several methods were applied to achieve this purpose. In order to determine the role of local government in ensuring the safety of people, property and environment at the local level of a meta-analysis of research reports,the Lithuanian national legislation, strategic planning documents of the state and local government were carried out. Analysis of statistical data, structural analysis, comparative analysis and synthesis methods were used while investigating the areas of safety uncertainty, risk groups, identifying safety risk factors, determining their relationship, and creating a safe community assessment system.A safe community assessment system, which consists of two types of criteria, has been elaborated. The assessment system is based on the multi-level criteria for safety monitoring and the multi-level criteria for the evaluation of municipal activities in the field of building safety. Links between the criteria, peculiarities of their application and advantages in the process of safe community creation and development are analyzed.Design and implementation of the safe community assessment system is one of the most important stages to implement the idea of safe communities. The proposed system integrates a variety of risk areas, the safety achievement criteria are linked to the criteria used in thestrategic planning. Periodic assessment of the safety situation using the proposed system ensures possibility to monitor current local safety conditions and assess the changes and the trends. A safe community assessment system is proposed to be used as a tool to unified municipalities safety comprehensiveness and compare safety level in different municipalities thus increasing motivation to enhance efforts to create a safer environment for the public and to exchange good practices in this field.The proposed safety assessment system can help local authorities identify priorities for strengthening local safety; to warn about the critical factors of insecurity; can be useful to identify the highest risk groups and places, evaluate the administrative efforts taken by local government to influence the safety situation in a municipality; considered to be convenient to monitor and analyze changes in the field of ensuring safety of people, property and environment.The community safety assessment system is created taking into account the existing practice of statistical information monitoring. Since municipalities are not the owner of statistical information they have no impact on statistical practice. This practice fixes freedomof creating multi-criteria assessment system.

The present study aims to analyze the events of the ?safe community project of Esfahan using E & CFA technique. Safe community project includes the initial preparations for the establishment of a safety culture in societies and providing purposeful management solutions to prevent the occurrence of various events. With the aggregate of the statistics on a variety of accidents with clear definitions, a good statistical population to be examined and analyzed is created. The statistical sample in this study consists of all the victims of the events recorded in the software relating to the state ?safe community project and in the section about the investigation of accidents by questionnaire, technical experts in the staff units of Health Center No. 1 in Esfahan analyzed the two selected events in the form of responding to components associated with intermediate and root causes and provided preventive and control measures. The instruments applied in this research included a questionnaire on the analysis of intermediate and root causes and a questionnaire concerning the assessment of preventive and control measures. Also, the degree of importance of each component and its relationship with other components were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test and then, the intended components were ranked. Further, brainstorming sessions were held with the presence of 5 technical experts and 5-why tool and Ishikawa root cause diagram were used as a tool for investigating causal relationships in the two selected events. The test results indicated that each component in the questionnaire is not associated with other components and can be effective alone in creating the desired effect.

Objective: Despite strong evidence of the effectiveness of child safety seats in reducing injuries, the use of these devices in some communities is still rare. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of child safety seat use and the factors influencing its use in the safe community of Tehran. Methods: This roadside observational study was conducted in 2015 and 2,178 personal cars with a child under 12 years aboard were observed on Tehran's streets in regard to use of child safety seats. Other variables such as the gender of the driver, driver's age group, type of street, region of municipality, time of day, and day of the week were also collected. Results: Prevalence of child safety seat use was 4.3% and was significantly higher among women drivers, on freeways, and in municipal regions 1, 4, and 7. Conclusions: The prevalence of child safety seat use in Tehran as a most populous member of the international safe community was very low and most children commuted in insecure situations in the vehicle. Therefore, it is proposed that plans should be made to increase the use of child safety seats in international safe communities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper aims to design an assessment system to monitor and evaluate safety parameters and administrative efforts with the purpose to increase safety in municipalities. The safety monitoring system considered is to be the most important tool for creation and development of safe communities in Lithuania. Several methods were applied to achieve this purpose. In order to determine the role of local government in ensuring the safety of people, property and environment at the local level of a meta-analysis of research reports, the Lithuanian national legislation, strategic planning documents of the state and local government were carried out. Analysis of statistical data, structural analysis, comparative analysis and synthesis methods were used while investigating the areas of safety uncertainty, risk groups, identifying safety risk factors, determining their relationship, and creating a safe community assessment system. A safe community assessment system, which consists of two types of criteria, has been elaborated. The assessment system is based on the multi-level criteria for safety monitoring and the multi-level criteria for the evaluation of municipal activities in the field of building safety. Links between the criteria, peculiarities of their application and advantages in the process of safe community creation and development are analyzed. Design and implementation of the safe community assessment system is one of the most important stages to implement the idea of safe communities. The proposed system integrates a variety of risk areas, the safety achievement criteria are linked to the criteria used in the strategic planning. Periodic assessment of the safety situation using the proposed system ensures possibility to monitor current local safety conditions and assess the changes and the trends. A safe community assessment system is proposed to be used as a tool to unified municipalities safety comprehensiveness and compare safety level in different municipalities thus increasing motivation to enhance efforts to create a safer environment for the public and to exchange good practices in this field. The proposed safety assessment system can help local authorities identify priorities for strengthening local safety; to warn about the critical factors of insecurity; can be useful to identify the highest risk groups and places, evaluate the administrative efforts taken by local government to influence the safety situation in a municipality; considered to be convenient to monitor and analyze changes in the field of ensuring safety of people, property and environment. The community safety assessment system is created taking into account the existing practice of statistical information monitoring. Since municipalities are not the owner of statistical information they have no impact on statistical practice. This practice fixes freedom of creating multi-criteria assessment system.

Objective: To investigate the impact of a road safety programme on adolescents' willingness to engage in risky behaviour as probationary drivers, adjusted for covariates of interest., Method: The b streetsmart is a road safety programme delivered to around 25 000 adolescent students annually in New South Wales. Using a smartphone-based app, student and teacher participation incentives, students were surveyed before and after programme attendance. Mixed-methods linear regression analysed pre/post-modified Behaviour of Young Novice Driver (BYNDS&#95;M) scores., Results: 2360 and 1260 students completed pre-event and post-event surveys, respectively. Post-event BYNDS&#95;M scores were around three points lower than pre-event scores (-2.99, 95% CI -3.418 to -2.466), indicating reduced intention to engage in risky driving behaviours. Covariates associated with higher stated intentions of risky driving were exposure to risky driving as a passenger (1.21, 95% CI 0.622 to 2.011) and identifying as non-binary gender (2.48, 95% CI 1.879 to 4.085), adjusting for other predictors., Conclusions: Trauma-informed, reality-based injury prevention programmes can be effective in changing short-term stated intentions to engage in risky driving, among a pre-independent driving student population. The adolescent novice driver age group is historically challenging to engage, and injury prevention action must be multipronged to address the many factors influencing their behaviour., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of safe community interventions on motorcyclists' safety. Two cross sectional observations were conducted in 14 cities (five safe community practicing and nine safe community non-practicing cities) independently on 2005 and 2007. Ten percent of registered motorcycles were observed and interviewed (n=1114 in each observation). 87.9% used motorcycle for commercial purposes. All motorcyclists were male and mostly aged 18–29 years old. Death rate significantly rose from 122 to 254 per 100000 motorcyclists in Fars province since the first observation (p < 0.0001). Helmet usage rate was constant (13%). Recorded crashes increased from 16.4% to 23.1% in safe community setting (p < 0.0001). 11% carried more than one pillion. Heat disturbances, embarrassment, hearing blockage, and negligence were the most mentioned excuses for not using helmet. Law enforcement, public education, accessibility to helmets on discount rate, new legislation and, finally, access to new designed helmet were the most suggestions made by motorcyclists to promote helmet usage. No significant effect was noticed between two settings except in injury registration system in safe community. Community involvement in the safety programs could ensure sustainability of initiatives and continuity of interventions in safe communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its rapid economic development, China is facing a huge health, social, and economic burden resulting from injuries. The study's objective was to examine Safe Communities in China as a strategy for injury prevention and safety promotion programmes in the era of rapid economic growth. Literature searches in English and Chinese, which included grey literature, were performed on the Chinese Journal Full-text Search System and Medline, using the words 'Safe Community', 'injury', 'economics', and 'prevention'. The results showed that the existing 35 recognized members of the International Safe Community Network have not placed due emphasis on suicide prevention, which is one of the leading problems in both rural and urban China. A few groups, such as children, the elderly, cyclists, and pedestrians, have received due emphasis, while other vulnerable groups, such as migrant workers, motorcyclists, students, players, and farmers have not received the necessary attention from the Safe Community perspective. As the evidence describes, Safe Communities in China can be a very effective strategy for injury prevention, but four aspects need to be strengthened in the future: (1) establish and strengthen the policy and regulations in terms of injury prevention at the national level; (2) create a system to involve professional organizations and personnel in projects; (3) consider the economic development status of different parts of China; and (4) intentional injury prevention should receive greater attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: At the Communist Party of China (CPC) ‘s Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee, the goal to build a “harmonious society” was put forward clearly. Without a safe, stable social order, harmonious society would be like water without a source, a tree without roots. Community is the basic unit of society and the community safety is the important cornerstone of the production safety and society harmony. The value of constructing safe community for building harmonious society is thoroughly discussed. The way on how to construct safe community and promote society harmony is also proposed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Safe Community is an effective way in reducing community death and injury incidence as a typical way of social management innovation. On the basis of research in Safe Community and benchmarking management, the author concluded that the benchmarking management is applicable to Safe Community construction, and discussed working process how benchmarking management would be integrated into construction and continuous improvement of Safe Community. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Youth Park community is the first international safe community in Mainland China, and its success has led to the widespread adoption of safe communities across the country. The Youth Park Safe Community was analyzed empirically in terms of the community''s history, ideas, procedures, propulsion system and safety promotion programs. Its experiences are expected to serve as an example for other safe communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]