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Stress-strain and moment-curvature behavior of the reinforced concrete (RC) square columns have been analytically investigated according to different confined concrete models. The effect of transverse reinforcement diameter, transverse reinforcement spacing and concrete grade on the behavior of RC column models were investigated. For different confined concrete models, the confinement effectiveness coefficient, effective lateral confining stress, confined concrete compressive strength, strain at maximum concrete stress and ultimate concrete compressive strain values were calculated. In the second part, a parametric investigation was carried out for examining the effects of different design parameters on the moment-curvature relationships. Analytical moment-curvature relationships were obtained for RC cross-sections by using the TBEC (2018), Mander model (1988), Saatcioglu and Ravzi (1992) confined concrete models. The effects of the design parameters on the RC square column behavior were evaluated in terms of moment capacity and the curvature of the cross-section. In RC column models, stress-strain and moment-curvature relationships are obtained and compared according to different parameters. Confined concrete strength and the ultimate moment values obtained from the Mander model were higher than the Saatcioglu and Ravzi model when the transverse reinforcement close to the minimum spacing values. The results obtained from the Mander model and TBEC (2018) are close to each other.

In the study, based on the non-linear calculation methods used to determine the seismic performance of structures in TBSC 2018, the stress-strain, moment-curvature, displacement capacity, plastic rotation limits, and deformation-based damage limit values of the reinforced concrete circular cross-section columns were calculated and compared according to different design parameters. The studied effects of the design parameters on the non-linear relation of reinforced concrete columns were also evaluated in terms of strength, curvature, and displacement ductility of the sections. All design parameters affecting the non-linear behavior and deformation limits of the reinforced concrete circular cross-section columns were taken into account. Deformation demands for reinforced concrete structural members are essential for detecting element damage. Based on TBSC (2018), non-linear relationships of reinforced concrete columns were obtained in order to calculate plastic hinge properties and deformation limits. For the Limited Damage, Controlled Damage, and Collapse Prevention performance levels defined for the structural elements in TBSC 2018, plastic rotation and deformation limit values were obtained according to the characteristic values calculated from the non-linear analyzes of reinforced concrete circular columns. For column models, damage limits and damage zones calculated based on TBSC 2018 were shown on the visually obtained moment-curvature relationships. Depending on the upper deformation limit values derived, cross-sectional deformation damage levels were determined and evaluated using the moment-curvature relationships. The variation of the non-linear behavior of column models by design parameters and deformation-based damage limits were examined both analytically and visually. The deformation limits remain in a safer direction as a result of increasing longitudinal and spiral reinforcement ratios for the reinforced concrete circular columns.

Acknowledgments We thank the participants of the FPF meetings and the Snowmass working groups for discussions that have contributed both directly and indirectly to this study. We gratefully acknowledge the invaluable support of the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders study group and the work of CERN technical teams related to civil engineering studies (SCE-DOD), safety discussions (HSE-OHS, HSE-RP, EP-DI-SO), integration (EN-ACE), and discussions on services (EN-CV, EN-EL, EN-AA) and simulations (SY-STI). L. A. Anchordoqui is supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant PHY-2112527. A. Ariga is supported by JSPS, Japan KAKENHI Grant JP20K23373 and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant 101002690). T. Ariga acknowledges support from JSPS, Japan KAKENHI Grant JP19H01909. B. Batell is supported by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Grant DE–SC0007914 and by PITT PACC, USA. The work of J. Bramante is supported by NSERC, Canada. F. G. Celiberto acknowledges support from the INFN/NINPHA project, USA and thanks the Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy for the warm hospitality. G. Chachamis is supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) under project CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2019 and contract ‘‘Investigador auxiliar FCT - individual Call, Portugal CEECIND/03216/2017 and acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant 824093). P. B. Denton is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC0012704. Y. Du was supported by National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grants 12022514 and 11875003. The work of J. L. Feng is supported in part by NSF, USA Grants PHY- 1915005 and PHY-2111427, Simons Investigator Award, USA #376204, Simons Foundation, USA Grant 623683, and Heising-Simons Foundation, USA Grants 2019-1179 and 2020-1840. The work of M. Fieg, T. B. Smith, and Y.-D. Tsai is supported in part by NSF Grant PHY-1915005. M. Fucilla, M. M. A. Mohammed, and A. Papa acknowledge support from the INFN/QFT@COLLIDERS, Italy project. The work of M. V. Garzelli was supported in part by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany. V. P. Goncalves was partially financed by the Brazilian funding agencies CNPq, FAPERGS, and INCT-FNA (process number 464898/2014-5). M. Guzzi is supported in part by NSF, USA Grants PHY- 1820818 and PHY-2112025. J. C. Helo acknowledges support from ANID FONDECYT-Chile Grant 1201673 and from ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program ICN2019 044. K. Jodłowski is supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, Grant 2015/18/A/ST2/00748. Ahmed Ismail and R. Mammen Abraham are supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC0016013. Ameen Ismail is supported by NSERC, Canada (reference number 557763) and by NSF, USA Grant PHY-2014071. Y. S. Jeong is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT: Ministry of Science and ICT) (2021R1A2C1009296). The work of F. Kling is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-AC02-76SF00515 and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 Quantum Universe – 390833306. P. Nadolsky is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC0010129. H. Otono acknowledges support from JSPS, Japan KAKENHI Grant JP20H01919. V. Pandey is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC-0009824. M. H. Reno is supported in part by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC-0010113. The work of A. Ritz is supported by NSERC, Canada, Canada. The work of D. Sengupta is supported by NSF, USA Grant PHY-1915147. T. Sjöstrand is supported by Swedish Research Council Grant 2016-05996. D. Soldin acknowledges support from the NSF, USA Grant PHY-1913607. S. Trojanowski is supported by the grant ‘‘AstroCeNT: Particle Astrophysics Science and Technology Centre’’ carried out within the International Research Agendas programme of the Foundation for Polish Science financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund, and by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through its scholarship for young and outstanding scientists (decision 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019). K. Xie is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-FG02-95ER40896, NSF, USA Grant PHY- 1820760, and in part by PITT PACC. Parts of this work have been supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, USA under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the DOE., The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposal to create a cavern with the space and infrastructure to support a suite of far-forward experiments at the Large Hadron Collider during the High Luminosity era. Located along the beam collision axis and shielded from the interaction point by at least 100 m of concrete and rock, the FPF will house experiments that will detect particles outside the acceptance of the existing large LHC experiments and will observe rare and exotic processes in an extremely low-background environment. In this work, we summarize the current status of plans for the FPF, including recent progress in civil engineering in identifying promising sites for the FPF and the experiments currently envisioned to realize the FPF's physics potential. We then review the many Standard Model and new physics topics that will be advanced by the FPF, including searches for long-lived particles, probes of dark matter and dark sectors, high-statistics studies of TeV neutrinos of all three flavors, aspects of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD, and high-energy astroparticle physics., ANID FONDECYT-Chile 1201673, Fermi Research Alliance DE-AC02-07CH11359, HSE-OHS, HSE-RP, NINPHA, PITT PACC, SY-STI, National Science Foundation PHY-2112527, U.S. Department of Energy DE–SC0007914, Simons Foundation 376204, 623683, Fuel Cell Technologies Program 824093, DE-SC0012704, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, First Peoples Fund, Heising-Simons Foundation 2019-1179, 2020-1840, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, European Commission, European Research Council, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 390833306, DE-SC-0009824, DE-SC-0010113, DE-SC0010129, JP20H01919, PHY-1915147, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP20K23373, National Natural Science Foundation of China 11875003, 12022514, PHY-1915005, PHY-2111427, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2019, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning 2021R1A2C1009296, DE-AC02-76SF00515, National Research Foundation of Korea, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Narodowe Centrum Nauki 2015/18/A/ST2/00748, 557763, DE-SC0016013, PHY-2014071, Vetenskapsrådet 2016-05996, PHY-1913607, Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019, DE-FG02-95ER40896, PHY-1820760, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Horizon 2020 101002690, JP19H01909, European Regional Development Fund, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia: Física Nuclear e Aplicações 464898/2014-5, PHY-1820818, PHY-2112025, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo ICN2019 044

Göçme öncesi sismik performans seviyesinde, kesmeye maruz betonarme kolonların yatay yük ve eksenel yük taşıma kapasitelerindeki azalmayı ve bu davranışların tüm yapıya etkilerini modellemeye ve tahmin etmeye ihtiyaç vardır. Kesme dayanımı ile deformasyon kapasite davranışlarının incelenmesi için farklı beton basınç dayanımı, eksenel yük seviyesi ve spiral donatı oranlarında betonarme dairesel kolon modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Tasarlanan betonarme kolonların kesme davranışı ile deformasyon kapasiteleri, ASCE/SEI 41 (2017) ve araştırmacılar tarafından önerilen modellere göre araştırılmıştır. Betonarme kolonların moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden elde edilen karakteristik değerlere göre elastik, plastik ve toplam yer değiştirme değerleri hesaplanarak yer değiştirme süneklik ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Betonarme kolonlar için analizlerden elde edilen kesme dayanımlarının eksenel yük seviyesi, beton basınç dayanımı, spiral donatı oranı ve yer değiştirme süneklik değerlerinden etkilendiği görülmektedir., At the pre-collapse seismic performance level, there is a need to model and estimate the decrease in the lateral load and axial load carrying capacities of the shear-sensitive reinforced concrete columns the effects of such behavior on the entire structure. In order to investigate the shear strength and deformation capacity behaviors, reinforced concrete circular column models with different concrete compressive strength, axial load level and spiral reinforcement ratios were designed. The shear behavior and deformation capacity of the designed reinforced concrete columns were investigated according to the models proposed by ASCE/SEI 41 (2017) and the researchers. According to the characteristic values obtained from moment-curvature relations of reinforced concrete columns, elastic, plastic and total displacement values were calculated and the displacement ductility relations were examined. It is seen that the shear strength obtained from the analysis for reinforced concrete columns is affected by the axial load level, concrete compressive strength, spiral reinforcement ratio and displacement ductility values.

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the effect of the direction of light curing on bond strength and adhesive polymerization of orthodontic metal brackets. Material and Methods: In this in vitro investigation, 75 extracted human upper premolars were randomly divided into three groups according to the curing direction: Group A (20 s curing from the occlusal side of the bracket), Group B (10 s from occlusal and 10 s from gingival), and Group C (5 s from four corners of the bracket). After bonding, the brackets were subjected to a shear bond strength (SBS) test performed with a universal testing machine. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to find the polymerization ratio of the adhesives in each group. Kruskal–Wallis test was to statistical analysis of SBS and FTIR data, respectively, at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: The difference in SBS of metal brackets was not statistically significant between the groups (P > 0.05). However, the difference in polymerization ratio was significant between all groups where the highest and lowest ratio belonged to Groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Curing metal brackets from four corners do not increase their bond strength and/or polymerization.

In order to determine the seismic performance of structural elements, the deformation-based damage limits predicted for reinforced concrete elements in TBDY (2018) have been examined. In this study, firstly; the effect of cross-section geometry, material model and axial load level on the behavior of reinforced concrete structural members was calculated analytically. The behavior of the structural elements has been evaluated from the moment-curvature relationship considering the nonlinear behavior of the materials. The damage limits were evaluated by obtaining the element damages corresponding to the displacement demand. Yield and plastic rotation values were calculated for the plastic hinge regions of the elements for different performance levels. The damage limits corresponding to the deformation demands according to different performance levels were obtained and evaluated for structural elements. A detailed study was conducted by performing non-linear (pushover) analyzes of reinforced concrete structures designed depending on the deformation upper limit values obtained from the analytical study results. Structural performance of the models designed for performance evaluation have been examined under the design earthquake loads and the greatest earthquake loads. The capacity curves and the earthquake demand at the performance points (base shear forces- roof displacements, story shear forces and relative story drifts) of designed different types of reinforced concrete systems which is obtained from the results pushover analysis were compared. These comparisons are examined in detail in figures and tables., Yapısal elemanların deprem performansının belirlenmesi için TBDY (2018)’de betonarme elemanlar için öngörülen şekildeğiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak; kesit geometrisinin, malzeme modelinin ve eksenel yük seviyesinin betonarme taşıyıcı elemanların davranışı üzerindeki etkisi analitik olarak hesaplanmıştır. Taşıyıcı sistem elemanların davranışı, malzemelerin doğrusal olmayan davranışı dikkate alınarak moment-eğrilik ilişkisinden değerlendirilmiştir. Yer değiştirme taleplerine karşılık gelen eleman hasarları elde edilerek hasar sınırları değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı performans düzeyleri için elemanların plastik mafsal bölgeleri için akma ve plastik dönme değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Yapısal elemanlar için farklı performans düzeylerine göre şekildeğiştirme taleplerine karşılık gelen hasar sınırları elde edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Analitik çalışma sonuçlarından elde edilen şekildeğiştirme üst sınır değerlerine bağlı olarak tasarlanan betonarme yapıların doğrusal olmayan (itme) analizleri yapılarak detaylı bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Performans değerlendirmesi için tasarlanan modellerin tasarım depremi ve en büyük deprem yükü etkisi altındaki yapısal performansı incelenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen artımsal itme analizleri sonucu farklı tip betonarme taşıyıcı sistemler için elde edilen kapasite eğrileri ve performans noktalarındaki deprem istemleri (taban kesme kuvvetleri- tepe yer değiştirmeleri, kat kesme kuvvetleri ve göreli kat ötelemeleri) karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmalar şekil ve çizelgelerde detaylı olarak incelenerek irdelenmiştir.

This paper presents a numerical parametric study of the moment-curvature and curvature ductility of doubly-reinforced beams with different parameters. The effects of the strength of the concrete and the amount of the reinforcement, including the tensile and compression reinforcement on the complete moment-curvature behavior and the curvature ductility factor of the beam sections, have been studied. A new predictive formula for the ductility factor of beam sections that considers the different parameters has been developed. In a continuation of the study, the flexural ductility of beams designed with different parameters according to the ductility factor proposed by different researchers was investigated. Based on the results of the numerical analysis, the proposed predictions for the curvature ductility factor were verified by comparisons with other predictive formulas. The proposed formula offers fairly accurate and consistent predictions for the curvature ductility factor of beam sections. It is shown that the concrete’s compression strength and the amount of reinforcing steel, including the compression reinforcement ratios, have an effect on the curvature ductility factor of beam sections.

Background: According to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to predict adherence to treatment based on social support variables and coping strategies to reduce the severity of this disease. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 392 men and women with type 2 diabetes were evaluated using purposeful and convenient sampling. Wax social support and the Blings and Moss coping strategies questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22), descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean), and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis). Results: The results indicated that the correlation between the subscales of social support and coping strategies with adherence to drug therapy was significant (P

Aims: This study evaluates the educational crew of dental faculty’s lived experiences facing obstacles and requirements in institutionalizing performance assessments to implement a professional competency-based evaluation system. Background: The competency-based evaluation of learning and teaching processes has been adopted as a key policy in the developed world, which indicates the achievement rate of educational goals and the quality of education. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate obstacles in institutionalizing performance assessments for the educational crew. Methods: This qualitative study used a semi-structured interview in a focus group discussion. The experience of the educational crew regarding the obstacles of using performance assessments and their approaches to conducting a professional competency-based evaluation was assessed. The recruited participants were educational supervisors, professors of orthodontics and prosthodontics, and the medical education department and evaluation committee members of the faculty of dentistry at the University of Tabriz. The purposive sampling technique was used and continued until reaching saturation. Five focus group discussions were conducted with fourteen educational crew and three medical education department members. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The interview analysis results yielded 450 codes in three general categories, including “current condition of clinical education,” “obstacles of implementing new evaluation methods,” and “requirements for effective evaluation of clinical skills.” According to the results, changes in evaluation methods are necessary to respond to community needs. There are also many cultural problems with applying western models in developing countries. Conclusion: The medical community should be directed towards a competency-based curriculum, especially in procedure-based fields, such as dentistry. Other: They are moving towards altering traditional evaluation methods (the traditional classroom-based lectures). This paradigm change requires support from the department and the provision of infrastructure.

Perde duvarların deprem performansının belirlenmesi için doğrusal olmayan davranışları ile şekil değiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmada on adet farklı parametreye sahip süneklik düzeyi yüksek betonarme perde duvar modelleri tasarlanarak çözümlemeleri yapılmıştır. Betonarme perde duvarların şekil değiştirmeye göre değerlendirme ve tasarımı için etkin kesit rijitliği, etkin rijitlik katsayısı ve akma dönmesi değerleri elde edilmiştir. Analitik olarak araştırılan parametreler TBDY 2018 hükümlerinden ve kesitlerin moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra betonarme perde duvarların deprem performanslarının belirlenmesi için TBDY 2018’de tanımlanan şekil değiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları analitik olarak araştırılmıştır. TBDY 2018’de tanımlanan Göçmenin Önlenmesi, Kontrollü Hasar ve Sınırlı Hasar performans düzeyi hasar seviyeleri için betonarme perde duvarların şekil değiştirme sınırları ile plastik dönme değerleri elde edilmiştir. Betonarme perde duvarlar için farklı hasar sınırlarına göre şekil değiştirme taleplerine karşılık gelen hasar sınırları gözlenmiş ve hasar sınırları değerlendirilmiş-tir. Betonarme perde duvar modellerinde farklı performans düzeyleri için oluşan şekil değiştirme değerleri, farklı yatay donatı oranına göre hesaplanan beton toplam birim şekil değiştirmeleri ve farklı eksenel yük seviyelerinde akma dönme değerleri ile plastik dönme değerleri hesaplanarak perde duvarların performans seviyeleri araştırılmıştır. Yatay donatı oranı, düşey donatı oranı ve eksenel yük seviyesi gibi, akma ve göçme öncesi eğrilik değerlerini etkileyen parametreler plastik dönme ve yönetmeliğin öngördüğü hasar sınırlarını etkilemektedir. Yatay donatı oranının artması ve yatay donatı aralığının azalması sonucunda perde duvar kesitleri daha güvenli yönde kalmaktadır.

In the design of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls strength, ductility and effective stiffness of the elements must be taken into account and are important parameters in terms of structural safety. Accurate estimation of the ductility and effective stiffnesses of RC members has always been an attractive subject of study as it provides a reliable estimate of the capacity of buildings under seismic loads. In this study, RC shear wall models with different concrete strength, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios were designed to investigate effective section stiffness and coefficients. The effective stiffness of the cracked section in the RC shear walls designed in different parameters were analytically obtained. Analytically investigated parameters were calculated from TBEC (2018), ACI318 (2014), ASCE/SEI41 (2017) and Eurocode8 (2004, 2005) regulations and nonlinear behaviors. The results obtained according to different design parameters were compared and examined. In the relations suggested for the effective section stiffness coefficient, the confining effect is not taken into account as in the regulations. Therefore, it means neglecting the effects of parameters such as concrete strength, confining effect and axial load levels acting on the section. This situation can lead to unrealistic results in the design and evaluation of RC elements. For this reason, determining the moment-curvature relationship in the design and evaluation of RC elements and obtaining effective section stiffness values are of great importance in order to obtain more realistic results.

Background: One of the public health challenges in the worldwide is diabetes, and adherence to treatment is crucial. Adherence to treatment can help reduce the complications of the disease. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the status of adherence to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 392 men and women with type 2 diabetes referred to comprehensive health centers in Khorramabad between May and August 2016 were studied. Demographic questionnaire and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) were used to collect data. Version 22 SPSS and descriptive analysis were used to analyze the data. Significance level in the present study was less than 0.05. Descriptive tests, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test were used. Results: The mean age of study participants was 56.03 ± 10.91. 68.9% (270 people) were women and 31/1% (122 people) were men. According to the score obtained from the Morisky questionnaire, a total of 219 patients (55/9%) followed the desired treatment and 173 (44/1%) followed the unfavorable treatment. There was a significant relationship between patients' adherence to treatment with the variables of gender, marital status, educational status, and their monthly income. No statistically significant between age and employment status with adherence to treatment were observed. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that adherence to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad is in a good level. Health policy makers should strive to ensure that all patients adhere to their treatment process with easy access to services and reduced costs. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Adherence to treatment, Morisky Scale, Medication.

Yapısal elemanların deprem performansının belirlenmesi için Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği (TBDY) 2018’de betonarme elemanlar için öngörülen şekil değiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları analitik olarak incelenmiştir. Farklı parametrelerde kare enkesitli betonarme kolon modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Gerçek malzeme davranışları esas alınarak elde edilen moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden kolon kesitleri için eğrilik sünekliği ve akma dönmesi değerleri elde edilmiştir. Analitik olarak araştırılan parametreler TBDY 2018 hükümlerinden ve kesitlerin moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra betonarme kolonların deprem performanslarının belirlenmesi için TBDY 2018’de verilen şekil değiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları analitik olarak hesaplanmıştır. TBDY 2018’de tanımlanmış olan Göçmenin Önlenmesi, Kontrollü Hasar ve Sınırlı Hasar performans düzeyi hasar seviyeleri için betonarme kolonların şekil değiştirme sınırları ile plastik dönme değerleri elde edilmiştir. Betonarme kolonlar için farklı hasar sınırlarına göre şekil değiştirme taleplerine karşılık gelen hasar sınırları gözlenmiş ve hasar sınırları değerlendirilmiştir. Betonarme kolonların farklı performans düzeyleri için oluşan şekil değiştirme değerleri, farklı sargı donatı oranına göre hesaplanan beton toplam birim şekil değiştirmeleri ve farklı eksenel yük seviyelerinde akma dönme değerleri ve plastik dönme değerleri hesaplanarak kolonların performans düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. Analizlerden eksenel yük seviyesinin artmasıyla hasar sınırlarının azaldığı, aynı eksenel yük seviyelerinde sargı donatı miktarının daha da önem kazandığı ve yönetmeliğin öngördüğü hasar sınırlarının son derece etkili olduğu sonuçları elde edilmiştir., In order to determine the earthquake performance of structural elements, the deformation-based damage limits for reinforced concrete elements in Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) 2018 were analyzed analytically. Reinforced concrete column models with square cross-section having different parameters were designed. From the moment-curvature relationships based on real material behaviors, curvature ductility and yield rotation values were obtained for column sections. Analytically investigated parameters were calculated from TBEC 2018 provisions and moment-curvature relationships. Afterward, deformation based damage limits given in TBEC 2018 were analyzed analytically in order to determine the earthquake performance of reinforced concrete columns. For the collapse prevention, controlled damage and limited damage performance levels defined in TBEC 2018, deformation limits and plastic rotation values of reinforced concrete columns were obtained. For the reinforced concrete columns, the damage limits corresponding to the deformation demands according to different damage limits were observed and the damage limits were evaluated. The performance values of the columns were investigated by calculating the deformation limits for different performance levels of reinforced concrete columns, total unit deformations of concrete calculated according to different confining reinforcement ratios, and yield rotation and plastic rotation values at different axial load levels. From the analysis, it was obtained that the damage limits decreased with the increase of the axial load level, the amount of confining reinforcement became more important at the same axial load levels and the damage limits envisaged by the regulation were extremely effective.

Deformation based damage limits for reinforced concrete members, which weremandated in Turkish Building Earthquake Codes, 2018 were analyticallyinvestigated to be able to determine the earthquake performance of structuralmembers. Reinforced concrete beam models having different geometry andparameters were designed. The nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete beamsections was investigated using the moment-curvature relationships obtainedbased on real material behavior. The failure stages and behavior of beam cross-sectionswere examined by using the data obtained from moment-curvature relations ofreinforced concrete beam models. Damage limit values given in Turkish BuildingEarthquake Codes, 2018 were calculated for the designed concrete beam models.The deformation limits were calculated for the levels of collapse prevention,controlled damage and limited damage performance levels as defined in TBDY2018. Three different damage limits for the beams and the correspondence strainlimits for these beams were investigated. Beam damages and damage limits wereevaluated for the corresponding displacement demands. Performance levels of thedesigned reinforced concrete beams were investigated by calculating the limitvalues of strains and plastic rotation values for the concrete and thereinforcing steel. Damage limits of plastic rotations for collapse preventionand controlled damage performance levels are functions of yield curvature,ultimate curvature, plastic hinge length, shear length and the diameter of thelongitudinal reinforcement., Yapısal elemanların deprem performansının belirlenmesi için bu çalışmada, Türkiye Bina DepremYönetmeliği 2018’de betonarme elemanlar için öngörülen şekil değiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları analitikolarak incelenmiştir. Farklı geometri ve parametrelerde betonarme kiriş modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Gerçekmalzeme davranışları esas alınarak elde edilen momenti-eğrilik ilişkilerinden kiriş kesitlerinin elastikötesi davranışları incelenmiştir. Betonarme kiriş modelleri için moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden elde edilenveriler kullanılarak kiriş kesitlerinin kırılma durumları ve davranışları incelenmiştir. Türkiye BinaDeprem Yönetmeliği 2018’de verilen hasar sınır değerleri betonarme kiriş modelleri için hesaplanmıştır.Şekil değiştirme değerleri TBDY 2018’de tanımlanmış olan Göçmenin Önlenmesi, Kontrollü Hasar veSınırlı Hasar Performans seviyeleri için hesaplanmıştır. Betonarme kirişler için göz önüne alınan üç ayrıhasar sınırı ve bu hasar sınırlarına karşı gelen birim şekil değiştirme değerleri incelenmiştir. İlgili yerdeğiştirme taleplerine karşılık gelen kiriş hasarları gözlenmiş ve hasar sınırları değerlendirilmiştir.Betonarme kirişlerde farklı performans düzeyi için beton ve donatı çeliği birim şekil değiştirmeleri veplastik dönmeleri hesaplanarak performans düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. Göçmenin Önlenmesi ve KontrollüHasar performans düzeyleri için plastik dönmelerin hasar sınırları; akma eğriliği, kopma eğriliği, plastikmafsal uzunluğu, kesme açıklığı ve boyuna donatı çapının fonksiyonudur.

Bu calismada; eksenel yuk, boyuna donati capi, sargi donati capi ve sargi donati araliginin degisiminin betonarme kolonlarin moment-egrilik iliskisine olan etkisi incelenmistir. Farkli geometriye sahip betonarme kolon modelleri Turkiye Bina Deprem Yonetmeligi (2018) hukumlerine uyularak tasarlanmistir. Farkli geometri ve alana sahip betonarme kolon modellerinin davranisina eksenel yuk, boyuna donati capi, sargi donati capi ve sargi donati araliginin etkisinin arastirilmasi bu calismanin amacini olusturmaktadir. Betonarme kolonlarin davranisi, malzemelerin dogrusal olmayan davranislari goz onune alinarak moment-egrilik iliskisi uzerinden elde edilmistir. Betonarme kolon kesitlerinin moment-egrilik iliskileri farkli eksenel yuk seviyeleri icin yanal sargi basincini goz onune alan Mander modeli ile elde edilmistir. Incelenen parametrelerin kolon davranisina etkileri, egrilik sunekligi ve kesit dayanimi acisindan degerlendirilmistir. Tasarlanan betonarme kolon kesitlerde, farkli parametrelerin moment egrilik iliskisi uzerindeki etkisi hesaplanarak karsilastirilmistir. Eksenel yuk, boyuna donati capi, sargi donati capi ve sargi donati araliginin degisiminin, betonarme kolonlarin moment-egrilik davranisi uzerinde onemli bir etkiye sahip oldugu gozlenmistir.

The seismic performance of reinforced-concrete columns is related to the expected damage limits under seismic loads and how this damage relates to safety of the structure. In order to assess the performance of reinforced-concrete columns under seismic loads, performance-based deformation and damage limits are proposed by the seismic codes. Adequacy of the deformation and damage limit levels given in the codes such as Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings Standard, ASCE/SEI-41 (2017) and Turkish Building Earthquake Code (2018) were evaluated by carrying out parametric studies for RC columns. Reinforced-concrete circular columns are designed in parametric studies to present the effects of various parameters such as concrete compressive strength, axial load levels and spiral reinforcement ratio on performance-based damage limits. Performance limits corresponding to each performance levels obtained by different seismic guidelines were compared. When the results obtained from the analyzes are examined, it has been observed that there are significantly different results in the cross-section damage limits values of ASCE/SEI-41 (2017) and TBEC (2018) regulation, which can change the performance level of the building. TBEC (2018) gives approximately 50% conservative limitations when they are compared with the ASCE/SEI-41 (2017) limitations. As a result, TBDY (2018) seems to offer safer and ductile solutions than ASCE ASCE/SEI-41 (2017).

We identify potentially the world's most sensitive location to search for millicharged particles in the 10 MeV to 100 GeV mass range: the forward region at the LHC. We propose constructing a scintillator-based experiment, FORward MicrOcharge SeArch (FORMOSA) in this location, and estimate the corresponding sensitivity projection. We show that FORMOSA can discover millicharged particles in a large and unexplored parameter space, and study strongly interacting dark matter that cannot be detected by ground-based direct-detection experiments. The newly proposed LHC Forward Physics Facility (FPF) provides an ideal structure to host the full FORMOSA experiment.

Reinforced concrete columns are the criticalmembers of moment-resisting structural systems and have to be designedadequately in strength and ductility. Transverse reinforcement in concretecolumns plays an important role in the improvement of strength and ductility ofcolumns, especially when they are subjected to severe ground motion. Transversereinforcement in concrete columns can be used to delay the local buckling oflongitudinal bars, resist shear forces, avoid the sudden shear failure andconfine the concrete to improve the strength and ductility. The behavior ofreinforced concrete members subjected to seismic loads is mainly based on theultimate strength of concrete and its ductility. Reinforced concrete columnmodels having different cross-section have been designed to investigate theseparameters. The effects of the transverse reinforcement spacing and transversereinforcement diameter on the behavior of column models have been analyticallyinvestigated. Previously proposed analytical models were used to investigatethe behavior of the reinforced confined column models. Stress-strainrelationships were obtained for the confined concrete columns and the obtainedresults were compared and interpreted., Betonarmekolonlar taşıyıcı sistemlerin moment aktaran kritik yapısal sistemleridir ve yeterlidayanım ve süneklikte tasarlanmalıdır. Betonarme kolonların sargı donatısıözellikle depreme maruz kaldıkları durumlarda sargı etkisi ile kolonlarındayanım ve sünekliğinin artırmasında önemli rol oynar. Betonarme kolonlardasargı donatısı boyuna donatının yerel burkulmasını geciktirmek, kesme kuvvetinekarşı koymak, ani kesme kırılmasını önlemek ve sargı etkisi ile dayanım vesünekliği artırmak için kullanılır. Sismik yüklere maruz kalan betonarmeelemanların davranışı, esas olarak betonun nihai dayanımına ve sünekliğinebağlıdır. Bu parametreleri araştırmak için değişik geometride betonarme kolonmodelleri tasarlanmıştır. Sargı donatı çapının ve sargı donatı aralığının betonarmekolon modellerinin davranışına etkisi analitik olarak araştırılmıştır. Sargıdonatıları ile sarılmış betonarme kolon modellerinin davranışını araştırmakiçin literatüre sunulmuş olan analitik modeller kullanılmıştır. Farklı parametrelerdetasarlanan sargılı kolon modelleri için gerilme-birim şekil değiştirme eğrileriçizilmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılarak yorumlanmıştır.

Deformation-based damage limits for reinforced concrete members, which were mandated in Turkish building earthquake codes, 2018 were analytically investigated to be able to determine the earthquake performance of structural members. Square, rectangular and circular reinforced concrete column models having different geometry and parameters were designed. The nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete sections were investigated using the moment-curvature relationships obtained based on real material behavior. The behavior of column cross-sections were examined by using the data obtained from the moment-curvature relations of reinforced concrete column models. Damage limit values given in Turkish Building Earthquake Codes, 2018 were calculated for the designed concrete column models. In the determination of strains and internal force limits, Collapse Prevention Performance Limits, Controlled Damage Performance Level and Limited Damage Performance Levels as mentioned in Turkish Building Earthquake Code, 2018 was used. Three different damage limits for the columns and the correspondence strain limits for these columns were investigated. Column damages and damage limits were evaluated for the corresponding displacement demands. The limit values of strains and internal force values occurred for different performance levels of the designed reinforced concrete columns having different longitudinal reinforcement diameter, confinement reinforcement diameter, confinement reinforcement spacing and for different axial load levels were investigated by using the calculated plastic rotation values., Yapısal elemanların deprem performansınınbelirlenmesi için Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, 2018’de betonarme elemanlariçin öngörülen şekil değiştirme esaslı hasar sınırları analitik olarakincelenmiştir. Farklı geometri ve parametrelerde kare, dikdörtgen ve daireselen-kesitli betonarme kolon modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Gerçek malzemedavranışları esas alınarak elde edilen momenti-eğrilik ilişkilerinden betonarmekesitlerin elastik ötesi davranışları incelenmiştir. Betonarme kolon modellerinin moment-eğrilikilişkilerinden elde edilen verileri kullanılarak kolon kesitlerinindavranışları irdelenmiştir. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, 2018’de verilenhasar sınırları tasarlanan betonarme kolon modelleri için hesaplanmıştır. Birimşekil değiştirme ve iç kuvvet sınırlarının hesaplanmasında Türkiye Bina DepremYönetmeliği, 2018’de tanımlanmış olan Göçmenin Önlenmesi Performans Düzeyi,Kontrollü Hasar Performans Düzeyi ve Sınırlı Hasar Performans Düzeyi hasarseviyeleri kullanılmıştır. Betonarme kolonlar için göz önüne alınan üç ayrıhasar sınırı ve bu hasar sınırlarına karşı gelen birim şekil değiştirmedeğerleri incelenmiştir. Yer değiştirme taleplerine karşılık gelen kolonhasarları gözlenmiş ve hasar sınırları değerlendirilmiştir. Betonarme kolonmodellerinde farklı performans düzeyi için oluşan şekil değiştirme ve iç kuvvetsınır değerleri, farklı boyuna donatı çapı, sargı donatı çapı, sargı donatıaralığı ve farklı eksenel yük seviyelerde hesaplanan plastik dönmelerkullanılarak kolon kesitlerinin performans düzeyleri araştırılmıştır.

Ulusal ve uluslararası deprem yönetmeliklerinde betonarme yapıların sismik performansının belirlenmesinde, tasarım aşamasında betonarme yapı elemanlarında çatlamış kesite ait etkin kesit rijitliğinin kullanılması istenmektedir. Çatlamış kesitin etkin kesit rijitliği sabit olmamakla birlikte beton dayanımı ve donatı oranı gibi parametrelere bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, doğrusal olmayan moment-eğrilik ilişkileri ve etkin rijitlik katsayılarını araştırmak için farklı beton dayanımı, çekme ve basınç donatı oranlarına sahip betonarme kiriş modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Analitik olarak incelenen parametreler TBEC (2018), ACI318 (2014), ASCE/SEI41 (2017), Eurocode2 (2004) ve Eurocode8 (2004, 2005) yönetmeliklerinden ve moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden hesaplanmıştır. Sonunda elde edilen etkin rijitlik katsayısı, farklı yönetmeliklerde betonarme elemanlar için öngörülen rijitlik katsayısı ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar farklı parametre ve modellere göre karşılaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Betonarme kirişlerde sabit çekme donatı oranı ve beton dayanımı için, basınç donatı oranının artması ile etkin rijitlik katsayısı değerleri artar. Sabit çekme ve basınç donatı oranına sahip betonarme kirişlerde beton dayanımı arttıkça etkin rijitlik katsayı değerleri de artmaktadır. Basınç donatı oranının betonarme kirişlerin maksimum moment taşıma kapasitesi, etkin eğilme rijitliği ve etkin rijitlik katsayısı ve kesitlerin sünekliği üzerinde etkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır., In determining the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in national and international earthquake regulations, it is desired to use effective section stiffness of the cracked section in RC structural elements during the design phase. Although the effective section stiffness of the cracked section is not constant, it depends on parameters such as the concrete strength and reinforcement ratio. In this study, RC beam models with different concrete strength, tensile and compression reinforcement ratios were designed to investigate nonlinear moment-curvature relationships and effective stiffness coefficients. Analytically investigated parameters were calculated from TBEC (2018), ACI318 (2014), ASCE/SEI41 (2017), Eurocode2 (2004) and Eurocode8 (2004, 2005) regulations and moment-curvature relationships. The effective section stiffness coefficient obtained from the analyses were compared with the effective section stiffness coefficient given for RC members in different regulations. The results obtained at the end were examined by comparing them according to different parameters and models. For constant concrete strength and tensile reinforcement ratio in RC beams, with increasing compression reinforcement ratio, effective stiffness coefficient values increase. In RC beams with constant compression and tensile strength ratio, effective stiffness coefficient values increase with increasing concrete strength. The compression reinforcement ratio has been proved to be effective on the maximum moment bearing capacity of the RC beams, effective flexural stiffness and effective stiffness coefficient and ductility of the sections.

Background Evaluation is one of the main components of the learning and teaching process, which indicates the achievement rate of educational goals and also quality of education. The objective of this study was to evaluate dentistry faculty members’ lived experiences of obstacles in institutionalizing performance assessments to implement professional competency-based evaluation as a qualitative study.Methods This study was conducted with a qualitative approach by using a semi-structured interview in a focus group discussion, in which the experiences of clinical dentistry faculty members regarding obstacles of using performance assessments and faculty members’ approaches to conducting professional competency-based evaluation were analyzed. The participants of the study were faculty members of the dentistry and medical education faculties. The purposive sampling technique was used and continued until reaching saturation. Five focus group discussions were conducted with 14 dentistry faculty members and three medical education faculty members. The data was analyzed by using thematic analysis.Results Analysis of interviews yielded 450 codes which were placed in three general categories of “current condition of clinical education”, “obstacles of implementing new evaluation methods”, and “requirements for effective evaluation of clinical skills”.Conclusions Based on the analysis of dentistry faculty members’ responses, creating changes by the faculty members appeared to be necessary. They are in fact moving towards creating changes in traditional evaluation methods. This change of paradigm requires support from the department and provision of infrastructures is deemed necessary. Also, in order to enhance motivation, spiritual support of the active faculty members should be taken into consideration and educational innovation should find its place in the promotion of faculty members.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of surface roughening and acid etching on clinical success rate and removal and insertion torque of orthodontic miniscrews. Materials and methods Sixty-two orthodontic miniscrews (Jail Medical Corporation, Seoul, Korea) with the same design and dimensions (10-mm length, 2-mm diameter) are divided into two (sandblasted and acid-etched versus control) groups. The sample of the study was 31 patients whose miniscrews were needed for en masse retraction of the upper six anterior teeth. In this split-mouth study, the miniscrews were placed in the attached gingiva between the second premolar and the first molar. The side (left or right) was selected randomly. The miniscrews were loaded 6 weeks after insertion, and the patients were followed up after 3, 6, 10, 14, and 18 weeks and then for 4 weeks interval. Chi-square, correlation, and independent t tests were done using SPSS ver24 to interpret the data. Results The survival rate was 90.3% and 83.9% for the sandblasted and acid-etched versus the control group, respectively. The difference in survival rate was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Removal torque was higher for the sandblasted group (p < 0.05). Younger patients showed less survival rate (p < 0.05) in both groups. Insertion side, namely, left or right, was not statistically significant. Conclusions Although sandblasting increased removal torque, it did not influence the survival rate of orthodontic miniscrews significantly.

Experiments using proton beams at high luminosity colliders and fixed target facilities provide impressive sensitivity to new light weakly coupled degrees of freedom. With these experiments in mind, we revisit the production of dark vectors and scalars via proton bremsstrahlung, making use of a model that describes the underlying nucleon scattering cross-section in the forward direction due to pomeron exchange. We compare the resulting distributions and rates with those obtained via variants of the Fermi-Weizsacker-Williams approximation, and provide production rate distributions for a range of beam energies, including those relevant for the proposed Forward Physics Facility at the High Luminosity-LHC., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures

BACKGROUND Orthodontic appliances (ligatures, braces, wires, etc.), are one of the main sources of trauma in the oral cavity. Friction between brackets and mucosa is a kind of chronic trauma that may cause buccal mucosal proliferation and ulceration and is one of the most common complaints of patients during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of the lower lip epithelial cells after the removal of orthodontic fixed appliances. METHODS Cells of lower lip oral mucosa of 31 orthodontic patients were collected by exfoliative cytology in three times: immediately (T0), 30(T1) and 60 (T2) days after debonding. Nuclear (NA) and cytoplasmic (CA) areas, NA/CA ratio, cell morphology and cellularity of smears were evaluated using cytomorphometric and cytomorphologic methods. Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the NA, CA and NA/CA values in three different times. Cell morphology and cellularity were analyzed by the Chi-square test. All statistical tests were performed with SPSS version 20. RESULTS The NA and CA values increased significantly (P

Bu çalışmada Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği 2018 ve Mander modellerine göre sargılı betonarme kolonların gerilme-şekil değiştirme ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Önerilen sargılı beton modelleri için çekirdek betonuna uygulanan basınç dayanımları, sargılı betonda beton basınç dayanımı ve gerilme-şekil değiştirme ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Sargılı betonun davranışının daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için gerilme-şekil değiştirme bağıntıları ve sargılı beton modelleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Sargılı betonun davranışını araştırmak için farklı sargı donatı çapı ve farklı sargı donatı aralığına sahip kare en-kesitli betonarme kolon modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Sargı donatısı çapının ve aralıklarının sargılı beton basınç dayanımına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kare en-kesitli kolonların farklı sargılı beton modelleri dikkate alınarak gerilme-şekil değiştirme ilişkileri araştırılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Tasarlanan kare en-kesitli kolon modellerinde sargılı beton basınç dayanımları ve basınç birim şekil değiştirmeleri hesaplanarak gerilme-şekil değiştirme grafikleri elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarından elde edilen sonuçlar farklı parametrelere göre karşılaştırılarak yorumlanmıştır. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği 2018 ve Mander modeli ile elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılarak yorumlanmıştır. Modellerde farklı çaplarda ve aralıklarda sargı donatısı kullanımının, farklı parametrelerde tasarlanan betonarme kolon kesitlerinde çekirdek betona uygulanan etkili yanal basınçları ve sargılı beton basınç dayanımlarını etkilediği sonucu elde edilmiştir., In this study, stress-strain relationships for confined reinforced concrete columns were investigated according to TBEC 2018 and Mander models. For the proposed confined concrete models, the lateral confining stress on core concrete, the compressive strength of confined concrete and stress-strain relations in the confined concrete were investigated. In order to better understand the behavior of the confined concrete, stress-strain relations and information about the confined concrete models are given. To investigate the behavior of confined concrete, square cross-section reinforced concrete column models with different transverse reinforcement diameters and transverse reinforcement spacing have been designed. The effect of the diameter and spacing of the transverse reinforcement on the confined concrete compressive strength was investigated. Stress-strain relations of square cross-section columns were investigated by considering the different confined concrete models. The stress-strain curves were obtained by calculating the confined concrete compressive strengths and strain at maximum concrete stress in the square cross-section column models designed. The results obtained from the analysis results were compared and interpreted according to different parameters. Results obtained with TBEC 2018 and Mander model were compared and interpreted. It has been concluded that the use of transverse reinforcement with different diameters and spacing in the models affects the lateral confining stress on core concrete from transverse reinforcement and compressive strength of confined concrete in reinforced concrete column sections designed with different parameters.

Betonarme elemanların eğrilik sünekliğinin doğru tahmini, sismik yükler altında binaların kapasitesinin güvenilir bir tahminini sağladığı için her zaman çekici bir çalışma konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada; malzeme modelinin, eksenel yükün ve sargı donatı oranının betonarme kolonların davranışı üzerindeki etkisi analitik olarak araştırılmıştır. Kare kesitli kolon modelleri tasarlanmıştır. Kolonların davranışı, malzemelerin doğrusal olmayan davranışı dikkate alınarak moment-eğrilik ilişkisinden değerlendirilmiştir. Betonarme kolonların farklı eksenel yük seviyeleri ve sargı donatı oranları için moment eğrilik ilişkileri Mander modeli dikkate alınarak elde edilmiştir. Parametrelerin kolon davranışı üzerindeki incelenen etkileri kesitin mukavemeti, süneklik ve etkin rijitlik açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Tasarlanan betonarme kolon kesitlerde, farklı parametrelerin moment eğrilik ilişkisi, sünekliği ve etkin rijitlik üzerindeki etkisi hesaplanarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Eksenel yük ve sargı donatı oranının değişiminin, betonarme kolonların moment-eğrilik davranışı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çatlamış kesitin etkin rijitliği sabit olmasa da, sargı donatı oranı ve kesit üzerine etki eden eksenel kuvvet gibi parametrelere bağlı olarak değişmektedir., The correct estimate of curvature ductility of reinforced concrete members has always been an attractive subject of study as it engenders a reliable estimate of the capacity of buildings under seismic loads. In this study, the effect of the material model, axial load and transverse reinforcement ratio on the behavior of reinforced concrete columns were analytically investigated. Squared cross-section column models have been designed. The behavior of the columns were evaluated from the moment-curvature relation by taking the nonlinear behavior of the materials into account. The moment-curvature relationships for different axial load levels and transverse reinforcement ratios of the reinforced concrete column cross-sections were obtained considering the Mander confined model. The examined effects of the parameters on the column behavior were evaluated in terms of the strength of the cross-section, ductility and effective stiffness. In the designed column cross-sections, different parameters effecting the moment-curvature relationships, ductility and effective stiffness were calculated and compared. It is observed that the variation of the axial load and transverse reinforcement ratio have an important effect on the moment-curvature behavior, ductility and effective stiffness of the reinforced concrete columns. Although the effective stiffness of the cracked section is not constant, it varies depends on parameters such as the confining reinforcement and axial force acting on the section.

High-luminosity fixed target experiments provide impressive sensitivity to new light weakly coupled degrees of freedom. We revisit the minimal case of a scalar singlet $S$ coupled to the Standard Model through the Higgs portal, that decays visibly to leptons for scalar masses below the di-pion threshold. The dataset from the LSND experiment is found to impose the leading constraints within two mass windows between $m_S \sim 100$ and 350 MeV. In the process, we analyze a number of scalar production channels in the target, finding that proton bremsstrahlung provides the dominant channel at LSND beam energies., 8 pages, 6 figures; v2: references and KOTO contour added

Bu çalışmada; eksenel yük seviyesi, boyuna donatı oranı, sargı donatı çapı ve sargı donatı aralığının değişiminin betonarme kolonların moment-eğrilik ilişkisine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, farklı parametrelere sahip betonarme dairesel kolon modelleri Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği (2018) hükümlerine uyularak tasarlanmıştır. Betonarme kolonların davranışı, malzemelerin doğrusal olmayan davranışları göz önüne alınarak moment-eğrilik ilişkisi üzerinden elde edilmiştir. Betonarme kolon kesitlerinin moment-eğrilik ilişkileri farklı eksenel yük seviyeleri için yanal sargı basıncını göz önüne alan Mander modeli ile elde edilmiştir. Moment-eğrilik ilişkileri, malzemelerin doğrusal olmayan davranışlarını dikkate alan SAP2000 programı ile elde edilmiştir. Tasarlanan betonarme kesit modellerinin kabuk betonu, sargılı beton ve donatı çeliği olarak üç farklı unsurdan oluştuğu düşünülmüştür. Parametrelerin incelenen davranışsal etkileri, kesitlerin eğrilik ve moment taşıma kapasitesi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen Moment-eğrilik ilişkilerinden, kabuk ve çekirdek betonunda çatlama ve kırılma, donatı çeliğinde akma ve pekleşme durumları hesaplanarak sonuçlar çizelgeler ve grafikler halinde sunulmuştur. Çekirdek betonundaki sargı etkisi hesaplarda gözönüne alınmıştır. Dairesel kesitli kolonlarının davranışı ve kırılma tipleri, kesitlerin moment-eğrilik ilişkisinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre yorumlanmıştır. Eksenel yükün, boyuna donatı oranının, sargı donatı çapının ve sargı donatı aralığının değişiminin betonarme kolonların moment-eğrilik davranışı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Betonarme kolon kesitlerinin yük taşıma kapasitesi, çekirdek betonun ezilerek kırılması ile sona ermektedir. Kabuk betonun ezilmesinden önce donatı akması ile hasar gören betonarme kolon kesitleri daha fazla sünek davranış göstermektedir., In this study; the effect of axial load levels, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement diameter and transverse reinforcement spacing were investigated on the moment curvature relationships of reinforced concrete columns. For this purpose, circular reinforced concrete columns having different parameters were designed considering the regulations of the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (2018). The behavior of the columns were investigated from the moment-curvature relation, by considering the nonlinear behavior of the materials taken into account. The moment-curvature relationships of the reinforced concrete column cross-sections having different axial load levels have been obtained by considering Mander model, which considers the lateral, confined concrete strength. Moment-curvature relationships were obtained by SAP2000 Software, which takes the nonlinear behavior of materials into consideration. The designed reinforced concrete cross section models are considered to be composed of three components; cover concrete, confined concrete and reinforcement steel. The examined behavioral effects of the parameters were evaluated by the curvature and moment carrying capacity of the cross-sections. From the obtained moment-curvature relationship, cracking and destruction in cover and core concrete, yield and hardening conditions in reinforcement steel were calculated and the results were presented in charts and graphs. The confining effect in the core concrete is taken into account in the calculations. The behavior of the circular column sections and the types of refraction were interpreted according to the results obtained from the moment-curvature relationship of the sections. It is observed that the variation of the axial load, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement diameter and transverse reinforcement spacing have an important effect on the moment-curvature behavior of the reinforced concrete columns. The load bearing capacity of reinforced concrete column sections ends by destruction of the core concrete. Reinforced concrete column sections damaged by reinforcement yield before crushing of cover concrete exhibit more ductile behavior.

In this study, the nonlinear behavior of ductile reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls having different parameters was analytically investigated. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of axial load, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and transverse reinforcement ratios on the moment-curvature and lateral force-lateral peak displacement relationships of RC shear walls. RC shear walls that have various parameters were designed by taking into account the regulation of the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC, 2018). By considering the nonlinear behavior of the materials, behaviors of the RC shear walls were examined within the framework of the moment-curvature relation. The moment-curvature relations of RC shear walls with different parameters were obtained with the Mander model which takes into consideration the lateral confined concrete strength for different parameters. The effects of the analyzed parameters on the nonlinear behavior of the RC shear walls were evaluated in terms of curvature ductility, moment capacity, peak displacement, the angular displacement and displacement ductility values. It was seen that changes in the transverse reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and axial load levels had important influence on the moment-curvature and lateral force-lateral peak displacement behavior of the RC shear walls.

Background and aims. Nowadays miniscrews are widely used as skeletal anchorage in orthodontics. However, the success rate of miniscrews is less than that of osseointegrated implants. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate factors influencing the success rate of orthodontic miniscrews. Materials and methods. Data of 244 miniscrews in 122 patients (99 females and 23 males, with a mean age of 19 years and 6 months) were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of age, gender, placement side and insertion torque on the success rates of miniscrews. Results. The overall success rate of miniscrews was 90.6% in the present study (221/244). Logistic regression analysis showed that the success rate of miniscrews was not under the influence of variables such as gender, placement side and miniscrew brand. However, age groups and insertion torques over 10 Ncm decreased miniscrew success rates. In this context, the success rates of miniscrews in patients under 16 years of age was less than those in patients over 16 years of age (P

In determining the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in national and international seismic code, it is desired to use effective section stiffness of the cracked section in RC structural elements during the design phase. Although the effective stiffness of the cracked section is not constant, it depends on parameters such as the dimension of the cross-section, concrete strength and axial force acting on the section. In this study, RC column models with different axial load levels, concrete strength, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios were designed to investigate effective stiffness. Analytically investigated parameters were calculated from TBEC (2018), ACI318 (2014), ASCE/SEI41 (2017), Eurocode 2 (2004) and Eurocode8 (2004, 2005) regulations and moment-curvature relationships. From the numerical analysis results, it is obtained that the axial load level, concrete strength, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios have an influence on the effective stiffness factor of RC column sections. The calculated effective stiffness for RC columns increases with increasing transverse reinforcement ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and concrete strength. Due to the increase of axial force, effective stiffness values of concrete have increased.

The aim of this study is to investigate the plastic hinge length and peak displacement relationship for rectangular cross-sectional high ductile concrete shear walls in seismic zones. For plastic hinge lengths related to seismic design; the conditions given in the current regulations are used in the literature. An analytical study was conducted to evaluate the peak displacement relationship of reinforced concrete shear walls in seismic loads under plastic hinge regions. The length of the plastic deformation zone called the plastic hinge length has been investigated in this study by considering the regulations proposed by different regulations and researchers. Plastic hinge lengths of the designed reinforced concrete shear walls were calculated by plastic hinge models proposed by different researchers and regulations. Then, according to the plastic hinge lengths obtained from different relations, the yield displacement and plastic displacement values of the reinforced concrete shear walls were calculated and the total peak displacement values of the shear walls were obtained. The results of this study indicated that increase in plastic hinge length has a significant effect on the displacement and displacement ductility values of reinforced concrete shear walls. The most important parameter affecting the plastic hinge length is the dimensions of the reinforced concrete shear walls.

In this study; the effect of the material model, axial load, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio and transverse reinforcement spacing on the behavior of reinforced concrete cross-sections were investigated. Squared cross-section column models have been designed. The effect of axial load, transverse reinforcement diameter and transverse reinforcement spacing on the behavior of reinforced concrete column models have been analytically investigated. The behavior of the columns was evaluated from the moment-curvature relation by taking the nonlinear behavior of the materials into account. The moment-curvature relationships for different axial load level, transverse reinforcement diameter and transverse reinforcement spacing of the reinforced concrete column cross-sections were obtained considering Mander confined model. Moment-curvature relationships were obtained by SAP2000 Software which takes the nonlinear behavior of materials into consideration. The examined effects of the parameters on the column behavior were evaluated in terms of ductility and the strength of the cross-section. In the designed cross-sections, the effect of transverse reinforcement diameter and transverse reinforcement variation on the confined concrete strength and the moment-curvature relationship was calculated and compared for constant longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The examined behavioral effects of the parameters were evaluated by comparing the curvature ductility and the cross-section strength. It has been found that transverse reinforcement diameters and transverse reinforcement spacing are effective parameters on the ductility capacities of the column sections. Axial load is a very important parameter affecting the ductility of the section. It has been observed that the cross-sectional ductility of the column sections increases with the decrease in axial load.

In this study, the effect of different parameters like concrete class, longitudinal tensile and compression reinforcement ratios on the moment-curvature behavior of reinforced concrete beams was investigated. A numerical study was performed by changing the values of the parameters. For this purpose, 66 rectangular cross-section reinforced concrete beams with different parameters were designed. The behavior of the beams was obtained from the moment-curvature relationship by considering the nonlinear behavior of the materials. Unconfined concrete model was used for the beam sections in the analysis. Moment-curvature values in the case of yield and ultimate stages, curvature ductility values and stiffness ratios were obtained by using analysis results. The results obtained from the analysis by using different parameters were presented in tables and the results were evaluated. The behavior of the rectangular cross-section beams was interpreted by using the curvature ductility, stiffness ratios, yield and ultimate moments. With the increase in the ratio of compression reinforcement in the reinforced concrete beam elements, yield moment, ultimate moment and maximum curvature values are increased but yield curvature values decrease. With the increase in the ratio of compression reinforcement in the reinforced concrete beam elements, the ductility and stiffness of elements are increased., Bu çalışmada betonarme kirişlerde farklı parametre olarak beton sınıfı, boyuna donatı olarak çekme ve basınç donatısı oranlarının moment-eğrilik davranışına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Parametrelerin değerleri değiştirilerek sayısal bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 66 adet farklı parametrelere sahip dikdörtgen en-kesitli betonarme kiriş tasarlanmıştır. Kirişlerin davranışı, malzemelerin doğrusal olmayan davranışları göz önüne alınarak moment-eğrilik ilişkililerinden elde edilmiştir. Analizlerde kiriş kesitlerinde beton için sargısız beton modeli kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları kullanılarak akma ve kırılma durumunda moment-eğrilik değerleri, eğrilik sünekliği ve rijitlik oranları elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarından farklı parametrelerden elde edilen verilerin sonuçları çizelgeler halinde sunulmuş ve sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Dikdörtgen en-kesitli kirişlerin davranışı, eğrilik sünekliği, rijitlik oranları, kirişlerin akma ve kırılma momentlerinin değerlerinden yararlanarak yorumlanmıştır. Betonarme kiriş elemanlarında basınç donatısı oranının artması ile akma momenti, kırılma momenti ve maksimum eğrilik değerleri artmakta fakat akma eğrilik değerleri azalmaktadır. Betonarme kiriş elemanlarında basınç donatı oranının artması ile elemanların süneklikleri ve rijitlikleri artırmaktadır.

Background : Study and recognition of values among nurses are important due to their role on health and human life. The present study carried out on nursing education with the aim of discovering the impact of ethical values on Iranian nurses; professional ethics. Materials and Methods: through an inductive approach the experiences of 23 participants including nurses, head nurses, physicians, clients and their companions examined by deep semi-structured interviewing from February 2013 to July 2014. The interviews were recorded by participants' permission, then were rescript and data analysis was performed based on thematic analysis by Brown and Clarke method. Data accuracy and consistency were evaluated by Lincoln and Guba scales. Results: This study ultimately formed an overarching theme as effecting beliefs on professional moral nursing care which was the result of an integration of two sub-themes. Sub-themes of public values came into view from five initial themes: (belief in the inherent dignity of the clients; human's compassioning and love, feeling, looking and dealing patients like their own family; spiritual and moral beliefs effecting care giving; and conscience and professional commitment of nurse ). The specific values sub-theme appeared in three initial themes: recognizing, preservation and protection of patient,s rights, professional moral distresses, abstaining of non-professional relationships and abuse of the client. Conclusion: The final results were in accordance with the studies done in and out of our country. It is suggested for the implementation of values in nursing care practice, continuous assessment and monitoring mechanisms be created.

The aim of the present study was the evaluation bleeding time (BT) in comparison to Urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 (TXB2) regarding different ASA frequent dosages used in Borujerd city. This is a double blind randomized clinical trial on 370 subjects aged 35 years and older, referred to clinical offices in Borujerd. All ischemic heart disease’s patients were randomly assigned to 4 ASA dose groups (80 mg, 81 mg, 100 mg and 325 mg) and one group-matched control group without any IHD. BT was measured by Ivy method; TXB2 was measured in a urine sample, both at least 5 days after ASA consumption. Probale AR was indicated if TXB2 was normal or higher than normal higher limit values, or BT was normal or lower than normal higher values. (IRCT201202026958N3) Probale AR was present in 37.6% and 64% resistance by BT and TXB2, respectively. All 4 treated groups had higher TXB2 levels than the control group/normal values (p0.05). Also, urinary TXB2 level correlated positively with BT. Given the simplicity and low costs of its performance it might be of some potential use in developing countries. However, due to IVY method limitations it cannot be perceived as a tool to assess such specific aspects of platlat function or aspirin resistance.

Background: Multiple population-based human studies have established a strong association between increasing levels of serum C-reactive protein, uric acid and subsequent development of hypertension. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between mental well-being with presence of hypertension, hyperuricemia and hs-CRP levels. ‬‬ Patients and Methods: This was a cross sectional study of 801 individuals aged 35-85 years old in Broujerd, Iran, included by randomized cluster sampling. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) for assessing mental health/distress level, MONICA standard questions for evaluating hypertension history, serum hs-CRP and Serum Uric Acid (SUA) were evaluated Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical test such as chi-square, T-test and correlation. Results: One hundred eighty five patients (23.1%) had high distress/minor psychiatric disorders. SUA had significant association with hypertension (r = 0.64, P = 0.034). No significant relation was observed between hs-CRP and hypertension. The correlation between GHQ and hs-CRP was not significant but a weak and negative correlation was found between GHQ and SUA SUA (P = 0.012, r = -0.089). Conclusions: The weak and strong correlation among these parameters indicate that mental wellbeing relays on physical wellness and interact with each other; therefore, controlling hypertension along with uric acid control may effect mental health of any kind of patients.