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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are becoming the favorable option for the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The efficient distribution of information in the form of data packets, is essential in order to support the vision of smart ITS. In VANETs, vehicles communicate with other vehicles directly or through existing infrastructure for sharing traffic information. Th data distribution is usually done using broadcast method. Data broadcast in VANETs is a challenging issue since high mobility vehicles with varying density have to share and route the safety critical information to other intended vehicles in real time. Thus, it needs to be addressed by the existing and new solutions for the same. Keeping this in mind, this study presents a detailed description of the existing data broadcast protocol for VANETs with an objective of selecting a particular scheme for a particular application with respect to its benefits over the others. This study reviews and compares numerous existing multi-hop data broadcast protocols in terms of various attributes such as data forwarding strategies, objectives, type of architecture, application scenarios, assumptions, evaluation metrics, simulation platform. Furthermore, an original taxonomy of these protocols is introduced based upon the road scenarios with critical discussion on each categorization with respect to its strengths, weaknesses and important constraints. Finally, various perspectives, challenges and shortcomings of the existing research work are discussed.

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is one of the promising and encouraging technologies, and it is going to attract great attention in the near future. VANET has turned into a main module of the intelligent transport system. It is a self-controlled, wheeled network (also called network on wheels), and a wider and stimulating class of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). VANETs raise many innovative challenges because of their high-class and unique features, such as high-node mobility, dynamic topology changes, wireless links breakage, network constancy, and network scalability. A well-organized routing protocol is one of the most challenging matters of such networks. In this paper, we propose an intelligent naive Bayesian probabilistic estimation practice for traffic flow to form a stable clustering in VANET, briefly named ANTSC. The proposed scheme aims to improve routing by employing awareness of the current traffic flow as well as considering the blend of several factors, such as speed difference, direction, connectivity level, and node distance from its neighbors by using the intelligent technique. The proposed technique has proven to be more strong, stable, robust, and scalable than existing ones.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the other name of industrial Internet. It integrates a variety of existing industrial automation technologies with computing, machine learning, and communication technologies. Vehicular ad hoc network, an application of IIoT, is a self-organized network of vehicles which tends to provide improved road safety, diminished traffic congestion, and ultimate comfort to the travellers. In VANETs, vehicles exchange data with each other directly or through roadside units (RSUs). Data dissemination in VANETs experiences numerous challenging issues including broadcast storm, network partitions, intermittent connectivity between vehicles, and limited bandwidth. In literature, various data dissemination schemes are proposed. However, most of these schemes are designed for either urban or highway VANET scenarios and evaluated under sparse or dense traffic conditions. Moreover, these schemes do not effectively overcome the aforementioned issues simultaneously. In this paper, we present a new data dissemination protocol for VANETs, which disseminates the emergency messages in different scenarios under varying traffic conditions. During dense traffic conditions, DDP4V employs the segmentation of transmission region of a vehicle in order to select the most appropriate next forwarding vehicle (NFV). Accordingly, it divides the transmission region of a vehicle in three distinct segments and selects vehicle(s) inside the highest priority segment to forward the message to all neighbour vehicles, whereas it also uses implicit acknowledgements for guaranteed message delivery during sparse traffic Conditions. Simulation results show that DDP4V protocol outperforms the other existing related protocols in terms of coverage, network overhead, collision, and end-to-end delay.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a wireless emerging technology that aims to provide safety and communication services to drivers and passengers. In VANETs, vehicles communicate with other vehicles directly or through road side units (RSU) for sharing traffic information. The data dissemination in VANETs is a challenging issue as the vehicles have to share safety critical information in real time. The data distribution is usually done using broadcast method resulting in inefficient use of network resources. Therefore, to avoid the broadcast storm and efficiently use network resources, next forwarder vehicle (NFV) is selected to forward data to nearby vehicles. The NFV selection is based on certain parameters like direction, distance, and position of vehicles, which makes it a multicriteria decision problem. In this paper, analytical network process (ANP) is used as a multicriteria decision tool to select the optimal vehicle as NFV. The stability of alternatives (candidate vehicles for NFV selection) ranking is checked using sensitivity analysis for different scenarios. Mathematical formulation shows that ANP method is applicable for NFV selection in VANETs. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms other state-of-the-art data dissemination schemes in terms of reachability, latency, collisions, and number of transmitted and duplicate data packets.

The number of wireless services and devices have remarkably increased, especially since the introduction of smart phones. The population of mobile nodes (MNs) is now exceeding the traditional non-mobile nodes. Mobility is a key factor in mobile core networks as it is responsible for providing continuous communication when a MN is on the move. Currently, a centralized mobile core network architecture is implemented, which has certain limitations. Distributed mobility management (DMM) is often seen as a solution to the problems associated with centralized mobility management (CMM). Address and tunneling management are big challenges for current DMM-based mobility protocols. Keeping in mind the current advancement of mobile network architecture, this paper proposes a novel tunnel-free distributed mobility management support protocol intended for such an evolution. In addition, the performance of the existing DMM IPv6 mobility management protocols in the context of handover latency, handover blocking probability, and data packet loss is analyzed and compared to the proposed framework. The performance analyses show that the proposed tunnel-free method can reduce about 12% of handover latency, 71% of handover blocking probability, and 82% of data packet loss.

Mobility – the ability of users to navigate from one point to another and the environmental awareness – knowing about one’s surroundings (indoor and outdoor) are some of the challenging tasks for blind people. They either rely on their human companions for navigation or traditional/technological assistive solutions including a guide dog, white cane and electronic travel and orientation aids. It is the position put forward here that these solutions are either too much expensive to afford (e.g., human guide and guide dogs), limited in offering full navigational support (e.g., white cane), or also costly in adopting them as they need customizations in the targeted building. To mitigate this issue, low-cost smartphone-based solutions can be developed that exploit color and text/pattern recognition algorithms to sense objects, buildings, and important landmarks to aid blind users in mobility, navigation, and environmental awareness. This position paper uncovers such possibilities and proposes one possible solution that may open new avenues of research and development in making the life of blind users much easier especially in mobility, navigation, and obtaining information about their surroundings.

Traditional centralized approaches toward mobility management such as MIPv6 and its variants suffer because of the performance issues like single-point failure, non-optimal routing, low scalability, authentication latency, and signaling messages overhead of the mobility protocols. In this paper, we propose a novel network-based Distributed Mobility and Authentication Mechanism DMAM to focus on these issues. DMAM decomposes centralized mobility functions into Home Address Allocation, mobility routing MR, and location management LM. A new entity is introduced in DMAM, called Location and Mobility Manager that distributes MR and LM among multiple routers to which mobile node can be attached. Furthermore, DMAM offers strong authentication mechanism based on symmetric cryptographic and collision-free one-way hash function. The performance of proposed scheme is analyzed and compared with existing approaches in terms of handover latency, handover blocking probability, packet loss, communication overhead, and computational cost. The conducted numerical results demonstrate that DMAM outperforms the existing approaches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract—In this paper we propose a novel Cross-layer Localized Authentication Mechanism (CLAM) to secure mobility in Next Generation Networks. The proposed mechanism integrates Proxy MIPv6 and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to handle the authentication locally in real-time and non-real-time communications. The design objectives of CLAM are three fold: i) handover latency is minimized by the local management of authentication; ii) simple to implement in mobile devices because of symmetric cryptographic and one-way hash operations; iii) possesses important security properties such as resistance against various attacks, user anonymity, mutual authentication, user friendly, one-time session key agreement, backward secrecy, forward secrecy, and confidentiality. We analyze and compare the performance of CLAM with existing schemes in terms of handover latency, signaling cost, communication overhead, computational cost, and packet loss. The numerical and simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms the existing schemes.

Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are aiming to integrate different access technologies for the accessibility of heterogeneous platform under the control of IP protocol. In such a complex environment, the availability of high data rates, high bandwidth, security, and end-to-end QoS are major challenges. In this paper cross-layer localized mobility management based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is proposed to support the providence of the end-to- end QoS; network and session mobility; reduce latency; and proper bandwidth management. The proposed scheme handles the mobility locally to minimize latency. Further, QoS manager is used for proper management of bandwidth. Performance analysis and numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of proposed scheme for real time communication in terms of latency, packet loss, and traffic load. Index Terms—Next generation networks, hierarchical mobile IPv6, session initiation protocol, End-to-End QoS

Most of the file systems today are based on desktop metaphor utilizing hierarchies of folders and sub-folders for information storage and retrieval. A folder is usually assumed to store the semantically related information in the form of files and sub-folders. However, there always exist related files somewhere else in the local file system hierarchy. Users often fail to find these disconnected files or discover the relationship among these. File systems maintain a plain set of metadata items about each file which could be utilized to discover some of the hidden relationships. However, this meta-information is very sparse as most of this metadata is rarely entered by the user. Moreover, files in a file system are mostly private and cannot get the benefit of collaborative tagging. Web of Data, on the other hand also contains information related to the file system objects which could be utilized for linking with information in file systems. The purpose of introducing Linked Data technology was to solve similar issues on the web. This article investigates the exploitation of Linked Data technology in file systems and provides a comprehensive review on the possible use of Linked Data Technology in file systems.

Frequent itemsets mining is one of the interesting applications of data mining. Recently data mining has got a great deal of attention due to the explosive growth in data and the economic and scientific need for turning such data into useful information. However, the traditional frequent itemsets mining algorithms have become inefficient to work with large datasets effectively on a single machine due to computational power and memory limits. Current methods prefer to control the execution time and output by using higher minimum support thresholds, which lead to less candidates and frequent itemsets. In this paper, an improved-version of Apriori like HFDM-EB algorithm that can deal with lower minimum support thresholds is proposed for mining frequent itemsets over big transactional data on Hadoop framework and by utilizing compressed bitmaps. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm is efficient and scalable for mining frequent itemsets in big data.

In this paper we propose a novel authentication mechanism for session mobility in Next Generation Networks named as Hierarchical Authentication Key Management (HAKM). The design objectives of HAKM are twofold: i) to minimize the authentication latency in NGNs; ii) to provide protection against an assortment of attacks such as denial-of-service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, guessing attacks, and capturing node attacks. In order to achieve these objectives, we combine Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) with Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) to perform local authentication for session mobility. The concept of group keys and pairwise keys with one way hash function is employed to make HAKM vigorous against the aforesaid attacks. The performance analysis and numerical results demonstrate that HAKM outperforms the existing approaches in terms of latency and protection against the abovementioned attacks

Data is a critical asset for every organization. Data of organizations are normally stored in database, therefore, database security is important. Encryption is one of the strong security layers in database security, but SQL has a limitation that its queries cannot be run directly on encrypted data. When some update is needed in an encrypted column of table so the entire column needs to be decrypted before updation process, this degrades system performance. This paper proposes a new technique to update value directly although the conditioned column is in encrypted form. It does not need to decrypt the entire conditioned column for update process. This improves system performance.

Next Generation Networks (NGNs) promise Always Best Connection in heterogeneous networks. Providing end-to-end QoS in such environment is a challenging task. Since application's requirements and user's expectations are increasing, QoS gains the significance in NGNs. In order to provide end-to-end QoS in NGNs, this paper proposes a new protocol Combined SIP HMIPv6 (CSH) with a module QoS manager. Unlike other QoS mechanisms, CSH focuses on both core and edge networks. The achievements of CSH will include better session and terminal mobility, network mobility, proper bandwidth management, good resource reservation, user authentication and less delay while establishing multimedia traffic.

In today's world of communication, everything is going wireless. The licensed and unlicensed bands of the Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum play a key role in wireless communication. Considering the tremendous growth in wireless applications and devices, the RF spectrum can be thought of as a sacred resource as it is the vital component which makes wireless communication possible. In addition, RF spectrum is a limited resource which makes it even more important to utilize it efficiently. Cognitive Radio (CR) technology is considered a solution for the efficient usage of RF spectrum. Keeping the significance of RF spectrum in mind, this paper describes a concept of using the guard channels in the spectrum mobility process which will help in preventing the scarcity of spectrum usage. Further more it will mitigate the handoff delay resulting in high-speed service times.

Web applications have gained an enormous increase in popularity for providing various facilities online, such as e-shopping, e-banking, e-ticketing, e-learning etc. As the use of web applications grow, there is an increase in the attacks on web applications as well. Among these attacking techniques, SQL Injection has been emerging as one of the most dangerous threats to web applications. SQL Injection technique is mostly an attack on data driven web applications. By providing especially built user input through the web form fields, the attacker can access and modify the contents of the underlying database of a web application. This research work presents a technique, which will be used for the detection and prevention from SQL Injection. The parameterized cursor is used to implement the concept. The user session information will be passed as a parameter to cursor. If the user is an authorized user then the cursor will fetch the desired tuples else will fail to execute. This research work can easily be adopted and implemented in any platform and database. An example application is developed in Oracle Internet Developer suite 10g and Oracle Database 10g to test the performance against SQL Injection.