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Population of the world is growing day by day, this will create a situation in which that the water natural resources is becoming limited. According to the classification of the International water Management Institute (IWMI), Iran is one of those countries which by the year 2025 will face a deep major water deficit.There fore, it is clear for us that we must keep in our mind, to use the water natural resources in the best possible manner. Sugarcane is one of the major crops of the tropical and semitropical climatical areas which it has been cultivated in the province of Khouzestan since the ancient times. high share of water use efficiency specially during the warm season growth in this area. The irrigation system for sugarcane crop in this study was the furrow irrigation system. This research project was conducted to varity the effectiveness of the shape furrow irrigation method for the application efficiency of the sugarcane plantations in the province of Khouzestan and the Karun Agro-Industry, Inc with three different treatment depths of 30 Cm, 22 Cm, and 16 Cm respectively, and with three replications to study the above mentioned subject. The three different above mentioned treatments had been shown by the letters A,B,C .For making these furrows for treatments A,B we had used bulldozer (with rotary chain – D6 Model) ; and for making furrows for treatment C, we had used tractor (with high flatation tire – John Deer Model) with a furrower which its’ wings had been modified.

Abstract Spectral indices can be used as fast and non‐destructive indicators of plant water status or stress. It is the objective of the present study to evaluate the feasibility of using several spectral indices including water index (WI) and normalized spectral water indices 1–5 (NWI 1–5) to estimate water status in olive trees in arid regions in Iran. The experimental treatments involved two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and T2) and four irrigation regimes (irrigated with 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% estimated crop evapotranspiration [ETc]). The results obtained showed that olive trees subjected to the different irrigation regimes of 85%, 70%, and 55% ETc experienced soil water content (SWC) deficits by 4.5%, 12%, and 20.5% that of the control, respectively. Significant differences were observed among the treatments with respect to measured relative water content (RWC), SWC, and the spectral indices of WI and NWI 1–5. The normalized spectral indices combining NIR and NIR wavelengths were found more effective in tracking changes in RWC and SWC than those that combine NIR and VIS or VIS and VIS wavelengths, respectively. Spectral indices were closely and significantly associated with RWC (.63**

Due to the climatic conditions of Iran, the limitations of irrigation resources, and low irrigation efficiency in traditional methods, on the one hand, and the existence of arenas for the development of blue land and the increasing need for food, on the other, application of pressurized irrigation methods as one of the most effective ways to optimally use existing water resources is inevitable (Baradaranhazave et al., 2006). In recent years, the methods of irrigation under pressure, especially the classic sprinkler irrigation with travelling sprinklers have, in general, been used in Fars province, and in the city of Eghlid, in particular. The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficiency of the system after the implementation of the system, the maximum irrigation efficiency of the system, and its difference with the amount available in field conditions.

Introduction: Potato is one of the main products of agriculture in feeding the world's population and agricultural economy. The production of potato in the world occupies the forth place after wheat, rice and corn. In Iran, annual production of more than 5.5 million tons potato, has made this crop the most important food after wheat. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions, water is the most important limiting factor for production of agricultural crops such as potato. Considering the water use efficiency is one of the most effective ways to deal with the water crisis and increasing the quality and quantity of agricultural productions. Production increasing per unit of water consumed (increasing water productivity) by improving the selection of plant varieties, irrigation management and use of new irrigation methods may be feasible. Material and Methods: The research was performed in the Chahartakhteh research station (32° 18' N. and 50° 55' E.) with 2090 m height above sea level and semi-humid climate with moderate summers and cold winters. Average annual rainfall is about 320 mm mostly during winter. The soil moisture and temperature regimes are Typic Xeric and Mesic, respectively. Soil texture is silty clay. In order to determine the best method of deficit irrigation for optimizing water use efficiency and yield of two potato cultivars, an experiment was performed in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari farm in 2013. The experiment was based on randomized completely blocks with split - split plot design in three replications. The furrow and tape drip irrigation methods were as the main plots, two potato cultivars as sub plot units and four deficit irrigation managements as the secondary sub plot units including CI(100%), RDI80(80%), RDI65(65%) of available water depletion (AWD) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) during full growth period. Almera and Burren cultivars are two new cultivars of high yield and quality of early growth period of approximately 90-80 days, high compatibility with Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari climate and more regions of Iran. Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of studied factors showed that the deficit irrigation management on tuber yield (ton/ha), tuber yield per plant, the amount of starch, soluble sugar, proline, chlorophyll, water use efficiency, and water productivity were significant (P≤0.01). Effects of cultivar on tuber total yield, tuber yield per plant, soluble sugar, water use efficiency, and water productivity were significant (P≤0.01). The interaction between cultivar and deficit irrigation management was only significant (P≤0.05) on tuber yield (ton/ha), proline, water use efficiency and water productivity. The results showed that Burren cultivar in comparison with Almera was better in tuber yield (19%), water productivity (20%), water use efficiency (19%), and resistance of draught in all deficit irrigation treatments. Maximum tuber yield (59.02 ton/ha) was obtained in Burren cultivar under complete irrigation. Minimum tuber yield (23.1 ton/ha) was obtained in Almera cultivar under deficit irrigation management RDI65 (65% of available water depletion). The maximum water use efficiency (16.79 Kg/m3) and water productivity (14.78 Kg/m3) were obtained under tape irrigation and partial root-zone drying (PRD) treatment. The minimum water use efficiency (7.46 Kg/m3) and water productivity (4.81 Kg/m3) were obtained under furrow irrigation and deficit irrigation management RDI65. Effect of cultivar was not significant on amount of irrigation water during the growing season. The amount of irrigation water for two cultivars was the same and 4711 m3.ha-1. The amount of irrigation water in the different deficit irrigation managements showed that the highest water use was in CI (5615 m3 ha-1) and lowest water use was in deficit irrigation management RDI65 (4065 m3 ha-1) treatments. Deficit irrigation management RDI80 ،PRD and RDI65 in comparison with CI led to reduction of irrigation water amount 16, 21 and 28% of irrigation water amount. Conclusion: Due to the results of this study, the high consumption of water in agriculture, for optimal use of available water resources, the methods with high water use efficiency and productivity, such as tape irrigation, the PRD irrigation management and the use of drought resistant cultivars is recommended. According to the limitation of water resources, for optimizing water use, the best suggestion for reducing water use on potato, is using Burren cultivar with suitable quality and high yield potential, and deficit irrigation management (PRD).

Atherosclerotic plaques develop in the inner intimal layer of arteries and can cause heart attacks and strokes 1 . As plaques lack innervation, the effects of neuronal control on atherosclerosis remain unclear. However, the immune system responds to plaques by forming leukocyte infiltrates in the outer connective tissue coat of arteries (the adventitia) 2-6 . Here, because the peripheral nervous system uses the adventitia as its principal conduit to reach distant targets 7-9 , we postulated that the peripheral nervous system may directly interact with diseased arteries. Unexpectedly, widespread neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces (NICIs) arose in mouse and human atherosclerosis-diseased adventitia segments showed expanded axon networks, including growth cones at axon endings near immune cells and media smooth muscle cells. Mouse NICIs established a structural artery-brain circuit (ABC): abdominal adventitia nociceptive afferents 10-14 entered the central nervous system through spinal cord T 6 -T 13 dorsal root ganglia and were traced to higher brain regions, including the parabrachial and central amygdala neurons; and sympathetic efferent neurons projected from medullary and hypothalamic neurons to the adventitia through spinal intermediolateral neurons and both coeliac and sympathetic chain ganglia. Moreover, ABC peripheral nervous system components were activated: splenic sympathetic and coeliac vagus nerve activities increased in parallel to disease progression, whereas coeliac ganglionectomy led to the disintegration of adventitial NICIs, reduced disease progression and enhanced plaque stability. Thus, the peripheral nervous system uses NICIs to assemble a structural ABC, and therapeutic intervention in the ABC attenuates atherosclerosis., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

To acquire a better understanding of clonal evolution of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to identify the clone(s) responsible for disease recurrence, we have comparatively studied leukemia-specific mutations by whole-exome-sequencing (WES) of both the leukemia and the nonleukemia compartments derived from the bone marrow of AML patients. The T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and the functionally normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), that is, CD34 + /CD38 - /ALDH + cells for AML with rare-ALDH + blasts (<1.9% ALDH + cells) were defined as the nonleukemia compartments. WES identified 62 point-mutations in the leukemia compartment derived from 12 AML-patients at the time of diagnosis and 73 mutations in 3 matched relapse cases. Most patients (8/12) showed 4 to 6 point-mutations per sample at diagnosis. Other than the mutations in the recurrently mutated genes such as DNMT3A, NRAS and KIT, we were able to identify novel point-mutations that have not yet been described in AML. Some leukemia-specific mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities including DNMT3A(R882H), EZH2(I146T) and inversion(16) were also detectable in the respective T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and HSC in 5/12 patients, suggesting that preleukemia HSC might represent the source of leukemogenesis for these cases. The leukemic evolution was reconstructed for five cases with detectable preleukemia clones, which were tracked in follow-up and relapse samples. Four of the five patients with detectable preleukemic mutations developed relapse. The presence of leukemia-specific mutations in these nonleukemia compartments, especially after chemotherapy or after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, is highly relevant, as these could be responsible for relapse. This discovery may facilitate the identification of novel targets for long-term cure., (© 2021 The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.)

Pancreatic cancer is a common cause of worldwide cancer-related mortality with a poor 5-year survival rate. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a possible marker for malignant stem cells in solid organ systems, including the pancreas, and N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) is able to inhibit ALDH activity. In the present study, the role of DEAB in the treatment of pancreatic cancer cells and the potential underlying mechanisms were investigated. The ALDH activities of pancreatic cancer cell lines treated with or without DEAB were analyzed by an ALDEFLUOR™ assay. The Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, and cell cycle analysis were used to evaluate the viability, colony-forming ability and cell quiescence of cell lines under DEAB treatment, respectively. DEAB and/or gemcitabine-induced cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. DEAB reduced ALDH activity and inhibited the proliferation, colony-forming ability and cell quiescence of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Compared with respective controls, DEAB alone and the combination of gemcitabine and DEAB significantly decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis. Moreover, reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting were used to measure the expressions of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl2 mRNA and protein. The anti-cancer effect of DEAB was associated with upregulation of Bax expression. Therefore, targeting ALDH with DEAB may be a potential therapeutic choice for pancreatic cancer, demonstrating a synergic effect with gemcitabine., (Copyright © 2020, Spandidos Publications.)

Enrichment of leukemic blasts with a stem cell phenotype correlates with poor survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this context, measurement of the stem cell marker aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity can distinguish poor prognosis cases with increased fractions of ALDH-positive cells (ALDH-numerous AML) and favorable outcome cases with low percentages (ALDH-rare AML). It has been shown that ALDH-numerous AML favor leukemic engraftment in xenotransplantation assays which suggests increased leukemic stem cell (LSC) potential. To test if this reflects an immature cell of origin, comparative gene-expression studies of CD34 + leukemic blasts were performed. This analysis revealed increased expression of LSC and HSC signatures in ALDH-numerous AML, whereas ALDH-rare AML were enriched for a progenitor signature. The enrichment of stemness-associated transcriptional programs suggests that ALDH-numerous AML derive from immature hematopoietic progenitors and offers an explanation for the poor prognosis and therapy resistance of this subgroup which is likely caused by inherited stem cell properties.

In patients with acute myeloid leukemia and low percentages of aldehyde-dehydrogenase-positive cells, non-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells can be separated from leukemic cells. By relating hematopoietic stem cell frequencies to outcome we detected poor overall- and disease-free survival of patients with low hematopoietic stem cell frequencies. Serial analysis of matched diagnostic and follow-up samples further demonstrated that hematopoietic stem cells increased after chemotherapy in patients who achieved durable remissions. However, in patients who eventually relapsed, hematopoietic stem cell numbers decreased dramatically at the time of molecular relapse demonstrating that hematopoietic stem cell levels represent an indirect marker of minimal residual disease, which heralds leukemic relapse. Upon transplantation in immune-deficient mice cases with low percentages of hematopoietic stem cells of our cohort gave rise to leukemic or no engraftment, whereas cases with normal hematopoietic stem cell levels mostly resulted in multi-lineage engraftment. Based on our experimental data, we propose that leukemic stem cells have increased niche affinity in cases with low percentages of hematopoietic stem cells. To validate this hypothesis, we developed new mathematical models describing the dynamics of healthy and leukemic cells under different regulatory scenarios. These models suggest that the mechanism leading to decreases in hematopoietic stem cell frequencies before leukemic relapse must be based on expansion of leukemic stem cells with high niche affinity and the ability to dislodge hematopoietic stem cells. Thus, our data suggest that decreasing numbers of hematopoietic stem cells indicate leukemic stem cell persistence and the emergence of leukemic relapse., (Copyright© 2017 Ferrata Storti Foundation.)