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One-dimensional polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures were synthesized in situ in the presence of two-dimensional (2D) Montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanosheets. Strong interactions between the polymer and MMT platelets in the nanocomposites were confirmed through spectroscopic studies. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies revealed the clay's profound effect on the polymer's crystallinity and morphology. The clay nanosheets induced higher crystallinity and well-defined nanorod morphology in the polymer structure. Consequently, the nanocomposite showed an electrical conductivity of 8.72 S/cm, closer to that of the pristine polymer (8.97 S/cm), despite the presence of highly insulting clay material. Surprisingly, a notable decrease in the optical bandgap of the polymer from 3.73 to 2.88 eV of the nanocomposite was also observed. This novel integration of a narrow band gap and high conductivity in PANI/MMT nanocomposites can expand their utility for visible light interactions in areas encompassing photocatalysis, photovoltaics, electro/photochromism, and related technologies.

Large subduction zone earthquakes often cause tsunamis, but observational data for hazard analysis is limited. Synthetic catalogs of seismically-generated tsunami scenarios can be created by pairing earthquake and wave simulations. Tsunami Squares is one such wave simulator, explicitly tracking water mass and momentum, allowing simulation of dry land and the inundation process. We demonstrate a C++ port of Tsunami Squares paired with the Virtual Quake simulator by replicating the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Comparisons of coastal run-up and wave heights with observations finds good agreement, with future improvements coming from tsunami source time dependence.

تهدف البحث إلى بيان تأثير الخصائص النوعية للمعلومات المحاسبية في تقليل عدم تماثل المعلومات المحاسبية، وتم اتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، ولأجل تحقيق هدف البحث تم تصميم وتحليل الاستبانة بعدها أداة اساسية للدراسة وتم توزيعها على عينة من الأساتذة المختصين في المحاسبة العاملين في جامعات ومعاهد إقليم كوردستان العراق. وتم توزيع (50) نسخة من الاستبانة استرد منها (45) وكانت (43) منها صالحة، تم تحليلها عن طريق البرنامج الإحصائي الجاهز SPSS، وتوصل البحث إلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات تشير إلى وجود علاقة معنوية بين المتغير المستقل الخصائص النوعية للمعلومات المحاسبية وتقليل عدم تماثل المعلومات كمتغير تابع، كما أوصت البحث بتوصيات عدة من أهمها ضرورة توسيع قاعدة الإفصاح وزيادة المعلومات المحاسبية في سياق تخفيض مستوى عدم تماثل المعلومات بغية المساواة في الحصول على المعلومة المناسبة حول الاستثمارات والأسواق المالية التي تؤدي إلى الاستخدام الأمثل للموارد المتاحة.

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A Sorghum flour (SF) is a leading and prominent food source for humans in African countries. Recently extensive studies have been conducted on Sorghum bread (SB) or sorghum composite bread (SCB), covering various aspects. However, there are many technical challenges in the formation of SF and sorghum composite flour (SCF) that impact the quality of the bread and fail to meet the consumer’s desires and expectations. This review primarily focuses on the characteristics of SF, SCF, SB, and SCB, with discussions encompassing the rheological and morphological properties of the dough, improvement strategies, and bread quality. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis has been conducted to investigate the behavior of SF and SCF along with a discussion of the challenges affecting bread quality and the strategies applied for improvement. The significant demand for nutrients-rich and gluten-free bread indicates that sorghum will become one of the most vital crops worldwide. However, further comprehensive research is highly demanded and necessary for an in-depth understanding of the key features of SF and the resulting bread quality. Such understanding is vital to optimize the utilization of sorghum grain in large-scale bread production.

In every text, there are two levels of ambiguity of translation and ratio, which are the basis of the rhetorical explanation of the text from different perspectives of textual analysis, whether formalistic or discursive. In most of the classical texts, the aforementioned levels of ambiguity more or less exist, but in some texts, one aspect outweighs the other. Sa'adi's Golestān is one of the texts whose rhetorical basis is based on the ambiguity of ratio and types of displacement and articulation. In this article, the rhetoric of Golestān or the confrontation of the author-narrator with the listener/reader is classified and interpreted based on the ambiguities of the relationship between the creator of the text in the form of displacement and the significance of linguistic-narrative articulations. The basis of the analysis is the concepts and terms of several communicative fields such as semantics, rhetoric, narratology and discourse analysis. The result shows that, according to the dominant aspect of ratio ambiguity in Golestān, the author-narrator of the text uses four levels of extension / floating, pre-information, connection / eclecticism and repetition/accumulation in order to convey meaning or communicate the "Message-Force." Some of these cases, while creating diversity, contain the type of openness and polyphony, which help to draw the attention of listeners/readers. In some cases, the direction-inhibition aspect of the text restrains the listener/reader under the support-control umbrella of the author-narrator. Of course, all cases considered, while directing the listeners/readers, in most cases the text leads them to an open state of reality, which does not limit inferences in the reader's encounter with the textual and conceptual representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid bacteria have been considered to be a very important species during sourdough fermentation. In order to explore the effects of bifidobacteria fermentation on thermal, physico-chemical and structural properties of wheat starch during dough fermentation, starch granules were separated from the fermented dough at different fermentation times, including 0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 9 h and 12 h. The results showed that the morphology of starch granules was destroyed gradually as the fermentation time increased, which appeared as erosion and rupture. With the increase in fermentation time, the solubility showed a significant increase, which changed from 8.51% (0 h) to 9.80% (12 h), and the swelling power was also increased from 9.31% (0 h) to 10.54% (12 h). As for the gelatinization property, the enthalpy was increased from 6.77 J/g (0 h) to 7.56 J/g (12 h), indicating a more stable thermal property of fermented starch, especially for the longer fermentation. The setback value was decreased with short fermentation time, indicating that the starch with a longer fermentation time was difficult to retrograde. The hardness of the gel texture was decreased significantly from 50.11 g to 38.66 g after fermentation for 12 h. The results show that bifidobacteria fermentation is an effective biological modification method of wheat starch for further applications.

The aim of this work was to optimize the growth conditions and continuous production of the enzyme using free and immobilized cells of inulinase by Penicillium funiculosum. The highest yield of enzyme (163.5U/mL) was obtained when the culture was incubated at 27oC and 200 rpm for 96h in a fermentation medium containing both inulin and peptone as sole carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. When the cells of the P. funiculosum were immobilized on different carriers, especially linen fibers, their production ability was successfully maintained for seven successive batches. When the fermentation was carried out using inulin juice prepared from Jerusalem artichoke tubers (in place of pure inulin), inulinase production could be sustained till the second cultivation batch of the P. funiculosum immobilized on linen fibers, yielding 122 U/mL enzyme. Results proved the feasibility of using crude inulin juice as a simple and economic carbon source for the production of inulinase.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a highly regarded technique used in the 4G mobile communication systems to provide reliable communication and high data rates due to the orthogonality between its sub carriers. However, it cannot be used in the next generation cellular system i.e. 5G. Thus, a new technique Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) has been proposed to meet the demands of the next generation systems, which are higher data rates than 4G, minimum response time, lower power consumption etc. GFDM is a non-orthogonal, multicarrier scheme, which seems to fulfil the requirements of the new wireless communication system. The aim of this paper is to use the pilot symbols and their optimum placements within the data for the channel estimation of the GFDM system. It is shown that the optimum arrangement of the pilot symbols is to place them uniformly on equal intervals within the data and to cluster them in the middle of the data.