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The current study intends to talk about the unsteady Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transport across a stretching surface comprising the magnetic hydrodynamic, thermal radiative, suction/injection, and convective boundary condition effects respectively. The study focused on the hybrid Williamson nanofluid, comprising of an EG ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and two types of nano-solid particles, c zinc oxide and molybdenum disulphide ZnO-MOS2. To accomplish this goal, the modelled expressions are transmitted into dimensionless ODE by making use of several highly established transformations. The aim of the numerical result of the current exploration is studied through Keller Box Analysis (KBA). Tabular data and statistical bar plots are used to compare this strategy. The impact of physical variables such as Magnetic field parameter γ, Williamson fluid variable We, Porous media β, Thermal radiation Rd, Biot number Bi and Prandtl number Pr are analyzed through plots and tables. An augmentation in the strength of the magnetic field and Williamson fluid parameter results in a reduction in velocity. However, a temperature rise is observed for higher values of the Williamson fluid parameter and magnetic parameters. The surface friction drag is diminished by the Forchheimer and Weissenberg values. The rate of mass transfer is strongly positively correlated with both the Schmidt number and chemical reaction. The present study has a remarkable agreement with the results that were previously published, which confirms the application and validation of the Keller-Box scheme.

Censoring is a common occurrence in reliability engineering tests. This article considers estimation of the model parameters and the reliability characteristics of the gamma-mixed Rayleigh distribution based on a novel unified progressive hybrid censoring scheme (UPrgHyCS), where experimenters are allowed more flexibility in designing the test and higher efficiency. The maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters and reliability are provided using the stochastic expectation–maximization algorithm based on the UPrgHyCS. Further, the Bayesian inference associated with any parametric function of the model parameters is considered using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method with the Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) algorithm. Asymptotic confidence and credible intervals of the proposed quantities are also created. The maximum a posteriori estimates of the model parameters are acquired. Due to the importance of determining the optimal censoring scheme for reliability problems, different optimality criteria are proposed and derived to find it. This method can help to design experiments and get more information about unknown parameters for a given sample size. Finally, comprehensive simulation experiments are provided to investigate the performances of the considered estimates, and a real dataset is analyzed to elucidate the practical application and the optimality criterion work in real life scenarios. The Bayes estimates using the M-H technique show the best performance in terms of error values

Abstract A stratified flow may be seen regularly in a number of significant industrial operations. For instance, the stratified flow regime is typically used by gas-condensate pipelines. Clearly, only a limited set of working situations for which this flow arrangement is stable allow for the achievement of the stratified two-phase flow zone. In this paper, the authors are considered the laminar, steady and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic flow of a non-Newtonian Casson fluid flow past a stratified extending sheet. The features of bio-convection, Brownian motion, thermal radiation thermophoresis, heat source, and chemically reactive activation energy have been employed. The set of equations administered flow of fluid is converted into ordinary differential equation by suitable variables. A semi-analytical investigation of the present analysis is performed with homotopy analysis method. Endorsement of the current results with previous results is also investigated. The outcomes showed that the velocity distribution of the fluid flow lessens with higher Casson and magnetic factors. The temperature profiles of fluid flow shrinkage as the Prandtl number and Casson factor increase and enlarges with higher values of thermal radiation, magnetic, and Brownian motion factors. It is found that the growing thermophoretic and Brownian motion factors reduce the rate of thermal flow of the Casson fluid flow. In contrast, the increasing thermal stratification parameter increases the thermal flow rate of fluid.

Background and Objective: Thyroid specimens constitute a major bulk of the head and neck surgical specimens received at the Pathology Departments. Careful handling of the specimens in the grossing room will result in an efficient reporting of useful histological parameters required for patient management and prognosis. The objective of this study was to analyze different errors and near-miss events in the grossing of thyroid specimens in the surgical pathology gross room of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was done on different thyroid specimens received at the Pathology reception of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2022 to April 2023. Different types of errors involved in standard gross examinations were studied. Data were entered using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Errors observed in the preanalytical phase included the use of inappropriate fixative (15.2%), insufficient clinical information (76.5), mislabeled jar/request form (7.6%), and loss of specimen (8%). Grossing errors included insufficient grossing notes (12.2%), cutting thick slices (10.7%), missing lesions on gross examination (9.9%), inappropriate inking (6.9%), overfilling cassette with large tissue sections (6.9%), mislabeled cassettes (93.8%), and incomplete submission of capsule (2.3%). Conclusion: This study concludes that errors and near-miss events in handling thyroid specimens can be avoided by effective training of the handling staff and grossing residents. Collaboration between clinical wards and histopathology laboratories can also be helpful in this regard.

Nonconforming events are rare in high-quality processes, and the time between events (TBE) may follow a skewed distribution, such as the gamma distribution. This study proposes one- and two-sided triple homogeneously weighted moving average charts for monitoring TBE data modeled by the gamma distribution. These charts are labeled as the THWMA TBE charts. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to approximate the run length distribution of the one- and two-sided THWMA TBE charts. The THWMA TBE charts are compared to competing charts like the DHWMA TBE, HWMA TBE, THWMA TBE, DEWMA TBE, and EWMA TBE charts at a single shift and over a range of shifts. For the single shift comparison, the average run length (ARL) and standard deviation run length (SDRL) measures are used, whereas the extra quadratic loss (EQL), relative average run length (RARL) and performance comparison index (PCI) measures are employed for a range of shifts comparison. The comparison reveals that the THWMA TBE charts outperform the competing charts at a single shift as well as at a certain range of shifts. Finally, two real-life data applications are presented to evaluate the applicability of the THWMA TBE charts in practical situations, one with boring machine failure data and the other with hospital stay time for traumatic brain injury patients.

In this paper, we studied the estimation of a stress-strength reliability model ($R = P(X>Y)$) based on inverted exponentiated Rayleigh distribution under the unified progressive hybrid censoring scheme (unified PHCS). The maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters were obtained using the stochastic expectation-maximization algorithm (stochastic EMA). The asymptotic confidence intervals were also created. Under squared error and Linex and generalized entropy loss functions, the Gibbs sampler together with Metropolis-Hastings algorithm was provided to compute the Bayes estimates and the credible intervals. Extensive simulations were performed to see the effectiveness of the proposed estimation methods. Also, parallel to the development of reliability studies, it is necessary to study its application in different sciences such as engineering. Therefore, droplet splashing data under two nozzle pressures were proposed to exemplify the theoretical outcomes.

Jet flows are employed in a variety of applications. It can be found in daily life as well as in agriculture, for example, jet flow assists with irrigation and harvest protection. The current problem is related to the study of energy and mass transference on the hybrid nanoliquid flow with mixed convection effect due to the vertical stretching surface conveying the cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 and titanium dioxide TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with the base fluid water H2O. Further, the role of the chemical reaction, heat source/sink, and activation energy are investigated. By exploiting the idea of the modified Buongiorno model, the thermophoretic and Brownian diffusivity effects have discoursed on the existing flow behavior. The existing mathematical problem is framed with the application of the nonlinear higher-order PDEs. Higher-order PDEs of the mathematical model are changed into highly nonlinear ODEs by using the concepts of suitable similarity transformations. The modified higher-order nonlinear ODEs are cracked by manipulating the bvp4c technique in MATLAB. The impacts of the numerous physical flow parameters on the velocity, energy, and concentration are computed in graphical forms. Key findings from the present problem revealed that the velocity of the nanoliquid and hybrid nanofluid decreased due to greater nanoparticles volume fraction. Furthermore, the heat transportation is greater for mixed convection and thermophoresis parameter.

This article presents the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a nanoliquid due to a rotating sphere at a stagnation point. The flow is considered to be influenced by the magnetic field, dissipative, thermally radiative, and chemically reactive. Also, the thermophoretic and Brownian motion influences are taken into consideration. Some restrictions in the present analysis are taken: like there is no-slip and convective conditions, joule heating, Hall effects and buoyancy-driven. The solution of the present analysis is derived through the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The significance of several physical parameters on velocities, thermal and concentration profiles are shown with the help of Figures. Also, the significance of different physical factors on skin frictions, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number are demonstrated with the help of Tables. The outcomes show that the Nusselt number is lower for the larger Brownian motion parameter, Eckert number, and thermophoretic parameter, while the increment in the thermal radiation parameter augmented the Nusselt number. It is established that the increasing rotation, magnetic and positive constant parameters have increased the velocity profiles along the x-direction while reducing the velocity profiles along the z-direction of the nanoliquid flow. The increasing positive constant parameter reduces the thermal graph of the nanoliquid flow. Furthermore, the intensifying Eckert number, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and thermal radiation factor have escalated the thermal profiles of the nanoliquid flow.

In this research article, the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation (P-NLSE) is examined by utilizing two analytical methods, namely the extended modified auxiliary equation mapping and the generalized Riccati equation mapping methods. Consequently, we establish several sorts of new families of complex soliton wave solutions such as hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions, dark and bright solitons, periodic solitons, singular solitons, and kink-type solitons wave solutions of the P-NLSE. Using the mentioned methods, the results are displayed in 3D and 2D contours for specific values of the open parameters. The obtained findings demonstrate that the implemented techniques are capable of identifying the exact solutions of the other complex nonlinear evolution equations (C-NLEEs) that arise in a range of applied disciplines.

This article explores the analysis of magnetized blood-based nanofluids flows over an extending cylinder. The nanofluid contains copper, copper oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles which are mixed with blood. The mathematical model has been built-up in partial differential equations (PDEs) form and then changed into ordinary different equations by mean of suitable similarity variables and then has been evaluated by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the applied technique is presented in graphical form. During the solution process, the influences of physical parameters like magnetic parameter, unsteadiness parameter, curvature parameter and thermal relaxation time parameter on the flow profiles have been investigated and depicted in Figures and Tables. The correctness of the present model has also been presented in tabular form. The results show that the greater curvature factor reduces the radius of cylinder due to which thickness of layer becomes thin at the boundaries and therefore the velocity distribution declines, while the greater curvature parameter has the increasing impact on the temperature distribution for constant wall temperature (CWT) case and decreases the temperature distribution for prescribed surface temperature (PST) case.

This research presents the numerical analysis of the fluid flow containing the micro gyrotactic organism with heat and mass transfer. The flow is allowed to pass through an inclined stretching cylinder with the effects of heat generation/a heat source and activation energy subject to the symmetric boundary conditions at the cylinder walls. Similarity transformation is employed in the system of PDEs (partial differential equations) to transform them into non-dimensional ODEs (ordinary differential equations). The solution to the proposed problem is obtained by using the bvp4c (numerical scheme). The graphical results are plotted for various flow parameters in order to show their impact on the flow, mass, energy, and motile microorganism profiles. Moreover, the angle of inclination disturbs the flow within an inclined cylinder and slows down the fluid motion, while it elevates the energy of the fluid inside an inclined cylinder. Similarly, the curvature effect is also highlighted in the dynamics of fluid velocity, temperature, and the motile microorganism profile. From the obtained results, it is elucidated that growing values of the curvature factor accelerate the temperature, velocity, and motile microbes’ profiles. Finally, some engineering quantities are calculated in terms of skin friction, the Nusselt and Sherwood number, and the density of motile microbes. The acquired results are also displayed in tabular form.

Background and Objective: Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) is developed to determine the risk of malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of TI-RADS classification for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules taking Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a gold standard in the local population. Methods: In this cross-sectional validation study, 201 patients presenting with thyroid nodules at the Department of Radiology, Bakhtawar Amin Hospital Multan, Pakistan from July 2020 to December 2020 were included. In all patients, thyroid nodules were evaluated on grey scale (B-mode) modality. TI-RADS score was calculated for each patient. Patients with TI-RADS score 4 and 5 were labelled as having malignant nodules. After that FNAC samples were taken and sent for histopathologic evaluation of thyroid nodules. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of TI-RADS taking FNAC as a gold standard were determined. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.8 ± 4.5 years; there were 129 (67.2%) women and 72 (35.82%) men. There were 42 patients who tested true positive and 36 patients tested false positive and 12 patients were false negative and 111 patients true negative. The TIRADS sensitivity was 77.8%, specificity was 75.5%, PPV was 53.8%, and NPV 90.2%. the diagnostic accuracy was 76.1%. Conclusion: Differentiating benign thyroid nodules from malignant using the TI-RADS score has a high diagnostic accuracy. Our study results support the TIRADS as a first-line imaging evaluation for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy.

This research article addresses an efficient separate and combined class of estimators for the population mean estimation based on stratified random sampling (StRS). The first order approximated expressions of bias and mean square error of the proposed separate and combined class of estimators are obtained. A comparative study is conducted to determine the efficiency conditions in which the suggested class of estimators outperforms the contemporary estimators. These efficiency conditions are examined through an extensive simulation study by employing a hypothetically drawn symmetrical and asymmetrical populations. The simulation results have shown that the suggested class of estimators is more effective than the other available estimators. In addition, an application of the proposed methods is also presented by examining a real data set.

Statistical models are vital in data analysis, and researchers are always on the search for potential or the latest statistical models to fit data sets in a variety of domains. To create an improved statistical model, we used a T-X transformation and the Gumbel Type-II model in this investigation. The research examined a simulation evaluation to assess the efficacy of the parameters. To show the application of the T-X approach for producing new distributions titled the new and improved Gumbel Type-II (NIGT-II) distribution, two actual data sets were used. The data sets reveal that the NIGT-II distribution sounds nicer than the Gumbel Type-II distribution.

In recent years, statisticians have grown increasingly engaged in research of mixture models, particularly in the previous decade, without adequate consideration of challenge of estimating the parameters of mixture models from a frequentist perspective. Except for maximum likelihood estimation, this study addresses this vacuum by discussing the two other classical methods of estimation for mixture model. We commence by briefly describing the three frequentist approaches, namely maximum likelihood, ordinary, and weighted least squares, and then comparing them through extensive numerical simulations. The model’s applicability is illustrated by its application to simulated and real-world data, which yields promising results in terms of enhanced estimation.

Recently, the use of mixed models for analyzing real data sets with infinite domains has gained favor. However, only a specific type of mixture model using mostly maximum likelihood estimation technique has been exercised in the literature, and fitting the mixture models for bounded data (between zero and one) has been neglected. In statistical mechanics, unit distributions are widely utilized to explain practical numeric values ranging between zero and one. We presented a classical examination for the trade share data set using a mixture of two log-Bilal distributions (MLBDs). We examine the features and statistical estimation of the MLBD in connection with three techniques. The sensitivity of the presented estimators with respect to model parameters, weighting proportions, sample size, and different evaluation methodologies has also been discussed. A simulation investigation is also used to endorse the estimation results. The findings on maximum likelihood estimation were more persuasive than those of existing mixture models. The flexibility and importance of the proposed distribution are illustrated by means of real datasets.

The reliability of software has a tremendous influence on the reliability of systems. Software dependability models are frequently utilized to statistically analyze the reliability of software. Numerous reliability models are based on the nonhomogeneous Poisson method (NHPP). In this respect, in the current study, a novel NHPP model established on the basis of the new power function distribution is suggested. The mathematical formulas for its reliability measurements were found and are visually illustrated. The parameters of the suggested model are assessed utilizing the weighted nonlinear least-squares, maximum-likelihood, and nonlinear least-squares estimation techniques. The model is subsequently verified using a variety of reliability datasets. Four separate criteria were used to assess and compare the estimating techniques. Additionally, the effectiveness of the novel model is assessed and evaluated with two foundation models both objectively and subjectively. The implementation results reveal that our novel model performed well in the failure data that we examined.

A control chart is the most well-known statistical monitoring tecnique to address unfavourable process parameter (s) changes. Quality practitioners always desire a charting device that promptly identifies the undesired changes in the process. This study intends to design a sensitive homogeneously weighted moving average chart using two supplementary variables (hereafter, TAHWMA). The two supplementary variables are correlated with the study variable in the form of a regression estimator, which is an efficient and unbiased estimator for the process mean. The suggested TAHWMA charting structure is checked out and compared in terms of appearance and non-appearance of multicollinearity amidst the two additional variables. Average run length-related measures are taken as performance measures. It is observed that the proposed TAHWMA scheme performs effectively when the two supplementary variables have no collinearity. A comprehensive comparison between the proposed TAHWMA and existing charts is also carried out, showing the proposed’s supremacy over existing counterparts. For execution purposes, two illustrative examples, one belonging to carbon fibre manufacturing-related data and the other using a simulated dataset and where our simulated dataset belongs to symmetrical distribution, are also presented for the application of the recommended TAHWMA chart.

Children of all ages have been reported to be susceptible to COVID-19 with no significant gender difference. Clinical manifestations of paediatric patients are generally less severe than those of adult patients except for the children with co-morbidities. We report a case of a COVID-19 positive child, 13 months old, with both parents positive and managed conservatively for symptoms of cough and loss of appetite. Continuous monitoring and close follow-up in intensive care is the key to successful recovery in patients with Coronavirus infection without co-morbidities.

Leadership is one of the most studied topics in organizational settings and has been studied in relation to several employee performance outcomes. Based on literature review, it is observed that the concept of congruence between leaders and followers is relatively new. As organizations spend a huge amount of their budget on different leadership development programs, congruence between the perception of leaders and followers is necessary to achieve better results. In developing countries, very little literature is available on the concept of congruence between leaders and followers. The present study is an effort to review and synthesize major leadership theories and its relationship with different outcomes. Further, based on a comprehensive review of literature, a future research agenda about leadership studies in a developing country is proposed. Keywords: Leadership, Performance, Congruence, Literature review, Pakistan

This paper investigates the analytical solutions of the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation through the modified Khater method. This method is considered one of the most recent accurate analytical schemes in nonlinear evolution equations where it obtained many distinct forms of solutions of the considered model. The investigated model in this paper is an icon in quantum fields where it describes the wave function or state function of a quantum-mechanical system. The physical characterization of some obtained solutions in our study is explained through sketching them in two- and three-dimensional contour plots. The novelty of our study is clear by showing the matching between our solutions and those that have been constructed in previously published papers.

These are two case reports of females with primary amenorrhea, well developed secondary sexual characteristics and congenital absence of uterus. The incidence of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuester-Hauser syndrome was not clearly established, but studies indicate a variation of 1/4,000 and 1/5,000 live births of the female sex. The syndrome is characterized by aplasia of the Müllerian duct (uterus and upper two-thirds of the vagina) on a person who has karyotype 46, XX with female phenotype characteristic of primary amenorrhea in adolescence. Treatment is usually delayed until the patient is ready to begin sexual activity.

In this work, a new prototype of the eight-element MIMO antenna system for 5G communications, internet of things, and networks has been proposed. This system is based on an H-shaped monopole antenna system that offers 200 MHz bandwidth ranges between 3.4–3.6 GHz, and the isolation between any two elements is well below −12 dB without using any decoupling structure. The proposed system is designed on a commercially available 0.8 mm-thick FR4 substrate. One side of the chassis is used to place the radiating elements, while the copper from the other side is being removed to avoid short-circuiting with other components and devices. This also enables space for other systems, sub-systems, and components. A prototype is fabricated and excellent agreement is observed between the experimental and the computed results. It was found that ECC is 0.2 for any two radiating elements which is consistent with the desirable standards, and channel capacity is 38 bps/Hz which is 2.9 times higher than 4 × 4 MIMO configuration. In addition, single hand mode and dual hand mode analysis are conducted to understand the operation of the system under such operations and to identify losses and/or changes in the key performance parameters. Based on the results, the proposed antenna system will find its applications in modern 5G handheld devices and internet of things with healthcare and high rate delivery. Besides that, its design simplicity will make it applicable for mass production to be used in industrial demands.

This research paper aims at investigating the impact of emotional intelligence on teacher׳s job performance in the education sector of Pakistan. Sample size consists of 166 teachers from universities in the area of central Punjab, Pakistan. Theories of emotional intelligence proposed by Salovey and Mayer (1989â1990) were used as the conceptual framework and its relationship with the job performance of teachers was examined. Reliability and validity of variables was tested through measurement model of PLS-SEM. The result indicated that emotional intelligence has a significant impact on the teacher׳s job performance. Key research finding revealed that emotional self-awareness, self-confidence, achievement, developing others and conflict management have a positive and significant relationship with the teacher׳s job performance. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Performance, Teachers, Pakistan

Purpose: Numerous studies have been conducted on psychological empowerment's effects on individual and organizational outcomes. This research study investigates the effects of emotional intelligence (EI) on psychological empowerment (PE) directly and indirectly through digital leadership (DL) in higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: This study investigates the academic authorities' capacity to follow the EIs in identifying the PE from Pakistan's HEIs. The researchers have applied a survey questionnaire to collect quantitative cross-sectional data. To conclude, the researchers used 427 useable cases to get the results. Findings: Based on the structural equation model (SEM), the results reveal a positive and significant effect of EIs, subscales like self-regulation (SR), self-awareness (SA), self-motivation (SM) and social skills (SS), on DL and PE. Besides, DL positively and significantly affects PE. Finally, DL mediates the association of SR, SA, SM and SS with PE. Practical implications: This research can bring a new vision in exploring the policy to the higher authorities for the educational sector to have better direction and interpretation of EIs, DL and PE to develop new measures of positive and proactive attitudes in the organization. The results support developing DL practices toward digital transformation among HIEs. Originality/value: This study contributes significantly by presenting valuable empirical insights for HEIs leaders. Importantly, it introduces a construct mediating the role of DL, effectively addressing the remaining gaps in the literature.

Recent randomised trials on screening with low-dose CT have shown important reductions in lung cancer (LC) mortality and have triggered international efforts to implement LC screening. Detection rates of stage I LC with volume CT approaching 70% have been demonstrated. In April 2019 ‘ESMO Open – Cancer Horizons’ convened a roundtable discussion on the challenges and potential solutions regarding the implementation of LC screening in Europe. The expert panel reviewed the current evidence for LC screening with low-dose CT and discussed the next steps, which are covered in this article. The panel concluded that national health policy groups in Europe should start to implement CT screening as adequate evidence is available. It was recognised that there are opportunities to improve the screening process through ‘Implementation Research Programmes’.

The electrification of vessels/ferries for green transformation requires onboard electrical energy storage as well as an energy supply network in the port area. In this context, a lot of efforts have been made in the last decade that have been reviewed in such a way that only a single aspect of the green transformation challenge is highlighted. Consequently, the objective of this research is to develop knowledge by examining the current state of affairs and provide, accordingly, abstract implementation guidelines for green transformation through vessel/ferry electrification. A comprehensive study on the electrification of vessels, in industry as well as in academia, is performed. Based on the data collected through a systematic study, a comparison of various pure electric and hybrid vessels in terms of certain performance attributes, such as battery capacity, passenger and cargo capacities, and size (length) of the vessel, is performed. Moreover, the distribution of vessels according to different countries and manufacturers is provided. Finally, certain technical, operational, and legislative challenges are explored.

A 55 years old lady presented to Gynecology outpatient of MMM Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan in January 2018 with history of abdominal mass. Her abdominal hysterectomy was done one year back. On examination a huge cystic mass reaching up to the xiphisternum and occupying the whole abdomen was palpable. Her ultrasound revealed a mass arising from pelvis, most likely ovarian in nature. Her CA-125 level was 29.62 IU/ml (in normal range). Exploratory laparotomy revealed a huge cystic mass which was excised. Histopathology reported mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Chemotherapy was then done. There was no recurrence by the end of nine months follow-up as evaluated by ultrasonography. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is an invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells containing intracytoplasmic mucin. It is relatively common in middle-aged women. Genetic mutation such as KRAS gene have been reported. It is a rapidly growing epithelial tumor usually presenting as a single solid mass. Treatment involves surgery and chemotherapy. The prognosis depends upon the stage of tumor.

This study aims to highlight and summarize the possible antecedents and factors that facilitate or impede knowledge management and knowledge sharing in organizations. A meta-review of 64 articles for the years 2010–2015 has been conducted. It includes both quantitative and qualitative studies related to antecedents and barriers to knowledge management and knowledge sharing. Cooperation bias was the most frequent limitation in most studies included in this meta-review as the respondents were likely to over-estimate their participation in knowledge management (KM) and knowledge sharing (KS). Future studies of knowledge management and knowledge sharing can be focused on exploring the same issues in developing countries in different sectors. Relationship of knowledge sharing and transfer can be further explored with social media, organizational politics, and communication in the organizations. The result of meta-review will generate nomothetic knowledge implications by scrutinizing the antecedents and barriers to knowledge sharing and transfer.

Background: There is widespread concern about increasing proportion of births by caesarean section. Many factors can affect the likelihood of success of vaginal birth after caesarean section. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of birth weight on the success of labour in women with previous one caesarean section. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Women and Children Hospital, Abbottabad, from March 2012 to March 2013. One hundred women were included who had previous one caesarean section and were now in their pregnancy with single fetus at term. These women were in spontaneous labor and consented to undergo trial of scar. Patients were grouped according to birth weight as Group-1

ABSTRACT Background: Renal stones are commonest urological disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of renal stones in relation to gender and age in District Dera Ismail Khan and its adjacent areas, Pakistan. Material & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan from December 2011 to January 2013. All patients with upper urinary tract stones were eligible for inclusion in this study. These stones were surgically removed and were submitted for chemical analysis for calcium, uric acid, cystine, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, ammonia, and magnesium contents using stone analysis kit (Merck). Age in years was analyzed as mean and range. Gender, age grouping and chemical composition of stones were analyzed as frequency and percentage. Results: Out of 70 patients 62 were males (88.58%) and 8 females (11.42%). The mean age was 33 years (5-65 years). Calcium oxalate was found in all stones (100%); however 3 stones (4.2%) were pure calcium oxalate stones. Out of 70 cases, the 15 (21.5%) stones had calcium oxalate and phosphate. Uric acid was present in 36 (51.5%) cases in mixed form but 17 stones had uric acid greater than calcium oxalate while 16 stones (22.5%) were of mixed variety with ammonium, magnesium, and cystine content. Cystine was found in 31 (44.2%) stones in mixed form. Conclusion: The most common renal stones were of calcium oxalate and uric acid and most of the stones were of the mixed variety with calcium oxalate, urates and phosphates as the predominant constituents.

Fetal genitourinary abnormalities consist of a wide spectrum of heterogenous malformations. Serial ultrasound evaluation starting from 15 weeks of gestation can be used as a screening modality. We present a case of 30 year old lady who presented with recurrent autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) diagnosed by ultrasound in consecutive pregnancies.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are most common infectious disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of uropathogens in relation to gender and age in District D.I.Khan. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan from February 2012 to January 2013. All patients whose routine urine examination revealed numerous pus cells on microscopy were included in the study. The midstream urine specimens were collected in sterile containers and were processed for culture. With standard calibrated loop, 1μl of urine was inoculated on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient agar and blood agar and incubated aerobically at 370C for 18-24hrs. After the incubation, if the CFU was more than 105, it was considered significant bacteriuria. Age in years was analyzed as mean and range. Gender, age grouping and culture were analyzed as frequency (number) and relative frequency (%). Results: A total number of 44 UTI cases diagnosed on urine culture were included in this study. Out of these cases 10 (22.7%) were males and 34 (77.2%) were females. The mean age was 39 (1-80) years. E. coli was the leading uropathogen 56.82% followed by klebsella spp. 15.90% , Psedumonos spp.6.82% , Staphylococcus aureus 6.82% , Enterococcus spp. 4.55% Candida spp 4.55% , Enterobacter spp 2.27% & Streptococcus spp. 2.27% respectively. Conclusion: The most common uropathogen was E.coli. Higher prevalence of UTIs was observed in female population. The prevalence of UTIs was highest for age group of 21 to 40 years.

Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, exacerbates allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, nasal polyps and asthma, which are characterized by tissue eosinophilia. Eosinophils, via their destructive granule contents, can cause significant tissue damage, resulting in inflammation and further recruitment of inflammatory cells. We hypothesised that the relationship between S. aureus and eosinophils may contribute to disease pathology. We found that supernatants from S. aureus (SH1000 strain) cultures cause rapid and profound eosinophil necrosis, resulting in dramatic cell loss within 2 hours. This is in marked contrast to neutrophil granulocytes where no significant cell death was observed (at equivalent dilutions). Supernatants prepared from a strain deficient in the accessory gene regulator (agr) that produces reduced levels of many important virulence factors, including the abundantly produced α-hemolysin (Hla), failed to induce eosinophil death. The role of Hla in mediating eosinophil death was investigated using both an Hla deficient SH1000-modified strain, which did not induce eosinophil death, and purified Hla, which induced concentration-dependent eosinophil death via both apoptosis and necrosis. We conclude that S. aureus Hla induces aberrant eosinophil cell death in vitro and that this may increase tissue injury in allergic disease.