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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most challenging diseases among all the other diseases in the recent era, and it is a life-threatening disorder. The best enzymes to target for treating DM are α-glucosidase and α-amylase. For this purpose, we explored numerous succinimides with ketone functionalities. First, we explored these compounds for their in vitro analysis. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited excellent inhibition of both enzymes in in vitro studies. These compounds displayed excellent activity with IC50 values of 3.69 and 1.526 µg·mL−1 against the α-glucosidase enzyme. In the α-amylase inhibitory assay, compound 1 has shown excellent potential with an IC50 value of 1.07 µg·mL−1 and compound 4 with an IC50 value of 0.115 µg·mL−1. Based on the in vitro analysis, the potent compounds were further subjected to their in vivo analysis. Before the in vivo analysis, the toxicity profile was checked, and it was confirmed that the compounds were safe at 1,500 µg·kg−1. Then, these compounds were subjected for their in vivo anti-diabetic potential in a mouse model of diabetes. Various concentrations of compounds 1 and 4 were explored by in vivo analysis using glibenclamide as a standard drug. The blood glucose level of the tested and control groups was measured at 0 to 15 days accordingly. Similarly, we also explored compounds 1 and 4 for the oral glucose tolerance test at 0–120 min using glibenclamide as the standard drug. Hence, the succinimide having ketone moiety displayed excellent potential against diabetes.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV), an emerging zoonotic virus belonging to the order Bunyavirales within the family Nairoviridae. The virus is maintained through a tick-vertebrate [...]

Aim: Simple RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Glimepiride, Glibenclamide and Moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparation. Materials and Methods: Mediterranean C18 column with dimensions of 150mm×4.6mm was used with HPLC Shimadzu_ LC-20 AT model, Version 1:62 is used for processing of chromatograms at room temperature (25± 2°C). 1 mL per minute was the flow rate and detector were set at 254nm with mobile Phase consisting of 85:10:5 v/v methanol: water: acetonitrile. Results: The developed method proved to be accurate, simple, effective precise and reproducible. One way ANOVA was also applied for further confirmation of the results. Conclusion: The method is applicable for the routine analysis of drugs in API and in formulation and for studying in vitro interaction studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the susceptibility pattern of relatively older antibiotic Co-trimoxazole and its comparison with Levofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, and Fosfomycin. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, and the Postgraduate Medical Education Department of Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar from April 2022 to September 2022. Both male and female patients, above the age of 15 years with recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections were included in the study. The samples were inoculated onto CLED (Cystine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient) Agar, a differential culture medium. The grown bacteria were identified, using Gram staining and BIOMÉRIEUX® API® 10S kits. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by the Agar dilution method; as per standard protocol. The results were compared among Co-trimoxazole, Levofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, and Fosfomycin using statistical tests. Results: A total of 680 samples were received, of which 158 samples were culture-positive. The gender distribution of females and males was 63.3% and 36.7%, respectively. A predominant proportion of the patient cohort manifested within the age range of 21-40 years, with the subsequent highest representation observed in the 41-60 year age group. The isolated organisms were E. coli (74.1%), Klebsiella (10.8%), Pseudomonas (5.1%), Enterococci (6.3%), Proteus species (2.5%), and Citrobacter (1.3%). Based on MIC analysis, 77.2% of isolates were found to be sensitive to Co-trimoxazole, 52.5% to Levofloxacin, 86.7% to Nitrofurantoin, and 90.5% to Fosfomycin. When comparing antibiotics, Co-trimoxazole displayed significantly higher effectiveness against the isolates compared to Levofloxacin (p-value 0.004). However, in comparison to Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin, Co-trimoxazole exhibited lower effectiveness, with respective p-values of 0.000 and 0.007. Conclusion: The study revealed that the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to Co-trimoxazole is significantly higher than that to Levofloxacin but lower than that to Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empagliflozin is a newer oral antidiabetic drug that treats people who have type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Empagliflozin reduces the reabsorption of filtered glucose and increases urine glucose excretion. The objective of the study is to analyze the physiochemical equivalence of different brands of Empagliflozin available in Pakistan. Three different brands of Empagliflozin were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and cost-effectiveness. These brands were analyzed for different physicochemical tests for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution. All the brands had an average hardness of ≥2kg, which was suitable for an immediate-release tablet. All three brands had shown their friability variation within ±1% range specified by United State Pharmacopoeia (USP). The standard deviation was also calculated. All three brands showed good disintegration and dissolution profile which would aid in maximizing bioavailability and satisfying patient needs. The present findings suggest that almost all three brands of Empagliflozin that are available in Karachi meet the USP specification for quality control analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]