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In the present scenario, microplastics (MPs) are emitted into the environment either directly from the use of cosmetic products or indirectly from the decomposition of big plastic items. These are commonly found in aquatic environments and amongst the most serious threats to freshwater ecosystems. Plastic components are broken down into the small fragments from large fragments during the treatment procedure in treatment plants of wastewater. Such plants act as an entry point for the MPs into the aquatic ecosystem; so it is necessary that MPs must be removed from the wastewater during the treatment process. Microplastics can be consumed directly by fish or indirectly through prey that contains these particles. These MPs can have a variety of ecotoxicological consequences on fish, including behavioural changes, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and liver stress, among other things. The presence of microplastics along with the contaminants can boost the deposition of such contaminants in aquatic biota. Since the microplastics are of emerging concern, hence authors attempted to explain the possible impacts of these particles on aquatic species and human beings.

5G stands for the fifth generation of wireless technology. Millimetre waves are a higher frequency wavelength than the radio wavelength generally used today for transmission of information through this wireless technology. Both the wireless infrastructure of today and the modern era of 5G are seen as an asset in the intelligent system. It has been widely implemented throughout the world without discuss its adverse effects on future generations. It is argued that the addition of this added high-frequency 5G radiation to an already complex mix of lower frequencies, will contribute to a negative public health outcome both from both physical and mental health perspectives. This paper presents the adverse effects of 5G radiations on human health, plant and ecosystem. The thermal factors are also discussed in this article.

The present investigation was designed to study the effect of sublethal concentration of paper mill effluent on the total protein and amino acid contents in muscles, liver and gill of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96 hours. A significant decrease in protein content with increase in amino acids content in muscles, liver and gill of effluent exposed fishes was observed. A reduction in the protein content and enhancement of free amino acids in the muscles, liver and gill of experimental fish suggests that the tissue protein might have undergone proteolysis, during the stressful situation. Thus, the present study concludes that the protein metabolism of fish Channa punctatus affected during effluent exposure and reduces the nutritive value of fish.

Sawan Nallah is a small lotic water body of Balrampur, U.P., India, which received semi treated effluents of sugar factory and distillery as well as municipal / domestic waste. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the toxic impact of these industrial and domestic wastes on water quality of Sawan nallaha and its toxic effect on fish population inhabiting it. The industrial effluent discharged in it caused significant changes in water quality that altered the haematological parameters (RBCs, WBCs, Hb% and PCV) and serum biochemical parameters (protein, free amino acids, glucose and triglycerides). The physico-chemical parameters of water were much higher than the tolerance limit recommended by Central Pollution Control Board of India.

Solid waste management, which is already a mammoth task in India, is becoming more complicated by the invasion of e-waste, particularly computer waste. The hazardous content of these e-waste materials pose a threat to human health and environment. This article highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented. Improper disposal of these e-wastes and other substances reach the soil and groundwater. Most of the e-waste materials can be reused, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem.

The worldwide contamination of waters by microplastics is an emerging health and environmental issue. Despite being relatively inert, microplastics may adsorb and carry other aquatic pollutants such as heavy metals. Adsorption of heavy metals onto microplastics is a spontaneous process controlled by the microplastic surface. Marine microplastics have been well discussed, yet there are actually a few reviews on microplastics in freshwater. Here, we review microplastic contamination in freshwater systems with focus on adsorption of heavy metals. We present microplastic abundance, distribution, impact of microplastic size, affinity for heavy metals and combined toxic effects of the co-occurrence of microplastic and heavy metals. Remarkably, the concentration of metals on polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride was 800 times higher than in the surrounding environment. Combined toxic effects include endocrine disrupting and reduced predatory behavior of aquatic carnivores.

The present investigation has been designed to study the effect of sub-lethal concentrations (10% and 30%) of heavy metal, arsenic on the serum metabolites, serum enzyme activity and serum electrolytes of Mystus vittatus after exposure to 30 days. The present study shows that serum metabolites such as glucose, protein and bilirubin were significantly decreased while free amino acid, triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly increased; serum enzymes such as acid phosphatase (ACP), transminases (SGPT & SGOT) were increased significantly while alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was decreased significantly; serum electrolytes such as sodium, potassium and calcium were decreased significantly but chloride was increased significantly. Thus, this paper gives an overview of the manipulation of fish, Mystus vittatus as a biomarker of heavy metals through alternation in biochemical parameters.

Biological classification is the scientific procedure of arranging the organisms in a hierarchical series of groups and sub-groups on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities. Many biologists have contributed to this method of classification, which took years for researchers to decide the most fundamental characteristics for the classification. The history of kingdom system in classification is started with Linnaeus (1735), who laid the foundation of modern biological classification by classifying the organisms into two kingdoms namely Plantae and Animalia. The two kingdom system was followed by three, four, five and six kingdom systems respectively. In present discussion, authors tried to discuss the current status of different animal phyla with respect to different kingdom systems.

The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence, intensity and density of protozoan parasites of freshwater catfishes. Total four species of protozoan parasites were collected from 294 fishes. Out of four, three were ectoparasites and remaining one was endoparasite. Among the ectoparasites, Ichthyoptherius is the most prevalent parasites followed by Trichodina and Myxobolus. Among the infected fishes, Wallago attu (37.80%) harbored maximum number of ectoparasites followed by Clarius batrachus (33.78%), Heteropneustes fossilis (32.86%), and Mystus vittatus (26.47%). In the present investigation it was observed that none of Wallago attu and Mystus vittatus was infected with Trypanosoma, endoparasitic protozoa., {"references":["Aguilar-Aguilar, R., & Islas-Ortega, A. G. (2015). A checklist of ciliate parasites (Ciliophora) of fishes from Mexico. Zootaxa, 4027(2), 270-280.","Al-Marjan, K. S., & Abdullah, S. M. (2009). Some ectoparasites of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province. Journal of Duhok University, 12(1), 102-107.","Kabata, Z. (1985). Parasites and diseases of fish cultured in the tropics: Taylor & Francis Ltd.pp-318.","Lucky, Z. (1977). Methods for the diagnosis of fish diseases, Amerind. publishing Co. PV T. Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, India.","Meyer, F.P. (1991). Aquaculture disease and health management. Journal of Animal Science, 69(10), 4201-4208.","Mortuza, M. G., & Al-Misned, F. A. (2015). Prevalence of ectoparasites in carp fry and fingerlings of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 39(2), 130-133.","Mukherjee, D., Soni, M., Sanyal, K., & Dash, G. (2019). Prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in Indian major carps during winter at different blocks of South 24-Parganas District, West Bengal, India. Journal of Fisheries Science, 1(1), 7-14.","Prakash, S. and Singh, D. (2020).Seasonal variation of helminth Parasites in fresh water fishes of Sauwan Nallah of Balrampur, U.P., India. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. 7(4), 26-29.","Prakash, S., & Verma, A. K. (2017). Incidence of parasites in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) at Balrampur (UP). Life Science Bulletin, 14(2), 181-183.","Prakash, S., & Verma, A. K. (2020). Seasonal variations in prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in indian major carps at balrampur, U","Prakash, S., Yadav, D. K., & Jaiswal, L. (2021). Population dynamics of crustacean parasites of fresh water fishes at bahraich, UP. International Journal of Zoology and Applies Biosciences 6(1), 15-18.","Prakash, S.(2021). Mycoses infection in some fresh water carps of tarai region of Balrampur. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. 8(1), 1-4.","Rahman, W., & Saidin, H. (2011). Relationship between sex and parasite intensity in four freshwater fish species from Tasik Merah, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. World Journal of Zoology, 6(4), 370-374."]}

The toxic effect of Copper on freshwater catfish Mystus vittatus was studied. The LC values of copper in Mystus 50 vittatus for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 20.589, 16.497, 11.815 and 8.665 mg/L respectively. The cat fish was silvery grey in body in the control group throughout the experiment. The body colour changed from original silvery grey to dark colour in heavy metal treated fish. The fish maintained in freshwater behaved normal as usual. But when the fish was exposed to copper, erratic swimming, abnormal posture, dis-balance, sluggishness, imbalance in posture, increase in surface activity, opercular beating, and gradual loss of equilibrium and spreading of excess of mucus all over the surface of the body were observed.

Guthia taal is a large, shallow and horse shoe shaped wetland of tarai region of eastern U.P. The seasonal variation of phytoplankton density and diversity were studied for a period of one year. In the present study total 31 genera of phytoplankton were identified. Out of 31, thirteen belong to Chlorophyceae, 10 Bascillariophyceae, 6 Cyanophyceae and 2 Euglenophyceae. The annual density shows that Chlorophyceae dominates and constituted 51.57% of the total phytoplankton population was followed by Bascillariophyceae (27.37%), Cyanophyceae (16.45%) and Euglenophyceae (4.61%). However, the overall phytoplankton was found maximum in summer, medium in winter and lowest in monsoon season.

The medico-ethnozoological survey was carried out in 46 village of Tharu community inhibited at Indo-Nepal border of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Interviews of local healers were conducted to collect the indigenous knowledge recording use of amniotes animals to cure the human diseases. Total of 24 species of amniotes were identified as medicinal importance. Out of 24 amniotes, 11 are fishes, 4 amphibians and 9 are the reptiles. The low cost and almost no side effects of the ethnozoological preparations made them adaptable for use by the local communities particularly curing various ailments of human being. An attempt has been made to document the ethnozootherapeutics and folk claims, {"references":["Alves, R. R., & Rosa, I. L. (2007). Zootherapeutic practices among fishing communities in North and Northeast Brazil: A comparison. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(1), 82-103.","AZMI, H. (1991). Use of homoeothermic animals as traditional drugs in certain tribes of eastern (Purvanchal) Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 36-42.","Borah, M. P., & Prasad, S. B. (2017). Ethnozoological study of animals based medicine used by traditional healers and indigenous inhabitants in the adjoining areas of Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 13(1), 39.","Dixit, A., Kadavul, K., Rajalakshmi, S., & Shekhawat, M. (2010). Ethno-medico-biological studies of South India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(1), 116-118.","Ghosh, A., & Maiti, P. (1992). A brief report on ethnozoological research in India. Proceeding of 2nd International Congress Ethnobiology, Mexico City. 1-189.","Gupta, S. K., & Kyparisis, J. (1987). Single machine scheduling research. Omega, 15(3), 207-227.","Jamir, N., & Lal, P. (2005). Ethanozoological practice among Naga tribes. Indian Journal of Traditional Joseph, A. (1982). Use of animals as drugs in certain tribals of Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacology, 2, 229.","Prakash, S., Borreguero, L. J., Sylva, M., Flores Ruiz, L., Rezai, F., Gunst, Q. D., van den Hoff, M. J. (2017). Deletion of Fstl1 (Follistatin-like 1) From the endocardial/endothelial lineage causes mitral valve disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 37(9), e116-e130.","Puri, H. (1970). Drugs of animal origin used in Indian Systems of Medicine. Nagarjun, 13, 21.","Puspagandhan, P. (1990). Animals and animal products used in local health traditions of India: Nagarjun. 33, 1-89.","Sharma, V. (1990). The relevance of ethnomedico-zoological drugs of insect origin used by aborigines of Rajasthan State, India. Annals of Entomology, 8(2), 43-45.","Sharma, V. P. (1990). Ethnomedicozoological studies on the invertebrates of Rajasthan. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 10(2), 133-136."]}

The present investigation has been designed to study the effect of sublethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos on the behavior and serum biomolecules of Heteropnetues fossilis (Bloch) after exposure to 96 hours. The present study shows that behavioural alterations such as alternation in opercular movements, surfacing, swimming, jumping, and mucous secretion. Serum biomolecules such as glucose, protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and urea were significantly increased in Chlorpyrifos exposed fish. The response of the fish towards toxicity of chlorpyrifos was grossly dependent on concentration and length of exposure. Thus, this paper gives an overview of the manipulation of fish, Heteropnetues fossilis as a biomarker of pesticides through alternation in behavior and biochemical parameters.